Syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnames

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This paper introduces and analyses some syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnamese as well as "nds out the similarities and differences of rejection between the two languages.

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SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Vu Le Vi1 Abstract: Rejection is one of the popular speech acts often used in our daily life. Because this is a face-threatening speech act, a thorough understanding of how to reject is really essential; it will help speakers avoid hurting the listeners or causing misunderstandings in their communication. In order to show rejection, Vietnamese and English people have different ways to express their opinions depending on speci c contexts. This paper introduces and analyses some syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnamese as well as nds out the similarities and differences of rejection between the two languages. Key words: Rejection, Face-threatening speech act, Syntactic features, Similarities, Differences. 1. Introduction In the era of integration, language has been clearly recognized as a very important tool in communication with many purposes. Language can be used to make requests, to give suggestions, to ask for permission, to exchange information, etc. In order to use languages for communication effectively, particularly in cross-cultural communication, it requires not only a linguistic knowledge of the target language but also the pragmatic knowledge and pragmatic routines of the speech community using the language. One of the speech acts popularly used in communication is rejection. It is considered a face-threatening act for it threatens the face wants of the speaker and the hearer by running contrary to their face wants. Therefore, a thorough understanding of rejection as well as how to deliver this kind of speech act effectively will help speakers avoid some misunderstandings and achieve their communication goals. 2. Content 2.1. Rejection as a speech act According to Oxford Dictionary for Learners of English [9], reject means refuse to accept something/ somebody. If you reject something such as a proposal, a request, or an offer, you do not accept it or you do not agree to it. Searle and Vandervken [10] de ne the speech act of rejection as follows: “the negative of counterparts to acceptances and consentings are rejections and refusals. Just as one can accept offers, applications and invitations, so each of these can be refused or rejected”. Indeed, it is really dif cult for some non-native speakers to say “no” directly and in some other cultures, how we say “no” is probably more important than the answer itself. Therefore, sending and receiving a message of “no” is a task that needs special skill. The 1. MA., Quang Nam University 121
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... interlocutor must know when to use the appropriate form in different situations. The skill of rejecting others’ ideas without hurting their feelings are very important. 2.2. The syntactic features of Rejection in English and Vietnamese Rejection can be expressed in different structures. In term of syntax, we divide the structural forms of rejection as follows: 2.2.1. The syntactic representation of rejection in English and Vietnamese 2.2.1.1. Rejection in declarative structures. a. Declaratives with performative verbs In this structure, rejection can be recognized in various forms among which is the explicit way with performative verbs. Although this is not very popular in both English and Vietnamese since people do not desire to hurt the others’feelings, it is sometimes seen in political meetings or courts when the speakers try to reject someone’s arguments. The popular performative verbs for this speech act are “reject, refute, disagree” in English which are equivalent to “bác bỏ, phản bác, phản đối” in Vietnamese. - I refute your explanation of history as if there were an aggression by the US. - I cannot accept your proposal. I completely reject it. (3)- Tòa bác bỏ lời đề nghị của luật sư bên nguyên. b. Declaratives with common structures Many positive declaratives can be used to show rejection in both English and Vietnamese. As far as this structure is concerned, the speaker’s statements often have contrary meaning toward the previous utterance as in the following examples: (4)- Isn’t that dreadful? - I think it’s wonderful. (5)- Thưa ông, nếu ông tăng tiền quảng cáo thì quá lắm. - Thưa bà, ấy là bà nhầm. c. Declaratives with special structures There are many cases in which rejection can be expressed through special declarative structures. It can be recognized in shortened forms with the absence of subject or predicate as in the examples below: (6)- I don’t want any part of you! - Little liar. You want every part of me. People sometimes leave their utterances un nished when they want to reject certain ideas. It is often seen when the speakers are of lower status and that they do not want to object the hearers point-blank. (7) - How dare you threaten Dudley! - I just ... This way is especially more preferred in Vietnamese as Vietnamese people tend to give non-committal responses in some delicate situations so as to avoid hurting the other people’s feelings, however the hearers can understand the speakers’ implication. However, in some cases, the speakers leave their utterances un nished when are they are so angry or disappointed that they cannot complete their rejection. We can see some common 122
VU LE VI statements for this as follows: Anh này thật là ….; Em đúng là …; Mày thì chỉ …, … It seems that the ways of expressing rejection in declaratives are more plentiful in Vietnamese than in English because of the special language features of Vietnamese. There are some structures so frequently used for rejection that they have gradually become specialized in this speech act. Nguyen Duc Dan, summaries some dedicated structures for rejection as follows: P th có (8) - Thưa cụ, cháu gọi ông ấy lên để sắp xin phép cụ trở về, vì cụ chẳng thương mà mua giúp nhà đất cho. - Có cô chẳng thương tôi th có. Còn P chán (9)- Chín giờ rồi, mình phải về k o khuya. - Vội gì! Còn sớm chán! P đấy chứ, P chứ (10) - Này, này! Đồng chí là bộ đội, là sĩ quan, đồng chí nói năng cẩn thận một tí nhé! - Tôi đang nói hết sức cẩn thận đấy chứ! (11) - Con tưởng mẹ không về. - Mẹ về chứ. Ai lại … (12) - Ông bỏ đi. - Thì bà bỏ trước đi. - Ai lại làm thế! …v i, v i chả … (13) - Lạy quan, quan nhận cho con, con sợ để lâu không tiện. - Tiện v i chả không tiện gì. Thôi, tao chưa cần mày mà mày lại vay cào vay cấu ở đâu đấy chứ gì. This way of rejection is quite popular in daily conversations of the Vietnamese. Besides, they also use this to complain or scold someone: Đi với chả đứng!, Học với chả hành!, Nói với chả năng!, … In addition to some special declarative structures as mentioned above, we sometimes see some others as “If…”, “too…” which are equivalent to “Nếu …thì”, “quá…” in Vietnamese employed to express rejection. In the rst structure, the information stated in the main clause is often contrary to that in If clause and it therefore can be considered as a way of refuting the previous utterance. (14) - That means you are not perfect. - Oh, you mean you are? - Hell no, Preppie. If I was, would I be going out with you? (15) - Ông đúng là vua lười. - Nếu lười tôi đã không tự tay nấu những bữa ăn tối. The expression of rejection through “too …” structure in English or “quá…” in Vietnamese are not very popularly used in the two languages, however they are sometimes seen in stories or in daily communication when the speaker wants to reject the hearer with an irony attitude. Consider the examples below: (16) - I loved you, Arthur. 123
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... - My dear Mrs.Cheveley, you have always been far too clever to know anything about love. Another special structure for rejection can be found in idiomatic expressions in both English and Vietnamese. Although these expressions are more preferred in Vietnamese, it is occasionally seen in English as in the example below: (17) - Onions are like apples. You know the old saying “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”? - Yes, and an onion a day will keep everyone away. The Vietnamese are keen on rejecting through idioms because they are very copious of this kind of expressions, moreover it is due to the Vietnamese culture that prefers to insinuate than reject someone so directly. Let us observe the following examples: (18) - Mình lo quá. - Lo bò trắng răng. (19) - Nếu tôi ăn ở như k khác, xin thề rằng ngọn đ n điện này tắt, tôi cũng chết. - Thề, th cá trê chui ng! It is not easy at all to understand the rejection through idiomatic expressions without good cultural knowledge of the target language, therefore this way of rejection is normally used among those of the same cultural cognizance. When someone wants to use idioms to reject the others, they must be certain of the interlocutor’s perception or they will fail in expressing their intention. 2.2.1.2. Rejection in negative structures Rejection in the forms of negation can be regarded as the most popular in both English and Vietnamese because they occur very often when a rejection is made. Some negative forms discovered to express rejection can be divided into three following groups: negative sentences, negative phrases or words and negative af xes. a. Negative sentences Negative sentences are those with complete structures and negators. In English, they can be recognized with “S + auxiliary + NOT + verb”,” S + verb + NO + O”,” S + NEVER + verb”, “There + be + no/ not + O”, etc. (20) - I think it is wrong that a wife should spy on her husband. - I didn’t spy on you. In Vietnamese, the structures for negatives are really bounteous. They can be seen in sentences with “không, không phải, chưa, chả, chẳng, chưa phải,…”. Also, there are many Vietnamese words and phrases added in the declarative sentences to express negative meaning, especially for making rejection such as “đâu, đâu có, nào, nào có, mà, làm gì có, bao giờ”. (21) - Sao chị chán đời thế? - Em không chán đời. Chán đời là không thiết sống. Em còn muốn sống, muốn sống lắm. 124
VU LE VI (22) - Hay là khinh cô ngh o. - Cô mà ngh o. b. Negative phrases Besides rejecting through complete negative structures, people can also use negative phrases or words to serve this function. Negation is not only expressed by “not” but also by other forms such as “no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly, etc”. In English, people can use “No” directly right after the previous utterance to show their strong rejection. In addition, we can nd some other ways with never, not at all, nothing, negative, etc for rejection in English. (23) - What did you say? - Nothing, nothing. (24) - Isn’t this the threshold? - Negative, negative. Similarly, negative phrases in Vietnamese can be identi ed with “không, không phải thế, không mà, etc”. Furthermore, there are many negative phrases with “gì” that are popularly used in Vietnamese as an effective way of rejection. (25) - Sao chị có tiền? Hay chị vay đằng bác Phán đấy? - Không mà. (26) - Thư của con đâu? Ai viết cho con vậy? - Không ai viết. Nhầm địa chỉ. Ta đốt rồi. - Đâu có nhầm. Nó ghi rõ ràng phòng xếp dưới gầm cầu thang mà. (27) - Em nghĩ đến mua vàng vì có thể tới đây vàng s lên. - Vàng bạc g ! - Hay là góp vốn đi buôn. Tuần trước có chị bạn … - Buôn bán g ! c. Negative af xes Additionally, people sometimes use words with negative af xes in order to reject someone’s ideas in English; this negation, however, is inexistent in Vietnamese. (28) - But it is the truth, my dear. The whole of London knows it. - Duchess, Duchess, it’s impossible! In brief, with a large number of negative devices, negative structures are widely used for making rejection at different levels in the two languages. However, Vietnamese, with the language diversity supplies a plenty of various negative forms for expressing rejection. 2.2.1.3. Rejection in interrogative structures a. Yes-No questions Interrogative structures or questions are often used to ask for information, and this is provided with an answer; nevertheless, sometimes, they have other different functions. It may be a request in “Can you pass me the salt?”, or an invitation in “Would you like some tea?” or a rejection in “Am I your guardian?” In both English and Vietnamese, questions are also known as a good way of rejection. In English, the interrogative structure is classi ed into two main types, which are Yes/no type and Wh-type. Despite being stated in the form of Yes-no questions, these questions do not require a response but only show the speakers’ rejection to the other interlocutor’s utterance. In Vietnamese, although the questions are not 125
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... under the same classi cation as in English, we still nd several questions similar to Yes/ no type in English which can be recognized in the form of declarative structure and some particles “mà, ư, à, sao,…”. The intonation in this kind of question also plays an important role in conveying rejection meaning. (29) - It is in the middle of the table. - Is that the middle of the table? b. Wh-questions In addition to Yes-No questions, the Wh-type with question words What, Who, How, etc can be found in many cases of showing rejection as in the instances below: (30) - Would you murder me? - Who talks of murdering a mad dog? Similarly, in Vietnamese, this kind of question can be recognized with “sao, tại sao, ai, gì, cái gì, làm gì, bao giờ, etc”. The rejection in the forms of question in Vietnamese can be illustrated in some examples below: (31) - Chắc là có kỷ niệm tình yêu sâu sắc nên v mặt anh mới đăm chiêu như thế? - Yêu? Làm g có thứ t nh yêu nào s ng dai thế? Họ chỉ bịa để cho cuộc đời đỡ t nhạt. However, unlike English Wh-questions that the question words almost take the rst position in the sentence, counterparts in Vietnamese questions sometimes take the form of statement with questions words in front, central or nal positions. (32) - Thà cho phép anh thú thực còn hơn để lương tâm anh cắn rứt. - Nhưng anh có lỗi g mà phải thú nhận? The rejection through questions in Vietnamese is even more abundant with different styles of questions: (33) - Này … hay là ta thôi đi nhỉ? - Thôi là thôi thế nào? In the example above, the speaker reuses the words in the rst utterance to reject the suggestion given. In Vietnamese, these structures are called “câu hỏi với lối trùng ngôn”. 2.2.1.4. Rejection in imperative structures Apart from the structures presented above, rejection can also be expressed through imperatives with the implication that the speaker cannot stand or disagree with the hearer’s utterance and ask the hearer to stop doing that. This structure is quite preferred to the speakers of higher social power over the hearers. The prototypical imperative has no subject or a nite verb although the subject is occasionally present in some cases. Both af rmative and negative imperative are used in the two languages, however, the negative forms are more popularly used in both English and Vietnamese. (34) - I won’t let you know my daughter, you are far too weaked. - Don’t say that, Duchess. As a wicked man I am complete failure. In Vietnamese, negative imperatives are marked by the negative particles “đừng, chớ, cấm, không được,” and a verb as in the following examples: 126
VU LE VI (35) - Có đúng là của tôi hay của thằng cha căng chú kiết nào? - Mình ơi, ch nói thế mà phải tội chết! (36) - Trời già độc địa thay! - Không, em đừng trách trời! Muôn sự đều do lòng người gây nên cả. Rejection in exclamative structures Interjections and exclamations are usually used to show the speaker’s feelings or attitude, yet they are sometimes used in order to express disagreement or rejection. The most salient linguistic unit in English exclamatives is the Wh-elements What and How. In Vietnamese, it can be recognized with “làm sao, thật là, lắm thay, etc”. (37) - I like these days better. - Ah, Scarlett, what a poor liar you are! (38) - Nhờ cụ bẩm với quan hộ, một bách thì tôi không sao lo được. Tôi xin tạ một nửa. - Chết! Anh nói mới dễ nghe làm sao! The interjections seem to be more widely used for conveying rejection in the two languages. The intonation is especially important in these expressions when it helps to transmit the speakers’ feelings as anger, surprise, disappointment, etc. Let us examine the following English and Vietnamese examples: (39) - But he seemed to really hate me. - Rubbish! Why should he? We can nd some utterances with interjections or exclamations for rejection in Vietnamese: (40) - Lạy cụ lớn, tội con thật đáng chém đầu, xin cụ lớn trông lại. - Trông lại cái t sư mày! It can be seen that when an interjection is used in an utterance of rejection, the utterance appears to be unre ned and hence the hearer’s face is more likely to be risked. Consequently, the speakers should consider carefully before choosing this way for rejection. In general, there are many different structures used for expressing rejection in both English and Vietnamese. Although some of them are more frequently employed than the others, they all have been found in stories, novels, plays, etc in the two languages. 2.2.2. The similarities and differences in syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnamese 2.2.2.1. The similarities in syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnamese From the ndings above, we can withdraw some similarities in syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnameses as follows: Rejection can be expressed in different structures as declarative, negative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative in both English and Vietnamese. In declarative structures, rejection is indicated by the statements with performative 127
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... verbs such as reject, refute, disagree in English which are equivalent to bác bỏ, phản bác, phán đối in Vietnamese. Besides, the normal declarative structures are also widely used in the representation of this speech act through giving contrary opinions to the other speaker’s utterances or evaluating those ideas. The two languages, in addition, employ many special patterns with shortened forms or idiomatic expressions for rejection. Rejection through negative structures is the most popular in both languages with a large number of examples collected in the corpus. People can reject through negative sentences with not, no, never in English and similarly to không, không phải, đâu, chẳng, chưa, chả, mà, nào có, nào đâu, etc in Vietnamese. Negative phrases and words are quite common when speakers want to directly reject the other interlocutors. The negative phrases often take the rst place in sentences and they are identi ed with no, not, never, nothing, negative in English and không, không mà, không phải, gì, thế nào, etc in Vietnamese. Interrogatives are also applied in carrying out the speech act of rejecting in the two typical types: Yes-no questions and Wh-questions. It can be seen in two languages that interrogative structure is a very interesting way for rejection because the speaker can express their objection delicately without much threatening the other interlocutor’s face. With af rmative and negative forms, imperative structures are used as a good way for rejection in the two languages through prohibiting the hearer from doing something. Af rmative imperatives in English can be either presented with a plain in nitive or a sentence with must, have to which is similar to phải, sẽ phải in Vietnamese; whereas English negative imperatives can be identi ed with don’t, mustn’t and cấm, không được, đừng, chớ are for Vietnamese expressions. Both English and Vietnamese sometimes use exclamative structures to express rejection. Using the structures, the speakers tend to reject through showing their feelings or attitudes toward the preceding utterances. The intonation is therefore quite substantial in ful lling this function. If we consider the declarative with performative verbs and negative structures as direct ways for making rejection and the others as indirect ones, both English and Vietnamese are analogous in employing all these forms to show rejection in different situations. Although indirectness is often regarded to be in strong link with politeness by many linguists, it still remains debatable since some indirect utterances seem to be less polite than direct ones. In the processing of data for the study, many indirect ways for rejection have been found to be quite discourteous as in the following examples: (41) - Did you ever think of marrying—just for the fun of it? - Fun! Don’t talk like a fool. (42) - Cụ Long rày giàu gớm. - Ăn cư p đư c mà giàu à? Let us consider some direct ways for rejection in the forms of negation that seem to be more courteous as follows: 128
VU LE VI (43) - Stop shaking Melly. She’s going to faint. - No, I’m not. (44) - Thế tại sao họ lại chán trò mật mã? - Không phải họ chán trò mật mã đâu. One more similarity between English and Vietnamese in expressing rejection lies in the fact that the two languages in some cases employ different structures for rejection at the same time. It is maybe the combination of negative and imperative structures, imperative and interrogative, declarative and imperative, etc. These combinations seem to make the rejection more effective and powerful. (45) - Consider how he will then react when he discovers you’ve been living as my mistress, wearing clothes I purchased for you.” - Don’t be ridiculous! I’m not your mistress. (46) - I hold your husband in the hollow of my hand, and if you are wise you will make him to do what I tell him. - You are impertinent. What has my husband to do with you ? With a woman like you ? (47) -Thế những hai sào mà ông bớt có năm xu? Bác trương Việt nộp có ba đồng xu một suất sưu thôi mà. - Người ta khác, anh khác, anh đừng láo! (48) - Tất cả đều hoàn hảo, anh Hùng ạ. - Nói d i. Hoàn hảo mà mặt mũi lại thế kia à? 2.2.2.2. The differences in syntactic features of rejection in English and Vietnamese. In spite of some similarities mentioned above, the two languages have a few differences in syntactic features of rejection. First of all, it is in English that speech act of rejection is normally expressed by grammatical categories such as mood, modality, word forms whereas in Vietnamese that is taken over by a wide range of lexical categories. Secondly, in declaratives, there are more specialized words, phrases and structures used for rejecting in Vietnamese than in English. They do not have formal grammatical structures but they are used so frequently that they have gradually become popular for rejecting. We can nd some as “P thì có, còn P chán, P đấy chứ, P chứ, Ai lại … , …với, với chả …” used for rejection in Vietnamese stories or in the daily communication. Besides, the Vietnamese, with the lingual distinctiveness tend to use idiomatic expressions more frequently to show rejection. Some popular expressions can be listed as “Thề cá trê chui ống, mỡ đó mà húp, lo bò trắng rang, oan cho Thị Mầu”,etc. Thirdly, the negative forms for rejection are more plentiful in Vietnamese than in English. Most of negative expressions of English are recognized with “no, not, never, negative, nothing, nobody” whereas we can nd out many other ways in Vietnamese such as “không, không phải, chưa, chưa phải, chẳng, chẳng phải, chả, đâu, đâu có, nào, gì, làm gì có, mà, bao giờ, ..”. However, it is only in English that negative af xes are existent and they can function as a way for rejection through giving contrary viewpoint 129
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... to the previous utterance. Fourthly, although the two languages use interrogative structures for carrying out rejection in some cases, the Vietnamese language seems to be more copious with different ways of making questions and it requires a good language competence that can apply a variety of interrogative structures in distinguished situations to get the best effect. Fifthly, the two languages in many cases use different structures to express the same meaning of rejection, in other words, they are not always analogous in the structures for rejection. Take the following examples as the illustration: (49) - It is in the middle of the table. - Is that the middle of the table? (Nó ở giữa bàn đấy. - Nó có ở gi a bàn đâu.) (50) - What? To get more knocks? - Nonsense! (- Thì sao ư? Để lại bị ăn đòn à? - Đòn là đòn thế nào?) (51) - He’s scrupulous and honorable! - But not too scrupulous and honorable to take aid and money from a woman. (- Ashley là người cẩn trọng và đáng kính. - Nhưng người đã cẩn trọng và đáng kính th tại sao lại chịu nhận sự bao bọc và tiền bạc c a một người đàn bà?) We can see that in order to show rejection, the English use the interrogative structure whereas the Vietnamese employ the negative one for the same function as in example (49). As mentioned in the previous part, there are many ways to present negation in Vietnamese and some of them are more expressive than the others, thus they can better express the speaker’s real feeling. If the translation for that example is “Nó không phải ở giữa bàn”, it is only a normal negative sentence; if it is translated “Đó mà là ở giữa bàn à?”, the speaker’s attitude seems to be quite negative, therefore, the chosen translation may be the most suitable. Similarly, in the examples (50) and (51), the exclamative and negative structures in English are replaced with interrogative ones which make the rejection to be more expressive. This also proves that the interrogative structures are more preferred in showing rejection in Vietnamese than in English. 2.3. Implication for teaching and learning languages Learning to perform rejection politely seems not to be an easy task for most English learners. Therefore, we have been expecting that the study can be a part of contribution to the process of teaching and learning English as a foreign language in Vietnam. The syntactic analysis of rejection in English and Vietnamese is likely to be useful to students of English since they just learn generally about some functional languages without studying in depth the speech act of rejection in term of syntax. A better understanding of rejection, therefore, can help English learners avoid communication breakdown or cultural shocks. Additionally, the comparison and contrast of rejection in English and Vietnamese 130
VU LE VI will help learners to be more aware of the syntactic similarities and differences used in this speech act, especially in Vietnamese in which rejection can be found in many specialized structures. Without a necessary knowledge of these structures, students might nd it dif cult to distinguish whether it is a rejection or other illocutionary acts. Consequently, English teachers can make use of these results in teaching Translation and Speaking to help students choose the best ways for rejection in speci c situations. Besides that, this study is also hoped to provide the foreigners studying Vietnamese with a reference of different ways for rejection in Vietnamese. They will realize that Vietnamese people are really clever in expressing speech acts, especially the face- threatening ones. This will result in foreigners’ more interests in Vietnamese language in particular and our culture in general. 3. Conclusion In general, rejection can be expressed in different structures in English andVietnamese such as declarative, negative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative. In some cases, the speakers may use many structures at the same time in order to make the rejection to be more powerful and effective. Beside these similarities, some differences can be found from the representation of rejection in both languages. English employs mainly grammatical categories for showing rejection in communication while in Vietnamese, rejection is taken over by lexical categories with a wide range of negation and function words as well as some specialized structures. The collected data also indicates that although negative structures take the largest amount of the rejection in the two languages, it is the English that prefer to use negative structures than the Vietnamese probably because the directness seems to be more favoured in this culture. Whereas, the Vietnamese use the interrogative for rejection more frequently than the English since this structure is quite expressive and it therefore can help them to show their feeling and attitude through rejection precisely. It is clear that with a profound knowledge of expressing rejection in the two languages, speakers can avoid misunderstanding in their communication; hence, this study will be useful for those interested in teaching and learning English and Vietnamese as foreign languages. ĐẶC ĐIỂM CÚ PHÁP CỦA HÀNH VI PHẢN BÁC TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT VŨ LÊ VI Trường Đại học Quảng Nam Tóm tắt: Phản bác là một trong những hành vi ngôn từ phổ biến thường được sử dụng trong cuộc sống hằng ngày của chúng ta. Bởi vì đây là một hành vi ngôn từ có tính đe dọa thể diện, nên việc hiểu biết thấu đáo về cách phản bác là thực sự cần thiết; nó sẽ giúp người nói tránh làm tổn thương người nghe hoặc gây ra những hiểu lầm trong giao tiếp. Khi muốn thể hiện sự phản bác, người Việt Nam và người Anh có nhiều cách khác nhau để 131
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF REJECTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE... bày tỏ ý kiến của mình tùy thuộc vào ngữ cảnh cụ thể. Bài viết này giới thiệu và phân tích một số đặc điểm cú pháp của hành vi phản bác trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, đồng thời tìm ra những điểm tương đồng và khác biệt của hành vi ngôn từ này giữa hai ngôn ngữ. Từ khóa: Phản bác, Hành vi ngôn từ đe dọa thể diện, Đặc điểm cú pháp, Sự giống nhau, Khác nhau REFERENCES In Vietnamese [1] Nguyễn Đức Dân (1996), Lôgích và Tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục. [2] Trần Hữu Mạnh (2007), Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu Cú pháp Tiếng Anh-Tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội. [3] Lê Quang Thiêm (1989), Nghiên cứu đối chiếu các ngôn ngữ, NXB Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội. [4] Nguyễn Minh Thuyết (chủ biên), Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (2004), Thành phần câu Tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục. In English [5] Austin, J.L (1962), How to Do Things with Words, Oxford University Press. [6] Batch, Kent and Harnish M. Robert (1984), Communication and Speech Acts, The MIT Press. [7] Dowing, Angela & Locke, Philip (1992) A University course in English Grammar, Prentice Hall International. [8] Jacobs, R.A (1995), English Syntax, Oxford American English. [9] Oxford WordPower (2004), Dictionary for learners of English, Oxford University Press. [10] Searle, J. and Vandervken, D. (1985), Foundations of Illocutionary Logic, Cambridge University Press. 132