Proposal for a doppler shift compensation method using non-uniform FFT with pilot carrier frequency for OFDM-based underwater acoustic communication systems

In this paper, we propose a method that uses the non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to compensate for Doppler frequency shifts in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems. To estimate the Doppler frequency shift, the paper proposes using a pilot carrier frequency (PCF) that is identified by transmitting with greater power in the frequency domain compared to other subcarriers.