Quest for control of fuel consumption and co2 emission in Indian passenger cars – an analysis of the progress and prognosis

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India has witnessed significant growth in the manufacture of automobiles. Growth in vehicle population results in several environmental issues. Regulators have been controlling the emissions by setting standards.

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Nội dung Text: Quest for control of fuel consumption and co2 emission in Indian passenger cars – an analysis of the progress and prognosis

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1094-1099. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_111 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed QUEST FOR CONTROL OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSION IN INDIAN PASSENGER CARS – AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROGRESS AND PROGNOSIS R. Vishvak III Year (B Tech), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai Dr. Ravi V V Professor, Xavier Institute of Management & Entrepreneurship, India ABSTRACT India has witnessed significant growth in the manufacture of automobiles. Growth in vehicle population results in several environmental issues. Regulators have been controlling the emissions by setting standards. Carbon dioxide is one of the key emissions to be controlled and the same is a direct function of the fuel consumed. The objective is to conserve fuel and control global warming. Hence the focus is on fuel efficiency norms. Various steps have been taken by automobile industry towards improving fuel efficiency. This article attempts to ascertain the trend in fuel efficiency of the petrol and diesel vehicles as per the data reported by Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturers (SIAM). Keywords: Carbon Dioxide, Emission Norms, Fuel Efficiency, Global warming Cite this Article R. Vishvak and Dr. Ravi V V, Quest For Control of Fuel Consumption and Co2 Emission in Indian Passenger Cars – an Analysis of the Progress and Prognosis, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 1094-1099. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 1. INTRODUCTION With the increase in population, the number of vehicles on road has been increasing rather steeply. In India, over 4 Million Passenger vehicles are manufactured and the growth of this segment in auto sector is over 24% in the last 3 years[1]. Similar trend has been witnessed all over the world. Growth of vehicles has resulted in several environmental issues which are being very effectively addressed by the regulators and vehicle manufacturers of various countries. The limits were progressively tightened, and the automotive industry responded by developing new engines, new technologies and after treatment devices such as catalysts. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1094 editor@iaeme.com
Quest For Control of Fuel Consumption and Co2 Emission in Indian Passenger Cars – an Analysis of the Progress and Prognosis In the beginning, carbon dioxide to which carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were oxidised was thought to be harmless. However, it was soon realised that global warming was becoming a major issue and carbon dioxide must be controlled to limit this phenomenon, along with other steps to limit greenhouse gases. In the case of automobiles, be it cars or two wheelers or any other vehicle, CO2 is a direct function of the fuel consumed. Vehicles are one of the contributors to air pollution and there is need to reduce vehicular emissions on a continuous basis. Indian Automotive Industry recognised this fact and is continuously working towards controlling emissions as per the roadmap suggested by the Auto Fuel Policy and proactively developing environment-friendly technologies. The first stage of mass emission norms came into force for petrol vehicles in 1991 and in 1992 for diesel vehicles. Effective April 1995, mandatory fitment of catalytic converters in new petrol passenger cars sold in the select cities along with supply of Unleaded Petrol was introduced. Bharat Stage IV was implemented April 2010 onwards in 13 cities and the rest of the country moved to Bharat Stage III. Indian Government emission regulations follow the European model. Now BS IV is followed with Euro IV limits. Government has decided to skip BS V and implement BS VI (equivalent to Euro VI) from 2020 for cars [1]. Unlike the emissions standards provided in Bharat Stage IV, the fuel efficiency norms are considered to be more complex to enforce. In order to comply with Bharat stage emissions standards, Type of Approval and Conformity of Production Procedures have been stipulated. Fuel economy norms are proposed as sales weighted corporate average fuel consumption for each vehicle manufacturer, based on what they sell in a year. Fuel economy level varies across car models and makes that each manufacturer produces [2]. The fuel economy norms have been proposed in two phases in India – 2017-18 and 2022- 23. While these norms have been inordinately delayed these are also considered very weak [2]. The corporate average fuel consumption norm to be enforced this year is 5.2 litre/100 km (19.2 KMPL) or 130 CO2 gm/km. In 2022-23 the target will be 4.77litre/100km (20.96 KMPL) or 113 gm/km, when European norm will be as stringent as 95 gm CO2/km [3]. As stated earlier, CO2, a greenhouse gas, is directly proportionate to the amount of fuel consumed. The regulator needs the actual number of cars sold by model and make of each manufacturer to calculate their average CO2/fuel consumption levels to verify compliance with the standards. This requires a very disciplined and credible reporting of fuel economy and vehicle sales data of all car models and variants in a year. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers has been publishing the Fuel Efficiency Data for various models of Passenger Vehicles manufactured in India. This article analyses the fuel efficiency data published in the SIAM reports relating to 3 different periods. 2. PRESENT STUDY The present study covers the specifications of Passenger cars – both Petrol and Diesel and the fuel economy of the vehicle models listed in the FE Declarations. The data provided in 1st SIAM FE Declaration (2010-11) published in Jan 2011, 8th SIAM FE Declaration 2016-17 and the 9th SIAM FE Declaration 2017-18 published in March 2019 have been considered for the analysis. 2.1. ANALYSIS: The analysis of fuel economy data provides the following information: http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1095 editor@iaeme.com
R. Vishvak and Dr. Ravi V V Table 1: No of 4W models considered for Analysis No of models considered: Fuel Type 2010-11 2016-17 2017-18 Diesel 127 253 238 Petrol 143 165 201 Total 270 418 439 Table 2: Trend Analysis – Weight & Fuel Economy: Petrol Vehicles Weight Kg Fuel Economy in Km/ltr. Years Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average 2010-11 596 992 1347 23.9 6.8 13.46 2016-17 655 2432 1196 25.2 8.7 16.48 2017-18 678 2465 1329 46.5 7.8 15.74 Diesel Vehicles Weight Kg Fuel Economy in Km/ltr Years Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average 2010-11 992 2445 1550 23.6 8.7 16.37 2016-17 635 2740 1525 33.4 9.9 18.42 2017-18 780 2840 1615 28.4 9.6 18.14 3. OBSRVATIONS &DISCUSSIONS: The observation from analysed are discussed under three sub-headings: (1) Relationship between Weight and Fuel Economy (2) Impact on CO2 Emission and (3) Other Observations. 3.1. Relationship between Weight & Fuel Economy: The relationship between Weight of the vehicle and Fuel economy for each of the period is given Figures 1, 2 & 3: Figure 1: http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1096 editor@iaeme.com
Quest For Control of Fuel Consumption and Co2 Emission in Indian Passenger Cars – an Analysis of the Progress and Prognosis Figure 2: Figure 3: It is seen that Fuel economy becomes poorer with the increase in the weight. Based on the equations of best fit straight line, obtained in the Figure 1-3, every increase of 100 kgs, in weight results in drop in fuel economy as under: Table 3: Drop in Fuel Economy for every increase in 100 Kgs in Weight Fuel Type 2010-11 2016-17 2017-18 Petrol Vehicles 0.85 0.84 0.80 Diesel Vehicles 0.91 1.05 0.94 3.2. Impact on CO2 Emission An analysis done on the impact of the Fuel Economy on CO2 emissions, worked out for each of the periods. Automotive Research Association of India has provided the conversion factors between the fuel consumption and CO2 emission. For Petrol and Diesel fuel, the conversion has been worked out in Table 4. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1097 editor@iaeme.com
R. Vishvak and Dr. Ravi V V Table 4: Fuel Economy – CO2 Emission Conversion [4]: Petrol Vehicles (Fuel Consumption in Ltrs/100 KMs ) /0.04217 OR 2371/Fuel Efficiency in Km/ltr. CO2 g/km = Diesel Vehicles (Fuel Consumption in Ltrs/100 KMs ) /0.03776 OR 2648/Fuel Efficiency in Km/ltr. Table 5: Trend Analysis – Range of CO2 Emission from Petrol & Diesel Vehicles (applying the conversion factor in Table 4): Petrol Vehicles Fuel Economy in km/ltr CO2 Emission in g/km* Years Minimum Maximum Average Worst Best Average 2010-11 6.8 23.9 13.46 349 99 176 2016-17 8.7 25.2 16.48 273 94 144 2017-18 7.8 46.5 15.74 304 51 151 Diesel Vehicles Fuel Economy in km/ltr CO2 Emission in g/km* Years Minimum Maximum Average Worst Best Average 2010-11 8.7 23.6 16.37 304 112 162 2016-17 9.9 33.4 18.42 267 79 144 2017-18 9.6 28.4 18.14 276 93 146 *Minimum emission for model having maximum fuel economy Ministry of Power has issued the proposed norm for CO2 Emission These norms are applicable based on Corporate Average Fuel Economy for each manufacturer. CO2 Norm proposed for 2017-18 : 130gm/km CO2 Norm proposed for 2022-23 onwards: 113 gm/km[3] 3.3. Other Observations (1) No. of Diesel models almost doubled since 2010-11 (Table 1) (2) Avg. weight of both Diesel & Petrol increased between 8th & 9th Declaration period (Table 2) (3) Diesel Fuel economy gone up from 16.37 kmpl to 18.14 kmpl (Table 2) (4) Petrol Fuel Economy gone up from 13.46 kmpl to 15.74 - but dropped between 8th & 9th Declaration period (Table 2) (5) Drop in Fuel economy due to increase in weight: More in Diesel car than Petrol Car. (Table 3) It is observed that that there is a considerable scatter in the Fuel Economy values for the same weight classes. This is due to the fact that there are other engine specifications which can influence fuel economy. For example, the vehicles fitted with bigger engines, to provide peppier acceleration and top speed, will be operating at part loads during normal driving and at part http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1098 editor@iaeme.com
Quest For Control of Fuel Consumption and Co2 Emission in Indian Passenger Cars – an Analysis of the Progress and Prognosis loads the thermal efficiency will be low resulting in poorer fuel economy. Also vehicles with automatic transmissions, other parameters being same, will consume more fuel. 4. LIMITATIONS The analysis is limited to the Petrol/Diesel models given in the data published in the declarations. Also this analysis has not considered volume of vehicles produced under each model. CNG/LPG fuel model cars have not been considered for this exercise. 5. CONCLUSION Sales-weighted average CO2 emissions in FY 2017–2018 from new passenger cars in India were 121 gm/km, down 2 gm/km from the fleet average performance in FY 2015–2016[5]. Car manufacturers need to deploy CO2 reduction technologies on a continuous basis. They have to adjust their product mix so that corporate Average Fuel Economy (CO2 emissions) meets the mandatory norms. REFERENCES [1] SIAM Website & Fuel Efficiency Data published by SIAM - www.siamindia.com [2] “Government proposes implementation rules for the first-ever fuel consumption norms for passenger cars - CSE finds gaping holes in them” published by Center for Science and Environment on Feb 2017. (www.cseindia.org) [3] Engeljehringer Kurt, Emission regulation trends, AVL India seminar, May 2018 [4] Indian Emission Regulations Booklet, ARAI, Pune, India ,November 2018 [5] ICCT (International Council on Clean Transportation) briefing on Compliance with India’s First Fuel consumption Standards for New Passenger Cars (2017-2018) - published on 25th September 2018 by Zifei Yang in www.theicct.org http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1099 editor@iaeme.com