Removal of phenol from water by commercial coconut shell charcoal

In this study, phenol was adsorbed by commercial coconut shell charcoal (CSC), which is inexpensive, commercially available, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. The measurements, namely the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were conducted to characterize the features of the CSC.