Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ và đời sống: Số 5/2016

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Tạp chí Ngôn ngữ và đời sống: Số 5/2016 tổng hợp các bài viết: Về tính chất của mối quan hệ cú pháp giữa thành tố nguyên nhân và thành tố kết quả trong câu ghép nhân quả; Nghĩa tình thái đạo lí của câu trong các văn bản văn học giảng dạy ở trường trung học phổ thông; Yêu thương trong "Truyện Kiều" - từ góc nhìn của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận;... Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo để nắm nội dung chi tiết.

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So 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G VE TINH CHAT CUA MOI QUAN HE CU PHAP G I C A THANH TO NGUYEN NHAN VA T H A N H TO KET QUA TRONG CAu GHEP NHAN QUA ON THE NATURE OF SYNTACTIC E^LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAUSE COMPONENTS AND EFFECT COMPONENTS IN CAUSE-AND-EFFECT COMPOUND SENTENCES NGUY£N VAN LQC (PGS.TS; Dai hgc Sir pham, DH Thjii Nguyen) NGUYEN THJ THU H A (ThS-NCS; Dai hgc Sir ph9m, DH Thiii NguySn) Abstract: Considering the characteristics of syntactic relationship between the cause components and effect components cause-and-effect compound sentences, the author do believe that although this relationship has the similar features with Ihe coordinated relationship and has reciprocal dependent characteristics, basically, it has the natures of the major - subordinate relationship, in which "the cause" component is subordinate clause. K ^ words: cause-and-effect compound sentence; coordinated relationship; reciprocal dependent relationship; major - subordinate relationship. 1. Trong nghien ciiu cii p h ^ tieng Vift, hay cdu true nhan qua nhu neu tren day mpt din nay van ton tai kh6ng it nhung van dh c6n m^ chofliaytinh chat phiic tap ciia kieu cau c6 '^ ki^n tranh luan. M^t trong s6 d6 la vi?c dang xem x^t; mat khdc, khiln cho trong vi§c de xac dinh tinh chat cua moi quan hf cii phdp day hpc ngO ph^, ngii6i d^y vd ngudi hpc gifta c ^ ve trong kieu cau thirdng dugfc ggi 1^ gap nhiing kh6 khSn nhit dinh khi c ^ l\ra cau gh^p nh3n qua. Vi du: Vi tdi thdng tgn n§n chpn dua ra cdch phan tich cu the doi voi kieu hai cdu chii ciia toi yeu qity tdi ldm. Trong cdu (ciu tnic) ndy. vi^ xac dinh tinh chdt cua m6i quan h? cii Tru6ctiiucte do, trong bm vilt ndy, chiing phdp giOa th^nh to nguyen nhan va thanh to t6i sS nSu mOt s6 y kiln trao doi voi muc dich kit qua trong cau nhan quii kieu tien day, c6 g6p phdn ldm r5 hon tmh chdt cua moi quan thi thdy c6 nhiing y kiln chinh sau; h? cii phap gifta thanh tl nguySn nhan va (i) Cho rSng thanh to nguyen nhan c6 quan thanh to ket qua troi^ cau nhdn qud trong h$ phu thuoc qua lai voi th^inh t6 kit qua. [4, tieng Vipt. 588], [2,40], [6,259- 260]. 2.1. Theo chiing t6i, cdch phdntichthii ba (ii) Coi thdnh t6 nguySn nhdn la thanh to m|c di CO CO sd nhit dinh - d6 la n^ tuong ph\i (c6 quan h$ ph\i thuOc mpt chieu vdo dong giua kilu cdu (cdu tnic) nhan qua dang th^nh t^ kit qua) [7, 565-570], [1, 305-307], xem xet va cau tnic ding l|lp till hipn d tinh [8,405-413].^ dong loai cua cdc thanh to cdu t ^ - nhung rdt (iii) Cho ring quan h$ giiia thjlnh tl nguyen kh6 dupe chap nhan \i nhttag IS sau: nhSn vS thMi to kit quatirongcau hay cau a) Cau tnic ddng lap thudng dupe coi Id ciu tnic nhan qui (kieu nhir "Vi ludn nen hgc tnic md md s6 lupng thanh tl tiorc tilp vl kim ") la mpt kieu nhd (kieu quan he qua lai) nguySn tdc, cd thi hon hai ho|c khong han thu§c quan h$ ddng ldp [5,255]. che. Nhung d cau hay ciu tnic dang xem x6t, Vi?c d6ng thai ton tai drai ba each phan so lupng thanh td chi la hai. tich khdc nhau (ma co sd thuong khfing dupe b) d ciu tnic ddng l^p, tr$t tir giiia cdc trinh biy c3n ke, thau ddo) doi voi kieu cau tiidnh tl vl nguyen tdc Idti^do (de dang thay
N G 6 N NGU* & DCW S 6 N G S I 5 (247)-2016 dii md khong !dm thay ddi co ban 3? nghia ciia b) vi hinh thuc: Hai tiianh tl tiyc tilp ciu tnic); trong. Wii dd, d cdu hay ciu tnic tiiupc kilu cdu ndy thudng dupe nii ket bdng dang xem x6t, khi tiiay ddi trat t\r, ^ nghia sB cdc c|p quan h? tCr (vl..nin, do... nen, bdi... thay doi cabdn. So sanh; nin, nhdr... nen, tgi... nen). Noi nhu Nguye - ciu tnic ddng lap: Kim Thdn, hai dogn cau trong cdu phiic qua 1^ (la) Anh vd em cung ^.—> (lb) Em vd anh "bao gid ciing cd nhiing yeu to hinh thiic gdn cimg di. bd Igr [4, 588]. Nhung yeu to hinhtiiiicndy (2a) Hodc anh di, hoac tdi di .-+ (2b) gIm "lien tit qua IgV ho§c "lien tu co sv hd Hoac tdi di hoac anh di. Ong cita phd ti^' [4,588- 589]. (3a) Cd dy vica thdng minh, vCca xinh d?p. Theo chiing tdi, y kiln l|ip lu|in ung hp cdch —*(3b) Co ay viia xinh dep, vOa thdng minh phdntichthii nhit tren ddy tuy phin ndo chi ra - Cau tmc nhdn qud: dupe d5c dilm, tinh chdt ciia moi quan h$ giUa (4a) Vi (nd) ludi nen (nd) hgc Mm —* (4b) cdctiidnhtl nhung dd chua phdi Id ca sd day Vi (nd) hgc kem nen (nd) ludi. (?) diX chdc chin dl khdng dinh d nhiing cdu nhdn 2.2. E>li vdi -^ kiln thii nhit, mdc du cdc tdc qua kilu tr&i ddy cd moi quan h$ phy thudc gid khdng trinh bay that ro rang ca sd ciia cdch qua 1^ giiia thdnh to nguyen nhdn vd thdnh tl phdntichdupe dua ra nhung c6 thi nh§n thiy kit qud. Sd dl cd the ndi nhu v%y Id \i: chd dya chinh cua each phdntichndy Id: (1) vi n^i dung: a) Vi ngi dung: Hai thdnh tl trong cdu - Khdo sdt c\i the cho thiy moi quan hf vl nhan qua c6 moi quan he chdt che vdi nhau npi dung giOa cdc tiidnh tl trong nhihig cdu theo kieu quan h$ tiln de - h$ qud (m$t thdnh thudng dupe coi la "cdu gh^p qua 1^" (cd d^ tl neu su tinh la tien dl, m$t thdnh tl neu s\r dilm gan giii vdi "cdu gh^ nhdn qud" dang tinh Id h? qud xdy ra tr6n ca sd tiln dl dd). dupe xem x&) khdng phdi ludn Id mli quan h$ Nguyen Kim Than xep kieu cau nhan qud "qua Igi", tiic Id moi quan h? "phy thuOc vdo dang xem x^t tren day vdo "cau phiic hpp" nhau". Chdng hgn, thii so sdnh: bSn canh "cdu dieu kifn" vd "cdu nhupng bO" (5) Niu cd tiin, tdi cOng khdng mua d td. vd chi r5: "Logi cdu phiic hgp ndy bao gid (6) Mdc dit bi om, tdi vdn den ldp. ciing ddi hdi s^c hd ieng cua hai dogn cdu liend nhihig cdu tren, su tinh neu d thanh tl quan m0t cdch hiiu co voi nhau vd d^ca vdothii nhit (chi dilu ki$n ho§c s\r nhupng bO) nhau md tdn tgi" [4,588]. Hodng Trpng Philn khdng he chi phoi (quy dinh) kit qud n6u d ve cCing thita nhdn s\r tin tai ciia "cdu ghep qua thii hai. Ndi cdch khdc, s\r tinh neu d ve thii Igi" vd cho rang: "Trong tieng Vi$t cdu ghiphai khdng phdi Id kit qua logic hay tit yeu cua qua Igi gdm hai vi quan h$ voi nhau theo kiiu sytinhneu d vetiiiinhit. Vl thyc chit, vl thu: ngi dung diiu ki^n - kit qua, ngi^in nhdn - nhit ciia nhihig cdu ndy chi nfiu hodn cdnh, kit qud, nhugng bg - tdng tien. Hai vi ndy Hin (filu ki?n trong dd sy tinh neu d vl thii hai da quan vdi nhau vd dua vdo nhau md tdn tgi." hoac cd thi diln ra. [2, 210 -211]. Tap thi cdc tac gia cuon NgU - Tinh chat "phu thupc qua lai" thudng phap tieng Vi?t (2002) cho rdng "ndng cot cuadirpc ndi den nhu mpt d§c dilm '"npi dun^ cdu ghep qua Igi chi cd hai ve, vd nhdt thiit cua "cdu ghep nhdn qud" cung nhu cim cdc phdi cd hai ve. Ve nay la diiu ki$n ton tgi cuaki6u cau gh6p cd dac ^em gdn gui vdi nd (c&i vi kia vd ngugc Igi. Cd da hai vi mdi thdnh ghdp dilu kifn, nhupng b§), thyc ra, cd tinh mgt cdu ghep cd nghTa trgn v?n, mdi bieu thf logic - ngii nghia han Id tinh chit ct pUp. mgt suy li bao ham mgt tien de vd mot h^ Chdng han, d cdu (7a) Nhd cdc bdc sTtgn drih ludn. "[6,259]. cuu chua, tdi dd khoi b?nh, qud la c6 moi quan
s i 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG hf qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngU nghia) giiia sy thupc (chi ra sy phy thudc cua yiu tl dupe dan tinh nguyen nhdn (cdc bdc sT tgn tinh cOu noi). Chdng han, thu xet quan h^titmd dving chad) vd sy linh kit qud (toi dd khoi b$nh). dl din niitiianhto chi kit qud. Tuy nhidn, mli quan h$ qua lai Idlu ndy Cd thi thay, mdtixmgcdu nhan qud tiiudng khdng chi dupe quan sdt d cau tr€n ddy md dupe coi Id tft ddng nghia vdi nen (deu chi ket cdn cd thi thay d nhiing cdu vdi trang ngii qua) va dupe coi la tft diing thdnh c$p vdi vl myc dich, trang ngii dieu k i ^ (vi dy: (8) De (do, bdi, tgi, nhd). Dilu ndy cd thi fliiy qua hiiu biet, chiing ta cdn hgc tap. (9) Anh se khd ndng thay thi lan nhau giua ma vd nin. dugc vay tiin ngdn hang vdi diiu ki$n anh So sdnh: phdi cd tdi sdn thi chdp). (1 Oa) Vd Igi. cung do chiing ta Idn chdn ma Trong nhiing cdu tren ddy, ro rdng gifta xe din day cham. (Chu Lai) trang ngft chi myc dich (de hieu biet) vd trgng (10b) Yd Igi, cUng do chiing ta lan chdn ngft chi £eu kien (vdi dieu kien anh phdi cd nen xe den day cham. tdi sdn thi chap) vd cdc thdnh \6 chi hogt di^ng (11a) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi neu d vj ngft (cdn hgc tdp.dugrc vay tien) ciingqua lau nen Chi trdt mdt chuyen xe hdng cuoi cd mdi quan hp qua lai (quan h$ logic - ngft cung. nghia) d miic dO nhit dinh; Myc dich hiiu biit (lib) Vi bd m? Chi mdi chdng ndi chudi thdi thiic dSn din hogt dpng hgc tgp, con cd tdi qud Idu md Chi trgt mdt chuyin xe hdng cudi son thi ch^ la dilu kipn dl dgt dupe hoat cimg. (Nguyin Minh Chdu) dOng vaytiinngdn hdng. Tuy nhiSn, neu vi ludn ludn din ndi liianh Mat khac, cung cin thiy rdng cau (7a) ti^n tl cd tinh phy thupc (nd khdng bao gid dan nii ddy hodn toan cd the chuyln thdnh cdu: (7b) thdnh tl chinh) thi md cung nhu nen, cho n§n, Nhd sif ciiu chua tdn tinh cOa cdc bdc sT, tditixing nhieu trudng hpp, dupe thira nhdn r^ng dd khdi b$nh. Xet vl m^t quan hp logic - ngft rdi Id quan he tft din nil thdnh td chinh rd nghia, cd thi thdy cdc cau (7a) vd (7b) ding rdng. Bdng chiing Id md, (nen. cho nen) cd the nghia (nghia bieu hien) vdi nhau (trong do deu dSn nii cym chu vj ndng cdt md trudc no la cd mli quan hp qua Igi ve logic - ngft nghia trang i ^ chi nguySn nhdn cd dang cdu tao vi gifta thdnh tl nguyen nhdn vd thdnh to kit + danh ta (dgitii).Vi dy: qud). Tuy nhien, that khd ma ddng y vdi y (12)Fin£imatdikhl. kiln cho rdngtiidnhtl dupe thiia nh|in rOng rai (13) Vi mtJic dich phuc vu so ddng md anh la trgng ngft nguyen nhan d cdu (7b), ve cii qu6n tdi di hd? (Nguyen Minh Chau) phdp, cd quan h^ qua lai vdi thdnh to kit qua. Trong nhftng cau (12), (13), thanh to kit Tren thyc tl, trong hau hit cdc tdi Upu ngft qud d sau Tna chdc chdn la thdnh tl chMi, cdn phdp hi$n nay, tiidnh tl ndy deu dupe thira thanh td chi nguyfin nhdn (Id danh tft, dai tft) nhan Id trgng ngft nguyfin nhan, tiic Id thdnh dupe din nii bdi quan hp tft vi dftng tiirdc phin phy thu^ mOt chilu vdo vi ngft hay dupe thira nhan rpng rdi Id thdnh to phy (trgng ndng cit cdu diing sau. ngft). (2) vi hinh thuc: - Mac dil cdc quan hp tft nhdn qud trong Nhung diem ddng chii y d nhiing cdu dang nhftng cdu nhdn qud dang xem x^ tren ddy xem x6t Id: thudng dupe coi la cdc "c$p quan h$ tft", tftc - Cdc hu tft noi ket hai vl thyc ra khdng Id chdng dupe coi Id nhiing tft thudng xuygn hodn todn tuang ddng vdi nhau ve ngft phdp. dupe diing sdng ddi vdi nhau, nhung cd the Tiong cdc hu tir dd, chi hu tir dan nil thanh to thiy rdng trong cac "c$p quan hp tir" dd, chi nguyen nhdn mdi thuc sy Id quan hp tft phy cdc quan h$ tu dan ndi thdnh to nguyen nhdn
N G 6 N N G C & pen S 6 N G S 6 S (247)-2016 xudt hipn thudng xuyen (chiing xuit hipn trong dung theo cap tiii (fi&i do ciing chira phai Id 883/U51 cdi^ chilm 76,7% t6ng s i cdu nhdn cdn eft d l khdng dinh cdc thanh th dupe nii kit qua duoc tiidng ke). D|u; b i ^ khi tiidnh t l bdi chiing la cdc thdnh to phy thudc qua Igi. nguyen nhdn chilm vi tri thii hai, tiic Id dung Tren tiiuc tl, nhilu hu tft (quan hp tft hodc phd sau thdnh td kit qua (tnidng hpp ndy ed tft) thudng dupe dilng tiieo cdp cd till nii kit 957/1151 cdu, chilm 8 3 ^ % tong s i cau nhan ^ode dftng tirudc) cac thanh to cd quan h$ qud dupe thong kS) thi sy cd mat cfta cdc quan ding 1 ^ (quan he lya chpn, quan hp ding thdi, h$ tii ddn ndi chiing hdu nhu Id bdt bupe. Cdc quan hf bo sung, quan h$ gOp). Vf dy; quan he tft dan ndi thanh t l kit qud, trdi lai, + Hoac... hodc...: (15) Bgn th^ ddn Ph^ xuit hien han chi hem rit nhilu (ehi c6 d hodc ddu hdng hodc bd chay. (Ho Chi Minh) 194/1151 cdu, chilm 16,8% ting s i cdu nhan + Viea... vMifl...; (16) Hdn ^a di, v^ chUi. qud dupe thong k6) vd hon nfla, quan hp tft chi (Nam Cao) kit qud hiu nhu ludn cd khd ndng lupvc bd. + Dd.. Igi...: (17) Cd dy da thdng minh lai (Rieng cac quan hp tu nen, md, cho nen nhit cham chi. thilt phdi vdng mdt nlu ve chi kit qud ddng + Cd.. Idn.... (18) Tdi bdn ca sdch cu Idn trudc). So sdnh: sdch mdi. (14a) Vi tdi thdng tgn nen hai cdu chu cua 2.3. Tr6n ca sd sy phan ti'ch tren day, chiing tdi yeu quy tdi ldm. (Td Hoai) tdi nghieng v l -^ kiln eho ring quan hp cd phdp (14b) Vl tdi thdng tgn, hai cgu cha cOa tdi giiia thanh ^ nguyen nhan (trudng hpp thdnh yeu quy tdi ldm. t l ndy dupe din nii bdi quan hp tft) vd thdnh to (14c) Hai cdu chu cOa tdi yiu quy tdi lam vi kit qua trong cdu nhan qud dupe bilu h i ^ tdi thdng tgn. bdng quan h$ tu Id quan h$ phy thupc (chft (14d) Hai cgu chu cOa tdi yeu qu^ tdi ldm khdng phdi Id quan hp phy thudc qua Igi). toi thdng tgn. (-) Gidi phdp tirSn day khdng chi giiip trdnh die vi du cho thay, cd khi ve kit qud diing dupe nhftng han che efta cdch phdn tich thft trudc lan diing sau, quan h$ tft din nii chiing nhit vd thft ba nhu ^ chi ra ma cdn phft hpp Id nen (cho nen, md) deu cd the hodc can phdi vdi kit qud ciia cdch xdc dinh quan hp cu p h ^ lupc bd (klii ve ket qua diing trudc, vi$c khdng gifta cdc tft do V. S Panfilov d l xuit [8,80-89]. dftng cdc quan hp tft nen, md, cho nen la bdt buOc). Ngupc lai, khi thanh to nguyen nhan Theo V. S Panfilov, viec xdc dinh tinh chat diing sau thi cdc quan h$ tu din nii chung (vi, eua moi quan hp cu phdp gjGa hai tft (da dupe do, bdi, tgi, nhd...) hiu nhu nhdt thiit phdi cd khing dinh la cd quan hp cii phdp vdi nhau) mat. can dupe tiln hdnh dya vao kit qud ddnh gid b Nhu v$y, mdc du dupe coi la cdc "c^p quan hai mat: danh gid ben trong vd ddnh gid b& he tft" diing sdng ddi cd y nghia "ho ung" vdi ngodi. nhau nhung ti^n thyc tl, cdc quan he tft ndi ket 6 sy danh gid ben tix)ng, trong hai tft co cdc thdnh to trong cau nhan qud khdng phdi quan hp cu p h ^ vdi nhau, tii phy thupc Id tur: ludn dupe ddng theo cap ma trong nhilu 1/Ve hmh tilde, cd Idia ndng thay thi bdng tii ti-udng hpp, cd the dimg ri&ig vd cd mftc dp nghi van; 2/Ve npi dung, mang y nghia cii phd biln, ddc dilm, gid tri ngft phdp rit khac phap bo sung xet trong m l i quan hp vdi tft kia. nhau. 6 sy ddnh gia bSn ngodi, tft phy thupc Id til Cung can phdi ndi thSm ring, ngay cd khi khdng cd kha ndng dai dien cho ca to hpp xet chftng minh duac rdng cdc quan hp tu tixmg trong moi quan hp cii phdp vdi yiu ^ b6n nhiing cau dang dupe xem xet thudng dupe ngodi, tiic Id tft cd kha ndng lupc bd.
s i 5 (247)-2016 N G 6 N NGt* & Ddi S6NG Ap dyng cdch xdc dinh mli quan hp cu - Ve ngi dung: phdp trgn ddy vdo cdu hay ciu tnic nhdn qua ta Nhu da ehi ra d tren ddy, m ^ du trong moi thiy; qua hp ngft nghia giiia thdnh tl i^uyen nhan vd IM nhdt, xet theo su ddnh gid ben trong: tiidnh to kit qud, cd till n h ^ thiy mli quan h$ -Vl hinh tiiuc; phy thupc lan nhau giiia hai thdnh td (thanh tl + Trong tiirdng hpp chi tiidnh tl nguyen nguy&i nhan chi nguydn nhan cua sytinhnSu nhdn dupe din noi bdi quan h$ tft (trudng hpp dtiianhto kit qua, cdn thdnh to kit qud chi kit ndy la phd biln nhdt nhu da chi ra d tr6n) tii qud gdy ra bdi su tinh n6u d thdnh to nguySn chi thdnh td ndy cd khd thay thi bdng tft nghi nhdn) nhung can thiy rang mli quan h$ qua Igi vin. Vi dy; nay vl thuc chit, Id mli quan hp cd tinh chit (I9a) Vi con dd dgi hgc, dng Ba rdt vui ~* thidn ve ngft nghia (vd cd till xdc dinh gifta _(19b) Vi sao dng Ba rdt vuiV; (19c) Vi contiidnh to chinh chi kit qud vatiidnhtl phu la dSdgi hgc thi ndo (ldm sao)? (?) trang ngft chi nguyen nhan nhu d cdu (7b) 6S. + Trong tnrdng hpp cd thdnh tl nguyen phdntichtren ddy). Nhu v§y, mli quan he qua nhdn lin thdnh to kit qua deu dupe dan nii bdi Igi ve ngft nghia giiia thdnh td nguySn nhdn vd quan he tft, khd nang thay thi bing tft nghi vin thdnh tl ket qua khdng ed sy tuong ling vdi ciiatiianhto nguyen nhdn vln Idn hon thanh tl moi quan he qua Igi vl mJit hinh thiie eii phdp kit qud. So sanh; nhu da phdn tich. (19d) Vi con do dgi hgc nin dng Ba rdt vui —t Tha hai, xet theo s{r ddnh gid ben ngodi: Nhu chi ra trSn day, trong cdc biln till cOa (19d) Vi sao md dng Ba rdt vuP.\ (19e) Vi cdu nhdn qud, biai till vdr^ quan he tft dthdnh con do dgi hgc nen thi ndo Gdm sao)? (?) to kit qud la bien till phd bien nhit (chilmtiIp Nhu cdc vi dy tien ddy cho thiy, ti^ng cd 83,2%). Cd till tiiiy khi vdng quan hp tii d hai trudng hpp (trudng hpp chi thanh to nguyen nhdn dupe din nii bdi quan h^ tii vd thdnh tl kit qud,tiongdilu kien ngft cdnh bmh trudng hpp cd thdnh to nguySn nhdn lan thdnh thudng, ve nguyen tdc, chi cd khd nang lupc bd to ket qud deu dupe din nii bdi quan h§ tft), thdnh to nguyen nhdn chft khdng cd khd ndng khd nang dat cdu hdi ve thanh nguyen nhdn lupc bd thdnh to kit qud. Vi dy: deu Idn hon so vdi khd ndng ddt cdu hdi ve (20a) Hodng Lan bf dm vi ciedng dg hgc thanh tl kit qud. (Cdu hdi vl thanh td nguygn t^ qud cao. (Bao An nmh thi gidi) —>(20b) nhdn cd tinh tu nhien hon so vdi cau hdi ve Hodng Lan bi dm; (20e) Vi cudng do hgc tap thdnh td kit qud). Sdcffcd linh hinh nhu v|lyc6 qud cao.(7) IS Id vi pham trft nguySn nhdn Id pham trii hit (21a) Nha den van to, Binh nhgn rd timg sue pho bien nhu logic hpc da khing dinh: net mgt Ndm. (Nguydn Hong) -* (21b) Binh "Mgi sif ki$n dieu cd nguyin nhdn" [3, 142]. nhdn rotiingn^t mdt Ndm; (21 c) Nhd den van Trong khi do, khdng phdi mpi su kipn (sy tinh) to.(?) deu gdy ra hodc dan din m^t kit qua ndo dd. Nhu v§y,tiieocdch ludn giditi^nddy, quan (Chinh vi vgy md ben canh kieu cdu nhdn qua hp cu phdp giiia thanh to nguyen nhan vd cdn cd kilu cau nghich nhan qua hay cau thanh tl kit qua trong nhftng cdu nhan qud nhupng bp trong dd, sy tinh nhupng bp khdng tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu don cd trgng ngu chi din din kit qud theo IS thudng). nguyen nhdn (till dy; (22) Vl no md tdi khd. Nhu vdy, x6t ve mdt hinh thiic, theo sy ddnh (23) Tgi anh, no phdi mdng) va trong nhiing gia b^n trong, tinh chit chinh hay vai trd chinh cdu nhan qua tiiudng dupe coi Id cdu ghep nghi&ig ve thdnh td ket qud. nhan qud (titi dy; (24) Vi no ludi nen tdi khd.
N G 6 N N G C & D6fl S 6 N G S6 5 (247)-2016 (25) Vi trdi mua nen dudng tran) vl bdn chit, gidm bin tuih phy thupc (nhit Id vl hinh thiic) Id nhu nhau vd deu Id quan h$ chinh phy (trong ciia cym chu v\ ehi nguyen nhdn vdo cym chii do thdnh to phy la thanh ^ chi i^;i^ennhdn). vj chi kit qud ddng sau nd. Nhiing cdu nhdn Tuy nhien, cin thay ring xet vl miic dO phy qud cd dgng nhu cdu (27^ khong phdi Id cdu tiiudc thi sy phy tfauOc cda thdnh tl nguyen gh^ chinh phy dich thyc ma la cau cd ddc tinh nhdn vdo thanh td kit qud d hai dang cdu ndy trung gian gifta cdu ghep ehmh phy vd cdu cd sy khdc nhau nhit ^nh. Vipc khdo sdt, so gh^ ddng lap. sdnh ve m^ n$i dung (y i ^ h ^ quan hp) vd m§t 3. Mli quan h$ cii phdp gifta cac thdnh tl hinh Ihiic ngft phdp efta hai.dgng cau nay cho trong cdu ghep nhdn qud (ciing nhu trong cdu thdy d nhiing cdutiiudngdupe gpi Id cdu dan gh^ ^eu kipn, cau gh6p nhupng bO) cd d$c cd trang ngft chi nguy&i nhdn, sy phy thuOc (film khd phftc t^. Mdi quan hf nay vfta cd efta trgng ngft vdo vi ngft hay bp phan ndng cot n^ gdn gui vdi quan he t ^ g l§p (till hifn d cdu la sy phy thuOe hodn todn mang tinh mOt tinh dlr^ logi vl cdu tgo cda cdc thdnh to tryc chilu (quan hp chinh phy d ddy la quan hp tilp), vira cd tinh chdt phytiiuOcqua Igi d miic chMi phy dien hinh hay dich thyc); cdn d d$ nhit (finh nhung vl ca bdn, cdtinhchdt ciia nhftng cdu dupe gpi la cdu g^6p nhdn qud titi quan hf chinh phy trong dd thdnh to nguydn nhu viia nhdn xet d tren, cd cd It nhilu tinh nhan (
s i 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG M p T S 6 L 6 l CHUYEN DI KHI SU* DyNG KIEU CAU SO SANH TRONG TIENG VIET CUA SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC SOME TRANSFERENCE ERRORS OF CHINESE STUDENTS IN USING VIETNAMESE COMPARATIVE SENTENCES D A O THJ V A N (PGS.TS; D^i hpc Sir pham, DH Thdi NguySn) D I | : P THANH KHitT (ThS; Dai hpc Sir ph^m, DH Thdi Nguyen) Abstract: In this paper, we mention three types, including the errors of the wrong position of comparative words, tiie error of using comparative words and the error of using comparative objects which are not suitable with Vietnamese culture and speaking habits. Key words: Vietnamese language; Chinese language; comparative sentences; transference. 1. D$tvSndl sdnh dl chi ra sy tuang ding hay khdc bif t l.h Khi hpc ngogi ngft (L2\ ngudi hpc gifta cdc sy vgt, hipn tupng cdn dii chieu. thudng mdc l5i khd da dgng, nhu mdc iSi phat Nhin mpt cdch khdi qudt, cdu so sdnh trong dm, mdc loi diing tft hay ddt cdu,...Cd nhilu tiing Vift vd trong tieng Hdn cd nhilu diem nguySn nhdn khiln ngudi hpc mdc loi sft dyng ding nhit, song vl chi tilt ehiing vln cd L2, song ldi do chuyln di tft ngdn ngft thft nhftng sy Wide bipt, nhm khdc nhau vl vi tri nhit (Ll - ngdn ngft md ngudi hpc da thdng cdc thdnh to trong cdu tnic so sdnh, khdc nhau thgo vd thudng xuySn sft dung dl giao tilp) Id vl ngft nghia ciia tft so sanh hay cdch lya chpn mpt trong nhiing nguySn nhdn quan trpng. dii tupng so sdnh,.. .Chinh sy khdc nhau ndy Chuyin di ngon «g£f la hifn tupng ngudi Id mdt trong nhftng nguydn nhan din din loi hpc sft dyng nhiing hieu bilt nen tdng vl Ll viet cdu so sdnh ti&ig Vift cda ngufiri Trung dl dp dyng vdo viec ndi, vilt L2. Chuyen di Quoc ndi chung, cua sinh viSn Hpc vifn Vdn ngdn ngft cd tbi theo hudng tich eye vd cung Son, Vdn Nam Trung QuIc ndi ri&ig (SY). cd thi theo hudng tiSu cue: Nlu Ll vd L2 Ddy chinh Id kilu l5i chuyln ditiSueye tft Ll cdng cd nhieu n^t tuong ding thi ngudi hpc nhu dd ndi d trdn. cdng dl tilp can L2 bdi vipc chuyln di dupe 2. Khao sdt cy the Theo dieu tra bude ddu cda chiing tdi, cd chip nhdn d L2. Dd la hifn tupng chuyen di ba kilu loi ve cau so sanh tiing Vift md SV tich eye vd ngudi hpc sS it mdc l5i khi sft thudng mdc do chuyln di tft Ll, do Id: 1/Cdu dyng L2. Ngupc Igi, nlu Ll vd L2 cd sy khdc so sdnh diing sai vi tri cdc thdnh to trong cdu bipt thi vife chuyen di thudng gdy ra loi vi tnic; 2/Cdu so sdnh mdc loi ve ddng tft so vipc chuyen di dd khdng dupe chip nhgn d sdnh; 3/Cdu so sdnh mdc loi sft dyng doi L2. Ddy Id sy chuy8n ditieueye. tupng so sdnh (khdng phu hpp vdn hda hay Bdi viet ndy bdn den mpt si kilu loi viet cdch ndi efta ngirdi Vift). cdu so sdnh tiing Vift cua sinh vien Hpc vifn 2.1, Cdu so sdnh mdc ldi do d^ sai Vf tri Vdn Son, Vdn Nam, Trung QuIc do chuyen cm mpt ho^c mgt so thdnh tS trong cdu tr&c di tifiu eye tft Ll (tieng Hdn) sang L2 (tieng so sdnh Vift). Ddy la kilu l5i md ngudi vilt da dgt mdt 1.2. Cung nhu cdc ngdn ngft khdc, tieng ho$c mpt so thdnh to trong ciu tnic so sdhh Vift vd tieng Hdn dlu sft dyng kilu cdu so khdng dung vi tri thdng thudng theo cdch ndi
N G 6 N N G C & pen S 6 N G S I S (247)-2016 ciia ngirdi Vift khien cho cdu trd nen vd nghTa Nhin vdo md hinh cau tnic so sdnh trong ho|c ma hi vl nghia. hai ngdn ngft vd cdc vi dy minh hpa dan tren d dgng day du nhit, cau so sdnh trong cd till dl ddng nhdn thiy sy khdc bift gifta tiing Vift va trong tiing Hdn dlu dupe ciu chiing Id d vj tri efta thdnh tl /. Trong tieng tao bdi 4 thdnh to, do la: ddi tugng dugrc so Han, thdnh tl chi phuong difn so sdnh (t) sdnh - cdi dupe so sanh (A), phuang dien so diing sau tft so sdnh (tss) vd tft chi dii tupng sdnh (t), tu so sdnh (tss) vd ddi tugng so sdnh so sdnh (B); cdn tit)ng tiing Vift, thdnh tl t - cai so sdnh (B). Tu lifu dilu tra efta chiing lai diing trudc tft ngft so sdnh vd tft ngft chi tdi cho thiy, cdu so sdnh tiing Vift mdc l5i dii tupng so sdnh. kilu ndy thudng do ngudi vilt da ddt sai vi tri Theo thdi quen su dyng Ll, ngirdi Trung thanh to chi phuong difn so sdnh (t) trong cau Quoc thudng chuyen di may mdc cau tnic so tnic so sdnh. Dudi ddy la nhiing kilu cau so sanh nay ciia tiing Hdn sang cdu triic so sdnh sdnh tiong tiing Vift ma SVHWS tiiudng ciia tiing Vift cd nghia tuong duong vd do dd mdc l3i d§t sai vi tri thdnh tl chi phuong dif n dan den loi. so sdnh; Dudi day Id mft si cdu so sanh tiing Vift (i) Kiiu cdu so sdnh dong nhdt: Cdu. so mdc l5i d^t sai vi tri thanh tl / md chiing tdi da sdnh ddng nhit Id kilu cdu so sdnh giiia thong kd dupe tft sinh vien Trung QuIc hpc nhiing sy vat, hifn tupng cd cdc d§e dim, ehuygn ngdnh Tieng Vift d Hpc vifn Vdn tiiudc tinh gilng nhau. Kieu cau ndy tiong Son, Van Nam, Trung Quoc. Vi dy 3; tieng Vift cd nhilu logi nhung thudng cd md 3a. Anh ay hem tgi_ ego. (Tnrong Sieu, Wnh khai qudt Id: A+t + tss+B hay A + kit KIO) -»• Loi chuyen di tu ; -ftfe tb ic ]^ ta (kt) + B + t + tss; cdn trong tiing Hdn, [A+tss+ B+t]. kieu cau nay Igi thudng cd md hinh la: A+tss 3b. Anh dy hon tdi ldm ffdi. (Duong + B + thoacA+£S(kt)+B + tss + L Vidy Khang, K9)-> Lii chuyln di til ;_^ bh ^ 1: so sdnh: fli^^^[A+tss+B+t]. la. V: Thuong Hdi dm hon Bdc Kinh. 3c. Cuon sdch ndy vd cudn sdch kia nhu A t tss B nhau day —> L5i chuyen di tft : i i ^ ^ ^ £| H: ± i ^ bb jbM mm. M:^^ — # i¥ [A+kt+B+tss+t]. A tss B t Cdc vi dy vira din eho thay, ngudi viet dd lb. V: Anhta den mudn hon tdi dimg bit thudng vi tri cua tft chi phuang difn At tss B so sdnh (t) trong cau true so sdnh ciia tieng Vift nhung lai dong nhdt md hinh ciu tnic so H: jtm^mM^^" sdnh binhtiiudngcua tiing Hdn, dd Id; A + tss A tss B t + B + t/A + kt + B + tss + t. Ndi cdch khdc, Vidy 2; cdc cau so sdnh tiing Vift mic loi ma sinh 2a.V: Chiic xe ndy mdi nhu chiec xe kia. vidn Trung Quoc viet d ddy Id do chuyen di tii A t tss B cau tnic ciia cau so sdnh ding nghia tiong H: iffi^^ II IffiSfelll M tiing Hdn. A kt B tss t Cac cau so sdnh tieng Vift mdc loi trong 2.b. V; vl dy 3 x6t vl ngft nghia cd h^ loai: kiiu so Cdn nhd ndy vd cdn nhd kia to bdng nhau.sdnh han (cdu 3a,b) va kiiu so sdnh tuong lu A gt B t SS (cau 3c). Dii vdi cdu 3a,b (kilu cau so sdnh han) neu muln trd thanh cdu diing thi phSi H:mM±M Mmm^ -m ± chuyln thanh to t len trudc thdnh to tss va A kt B tss t
So 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGCT & Dcn S6NG thdnh tl B theo md hinh^ + t + tss +B hodc Tieng Vift vd tiing Hdn gilng nhau d cho chuyln B Idn trudc A vd tss nhung trudc B Id deu cd mpt hf tiling tu so sanh chuydn phdi cd kit tft va sau B phdi cd diu phay, dyng dl dien dat y nghia so sdnh. Vl ca ban, dong thdi tiianh to t vln phai dftng trudc tss ngft nghia vd cdch diing cua nhdm tft ndy theo md hinh: kt + B+A + t+ tss. trong hai ngdn ngft gidng nhau. Tuy nhien, Doi vdi cau 3c - kilu cau so sdnh tuong ty, chiing cung cd mpt vdi net khdc bift. chua loi cdu ndy chi cin chuyln thanh to / ISn Thu nhdt, trong tiing Hdn cd nhiing tu so trudc thanh tl tss vd thdnh tl B cho phd hpp sdnh da nghia, tuong duong vdi mpt so tft so vdi md hinh cdu tnic so sdnh cua tiing Vift sdnh cuatiengVift. Ching ban, tft — # trong (ii) Kiiu cdu so sdnh df bi$t hon tuy$t ddi tieng Hdn mang y nghia tuong ling vdi cac tft ditng sai vf tri thdnh td t so sdnh; tuang tu, gidng nhau hoac bdng nhau Ngodi kilu cau so sdnh ding nhit mdc l6i tixmgtiingVift. VI dy 5: ddt sai vi tri thdnh td t, cdn cd kieu cdu so sdnh di bift tuyft ddi cung thudng bj 5a.nmi^^-m n±^^mm(j6iya SVHWS vilt mic loi dat sai vi tii thanh to t bgn gidng nhau, deu dang sing d Vift Nam). do chuyen di tft tiing Hdn. Vi dy 4: 5h.^T^u^imm.^mA-m (Anhiy 4.a.7'd/ nhdt thich bai. (Ducmg Bhih, K49) nditiengHan gidng nhu ngudi Trung QuIc). -> Loi chuyln di tft: Ife :S ^^m^% [tss+t]. Sc.PnJfnr^psr^—^W (Hd vd Linh ndng ^.h.Trong ldp ta, bgn Hoa nhdt xinh. (Tilu bdng nhau). Mai, K9) -> Loi chuyln di tii ; WtM, H 5d. a 6 < J # ^ | a # 6 < J — # (Chieu cao ciia ^ S ?I^[tss+t]. tdi bdng chilu cao cua bgn). Hai cau mdc l3i d vf dy 4 Id do chuyln di Tft ^ # trong vl dy 5a,b bjeu thi y nghia tft kieu cau so sdnh di bipt hon tuyft ddi trong tieang tu, giong nhau, cdn trong vi dy 5c,d tieng Han cd diing tft so sanh M de dien dat. bilu thi -^ nghia bdng nhau. Vdi kieu cdu so sdnh nay, thdnh to tss (M.) Tha hai, mpt si c^p tft so sdnh trong tiing bao gid eiing dftng trudc thanh to t. Hdn cd tft ngft chi ddi tupng so sanh xen vdo Cd thi ndi, do khdng ndm dupe ciu tnic gifta. VI dy 6; so sdnh cua tieng Vift, SVHWS dd chuyln 6a. % ^jtfe — ^ S j ^ l i l i (TdiflilehvS di mdt so ciu tnic so sdnh eftatiengHdn sang tss B tss tieng Viet din din ldi nhu da phdntich.Ddy giong CO ay) Id mft kieu loi khd diln hinh md ngudi Trung 6.b. ^ h ^M. 1 1 ^ H (Mat trdn nhu Qudc thudng mdc khi ndi/viet cau so sdnh tss B tss tiing Vift Keo theo l5i dung sai vi tri thdnh quatdo) to chi phuong dien so sdnh (t) trong cdu tnic Chhih nhftng sy khdc nhau ndy Id mft so sdnh Id lli dungtiianhtl tss vd thdnh tl B trong nhiing nguyen nhdn gdy lii sft dyng hf khdng theo md hinh chung efta cau tnic so thing tft so sdnh trong tiing Vift ciia ngudi sdnh tiing Vift. Trung QuIc. Sy khdc bift thft nhit thudng 2.2. Cdu so sdnh mdc ldi dung tur so sdnh din den loi sft dyng nhom tft so sdnh ddng (tss) nghia; sy khae bift thft hai thudng dan din loi Cdu so sdnh mdc loi ve tft so sdnh md diing thiia tft so sdnh. SVHWS vilt thudng Id cau sft dyng nhdm Thu ba, loi sft dyng nhdm tft so sdnh ding tft so sdnh ddng nghXa/gdn nghia khdng dung nghia, gan nghia: Chiing tdi da thong ke duoc hodc diing thiia tft so sdnh. 26/100 em SVHWS mdc l5i dftng tir so sdnh
10 NGON N G f & D 6 1 S 6 N G S I 5 (247)-2016 tiongtiingVift do khdng phdn bift dupe mft 8c. Qua nfti ndy gilng qua nui que tdi nhu so tft so sdnh ding nghia/gan nghia. Vi dy 7: nhau dep. (Trucmg Min, K9) -> LSi chuyln 7a. 715/ va bgn dy bdng nhau diu thich hgc tiing Vi?t. Oudng Minh Cue, K9). Ngodi loi dftng thfta tft so sdnh, cdc cdu 7.b. Cdn nhd ndy vd cdn nhd kia giong nhautrong vl dy 8 cdn mic loi dat sai vi tri cua tir to. (La Quang Lan, K9). ehi phuong difn so sanh. 7c. Bgn dy vd m? bgn dy trdng nhu nhau. 3. C&u so sdnh mdc ldi ditng thdnh tS chi (LyHftng,k9). Si tw0ie so sdnh (B) Cd thi noi, doi vdi kilu so sdnh tu tft, vifc Ngodi ldi diing sai vi tri cua thanh to / lya chpn doi tupng so sdnh If thufc vdo y trong cau tnic so sdnh, cdc cdu trong vf dy 7 dinh chft quan vd cdi tdi sft dyng ngdn ngft con mic loi dftng tft so sdnh do ngudi viet cua ngudi ndi/vilt. Dieu dd cung cd nghia Id khdng phan bift dupe cdc tft ddng nghia nhu vifc lya chpn doi tupng so sdnh Id mpt cdng nhau, gidng nhau, bang nhauttongtiingVift.vifc khd tu do doi vdi ngudi sft dyng ciu tiiic Tuong ftng vdi cdu tnic so sdnh A +t + so sdnh. Song cung cin phdi ndi ngay ring, nhu/gidng/bdng + B Uong tiing Vift trong m§c du cd nhftng ty do nhit dinh trong vifc tiing Hdn cd cdc cdu tnic, nhu: 1?S ...'^W',^ lya chpn dii tupng so sdnh nhung khdng vi ...—^. Cac tft nhu nhau, giong, giong nhau,thi md ngudi sft dyng ngdn ngft khdng c6 chut rdng buf e ndo. bdng nhau tiong tiing Vift chi tuong duong vdi mpt tft trongtiengHdn la tft — ^ nhu ndi Vifc lua chpn ddi tupng so sdnh trudc het phy thufc vdo nen vdn hda cua cfng dong sic d trdn. Ngudi Trung Quoc thudng khdng phdn dyng ngdn ngft; thft niia Id phy thupc vao thdi bift dupe nhftng tft ddng nghia ndy din den quen ciia cf ng ding sft dyng ngdn ngii, nhim lln khi diing chiing. Khdng tuan thu nhiing dilu ndy, ngirdi ndi/viet dl bi mdc lii. Dudi ddy Id mft si kilu Tha tu, loi dimg thiia tft so sdnh; Trong lli sft dyng thdnh td chi doi tupng so sdnh tieng Hdn ed nhiing tft so sanh dong nghia trong cdu so sdnh tiing Vift cua SVHWS: hodc gdn nghia ludn di vdi nhau thdnh cdp de (i) Ddi tugng so sdnh dimg Ididngphii hgp dien dgt y nghia so sdnh, kilu nhu: ^...~W; vdi vdn hda cua nguoi Vi$t S6..—#, v.v. Cdc tft so sdnh trong nhung c§p Nhu da phdntichd trdn, cdu so sdnh trong tft ndy deu cd nghia Id gidng, nhu, gidng nhu tieng Viet vdtiengHan cd nhiing chitiltkhk hodc nhu nhau hay bdng nhau. Nhu vay, tiengnhau. Sy khdc nhau nay khdng chi vl phuong Hdn chip nhfin trong mft cdu tin t^ hai td dien ciu tnic md cdn d cd phucmg difn nghia. ddng nghia hodc gan nghia; cdn trong tieng Ching hgn, ciing midu td cdi xiu vl ngo?i Vift Igi khdng chip nh§n sy du thira ndy. VI hinh ciia mft phy nft, ngudi Vift cd the n6i v^y, khi ngudi Trung Quoc dich mdy moc cau ngudi dd (A) "xau nhu ma", "xau nhu Thi No",...song ngutt Hdn lai chi diing dupe tnic so sanh cd cdp tft so sdnh ddng nghia ndi cdch ndi tiiu nhit, bdi vi nhdn vdt Thi N6 tren sangtiengViet thudng bi mdc loi thira tft. khdng cd trong tilm thftc eua ngudi Trung Vi du 8: QuIc. Ndi cdch khac, ngudi Trung Qudc chua H.a.Trudng cua chung tdi gidng trudng cuacd tri thuc nSn vl TM Nd nen khdng thi chpn cdc ban nhu nhau fo.(Duang Kigu, k9) —> Loi Thi Nd ldm dii tupng so sdnh. chuyln di tir: l ^ i f ] ^ « 2 ^ # 1 f ] ^ ^ - # ^ . Ciing phdi ndi them ring, khi vilt cdu so 8b. Toi gidng anh dy nhu nhau sardn (Md, sdnh tieng Vift, vifc khdng chpn doi tupng Ngpc Bich, K9). —> Loi chuyen di tft ; ^M ndo dd lam doi tupng so sdnh dotiiieutri thiic
Sl 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGtr& D6ri S6NG 11 nen khdng phdi la loi nhimg nlu lya chpn doi Cdu so sanh trong tiing Vift vdtiengHdn tupng so sdnh khdng phft hpp vdn hda cua cd nhieu dilm ddng nhit, song ciing cd khdng ngudi Vift sd la cdu mdc l5i. Vi dy 9; ft nhftng dilm khdc bift, nhu: khdc bift vl vj Bo em khoe nhu trdu. (Vi Xuan Tieu, tri ciia cae thdnh t l trong cdu tnic so sdnh; K9). khdc bift vl phuong thftc so sdnh, each dftng Ngirdi Vift cd thi vl ai do (A) "khde nhu he thing tft so sdnh chuydn dung hay k h ^ trau" nhung khdng vi nhftng b ^ tdn kinh, bd bift vl cdch lya chpn, sft dung dii tupng so trdn cua minh vdi con trdu, bdi tiieo 3^ thftc sanh, v.v. cua ngudi Vift, dd Id loai vdt cd thdn ph§n Chinh nhftng dilm khdc bift gifta cdu so thdp hSn. Ngupc lai, ngudi Trung Quoc cd thi sanh tiong hai thu tiing ndi tren Id mft trong so sdnh nhu vay vdi mpi dii tupng vi khi ndi nhftng nguydn nhdn din din Ili sft dung kilu din loai trau bd, hp thudng chi nghieng vl y cau so sdnhtiengVift efta ngudi Trung Quoc nghi dd la nhiing lorn dfng vdt cd sftc khde, ndi ehung, ciia sinh vien Hpc vifn Vdn Son vd ai dd khde mgnh thi dupe vi nhu chiing. ndi rieng. £>ftng tft gdc nhin ciia chiln lupc L6i chpn dii tupng so sdnh nhu cau trong vi hpc tdp/tri nhdn, ddy Id kilu iSi chuyln di tft du 9 Id iSi chuyln di ngdn ngft - van hda. Ll. Cau so sdnh tiing Vift md SVHWS vilt (ii)L3i sft dyng dii tupng so sdnh khdng mdc loi do chuyen di tft Ll cd nhieu kieu. Bm phft hpp each ndi cua ngudi Viet. Vi dy 10: vilt ndy ehi bdn din ba kieu cdu so sdnh tiing 10a.Cd ay litn nhu con quay (con cu) —» Vift mdc lii, d6 Id: cdu so sdnh mdc loi dat sai Lii chuyln di tft: t&^^M—W^. vi tri cua tft chi phucmg difn so sdnh, cdu so 10b. Cay nhu kim chdm. —»Lii chuyln di sdnh mic loi diing tft so sdnh vd cdu so sdnh tft: Wtin^rM. mic loi sft dyng dii tupng so sdnh khdng phft 10c. Im nhunOt—* Loi chuyen di tft: ?5il hpp vdi vdn hda hay cdch ndi ciia ngudi Vift. TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO CHINH 1. L6 Xdo Binh (2004), Ldi cua nguai 10d.Co gido nhu cdynin. -^ Loi chuyln di Trung Quoc hgc tieng Vi$t nhin ta gdc dg tir;^!JMm xuyen vdn hda, Lugn vdn Thac si Ngft vdn. lOe. Cd dy mgt trdn nhu qud tdo. -* Loi 2. Do Minh Hdng (2007), Ldi nga phdp chuyln di tir; mm^^^^~Wm. tiing Anh thudng ggp cua ngudi Vi$t Nam, Vifc chpn dii tupng so sdnh khdng quen Lufn dn Tien si Ngft v3n. thufc vdi cdch ndi ciia ngudi Vift nhu vfta 3. Nguyin Vdn Khang (2012), Ngdn ngu dan thyc ra khdng hdn la iSi nhung cui^ it hgc xd hgi, Nxb Gido dye. Ha Npi. nhilu ldm cho ngudi nghe/doc edmtiidysy 4. Difp Thanh Khilt (2013), Ddi chiiu cdu • bdt thudng trong cdch ndi. Vi thi, chung tdi true so sdnh trong tieng Vi$t vd tieng Hdn, i tgm cho cdch dftng doi tupng so sanh khdng Lugn vdn Thgc si Ngdn ngft. gidng cdch ndi cua ngudi Vift nay ciing la 5. Nguyin Thi Lich (2001), Cdu true so ' mft kieu loi. sdnh trong tiing Vi$t, Tgp ehi Ngdn ngft, sd 7. ^ 3. Kit lu^n 6. Hodng Phe (chu bien) (2001), Ta diin ' Cdu so sdnh Id mft kilu cdu dupe diing tiing Vi$t, Vifn Ngdn ngft hpc, Nxb Da Ndng. , quen thupc trong cdc ngdn ngft ndi chung 7. Cft Dhih Tu (2001), Phong edch hgc vd dgc diim tu tu tieng Vi^t, Nxb Gido dye. Ha ciing nhu trong tieng Vift va tiing Han ndi H neng. Ndi. ii
12 NGON N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G S6 S (247)-2016 NGHIA TINH THAI D^O LI CUA CAU TRONG CAC VAN BAN VAN HQC GIANG DAY & TRUdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG DEONTIC MODALITY IN VIETNAMESE LITERATURE TEXTS TAUGHT AT HIGH SCHOOL NGUYllN TH| NHUNG (TS; Dai hpc Sir pham, DH Thdi NguySn) Abstract: Based on a thorough investigation of Vietnamese language sentences in texts found in textbooks of Philology in high school, this article describes four characteristics: realistic possibility, unrealistic possibility, realistic obligation, and unrealistic obligation in perceptional modality, pointing out the subjectivity and means of demonstration in each characteristic. Finally, the article compares and contrasts 4 characteristics then draw a conclusion on deontic modality in Vietnamese sentences. Key words: deontic modality; realistic possibility; unrealistic possibility; realistic obligation; unrealistic obligation. 1. Md dau Zl. Ddy Id sde thai bieu thi ring h^nh dfng Nghiatinhtiididao If (NTTDL) "Id logi cda neuttongcdu cd thi tid thdnh hifntiiycbdi no tilu nhdm nghiatinhthdi bieu thi quan hf giiia phft hpp vl mdt dao nghia. Sde thai ndy dupe ngudi ndi vdi ngudi nghe ndm trong nhdm coi Id bieu thi y chi yiu hay sy sdn long, thi nghia tinh thdi chu quan (NTTCQ) thi hifn hifn d 79 cdu thudc phgm vi ngft lifu khdo s^ hifn f chi, miic dp dp dat cua ngudi ndi doi trong dd 70 cdu mang hinh thftc trin thu§t, 8 vdi hanh dpng do mft ngudi ndo dd hay chfnh cdu cau Idiiln, 1 cau nghi vin vd cd d 34 cau ngudi ndi thyc hifn dya tren nhung quy tic, nit gpn. 6 ddy ciing cd thi phan bift cdc cau chi dinh ma mft cdng ddng xa hpi quy udc bieu thi y chi ngoai vdi cdc cau bilu thi ;y chi hay nhd nude ddt ra, hodc nhiing nguyen tic cua mft logi hdnh df ng bdt bude phdi tudn chu the. theo cho hpp vdi quy luat tu nhien hay xa hpi" *Nhdm cdu bieu thf y chi ngodi: Day \k [4,59]. NTTDL dupe cho ring thi hifn ra qua nhdm Idn, bao gom 54 cdu, dupe ngudi ndi su 4 sic thdi; 1/khd ndng hifn thyc; 2/khd ndng dyng vdi muc dich rii, mdi, nhd, ndi, van Igy, phi hien thyc; 3/bat buf c hifn thyc; 4/bat bupe khuyen, do, ddn, eho phep. Vf dy: phi hifn thuc. Logi nglua ndy dd dupe nhdc (1) Hay Id minh sang ddy d vdi td mgt nha din trong quan tuem ve nghia tinh thdi efta cAovui. (11, tl, 151) mft sd nha nghien eiiu tren the gidi cung nhu (2) Gid, mdi ong Igi khan cho le ciing gia trong nude. Nhung den nay, chua cd cdng tiin bdt ddu g. (12, t2,86) trinh ndo di sdu nghidn cftu, md td todn difn (3) Tau den chj ddnh thOc em ddy nhi. (11, cdc mdt ca bdn cda NTIDL d cau tieng Vift. tl,99) Vi vay, trdn ca sd khdo sat dupe 326 cdu chfta (4) Ndo, dang len dil (11. tl, 148) NTTDL ciing 97 phucmg tifn thi hifn nghia (5) i
s l 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & Bin S 6 N G 13 nhd biin cho ro, cho dung di mai tdi ph0 ngudi thyc hifn, tftc ngudi nghe. Nhu vgy, ndng (n,n, 109) mftc dp dp ddt thdp vd vifc ngudi ndi khdng (9) B^, mudn dn gi thi dn (12, t2,27) phdi la nguditiiychdnh dfng deu t ^ ndn tinh Cdu dau, Chi Phdo (trong truyfn ngdn ciing ten) dimg dl ru Thi Nd sang sdi^ chung vdi Cdn tinh dgo li cd thi thdy qua ca sd cua ntinh. Cdu 2 la ldi cd Ly (trong Mua Id ning nhiing sy dp ddt ddt ndy. Dd Id nhihig chi dinh' trong vudn) dun^ dl mdi bo ching ldm ll cua cpng ding xd hfi nhu: quyin dupe cd cung tdt nien chidu ba mucn Tit. Tilp theo la hanh phiic Ifta ddi (cdu 1), truyen thing ddn ldi An (trong Hai dda tre) dftng dl nhd Lien tet, tinh edm chj em, truyln thing men khdch, ddnh thftc vi em vira mudn chpp mdt mft liic trpng thien luang, trpng vdn hod dan tf c (cdu vua muon dupe ddn chuyln tdu dem sdng rye, 2, 3,4, 6). Ben cgnh do Id nhiing ca sd thudc rf n ra. Cdu 4 la ldi riai ni ciia bd Kiln nhim dy ve quy dinh eua nhd nude (cdu 8), vd quy luat Chi Phdo vdo nhd hin. Cdu 5 Id ldi Igy van ciia vgn dfng ciia ty nhidn: quy luat va quyin bao thing Cd (trong Tinh thdn thi due) vdi nhiing tdn sftc khod, sy sing cua con ngudi (cdu 7,5, ngirdi tuan dang trdc ngudi di xem bdng dd. 9). Cdu 6 dupe Hudn Cao (trong Cha ngicdi td tii) Trong nhdm ndy, phong phu nhdt Id cdc diing de khuydn vien qudn ngyc cdch gift thi&i cdu dftng dl mdi (13 cdu), thft d&i Id cdc cau lucm^ cho Idnh vftng. Cdu 7 Id ldi Byt d5 danh diing dl thi Men sy cho ph^p (6 cdu) vd cau cd Tam. Cdu 8 la ldi vidn qudn ngyc d$n thay dftng de khuydn (5 cau). tha lai. Cult cung la ldi Trdng (trong Vg nhgt) *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi chu thi: Nhdm diing de thi hifn su cho phdp ciia minh vdi cd ndy chi gIm 25 cdu chfta hdnh dfng xin phep, gdi ddi dang g£i dl dupe ddi dn. Cdc tii m dam ngd y, hiia hay ddi ciia ngudi ndi. Vi dy: d trdn la nhung phucmg tifn chinh dl bilu tM (10)"Dg bdm Igy Trdi con xin dgc." (11, NTTDL d cdc cdu, trft cdctinhthai tft cuoi cdu t2,13) (nhe, di) dupe thi hifn bing ngft dipu Idn (n)Biemxdchtayndicha (12,t2,83) gipng thi cdc bilu thftc cdn Igi dlu chu yiu (12) Uderdi chf bdo m^ mua mgt cdi khdc dupe nhin manh bdng cdch phdt dm k ^ ddi. thay vdo. (U,t\, 95) 6 cdc cdu nay, chft the ndi- ngudi dp d^t (n)Dichadi.(n,t\,166) hdnh ddng- khac vdi tdc the hdnh ddng - ngirdi Cdu 10 Id ldi xin phep eua thi si Tdn Dd vdi nghe. Vd nhftng sy dp dgt ndy dlu dupe coi la Trdi dl dupe khoe tiia. Cau 11 la ldi Phuang d mftc dp thap bdi ngudi noi du cd rit thiet tha ngd y xin dupe giup chi Hodi vifc xach dd vdo (nhat Id trong nhftng ldi ndi, van lay) nhung nhd. Cau 12 Id ldi hfta cua Lien vdi em. Cau cung khdng thd dua ra ddi hdi gay git bude culi, Tran Vdn Sftu dung dl ddi eon trai cho ngirdi nghe phditienhdnh vifc dupe ndi tix>ng minh di biftti'chddng giup chiing dupe sdng cdu bdi ngudi ndi cd vi thi giao tilp thip hon yen In. Cdc dfng tii in ddm ttdn Id phuang (vi dy 2,3,5) hoac dang cd vd can gift quan hf tifn ehinh the hifn NTTDL trong cdu, chiing thdn mat, tot dep vdi ngudi nghe (cdc vl du thudng dupe ldm nii bat bdng each phdt am cdn Igi). Cdc cdu thi hifn y cho phep (nhu vf len gipng (trpng dm nhgc tinh), k&) ddi (trpng dy 9) ^ chf ciing d mftc thap bdi nd Id sy sdn am lupng). ldng vi mong mudn ciia ngudi khdc, khdng 6 cac cdu ndy, ngudi dp ddt y chi cung la phdi la chu y tft bdn than nhu cau cua ngudi tdc the nen tinh hifn thyc ciia hdnh dfng ndu ndi. Mftc df dp ddt thip khiln khd ndng xdy ra trong cau cd thi cao hon nhdm tren. Tuy vdy, hdnh dfng khdng cao. Han nfta, ngudi ndi hdnh dfng d cac cdu xin phdp, ngd y, ddi cd muon hdnh dfng xdy ra nhung hdnh dpng cd dupe thyc hifn hay khdng vln phdi tuy thupc xdy ra dupe hay khdng edn phu thufc vdo vdo su cho phep cda ngudi nghe. Cdn d
14 NG6N NGC & D6I S6NG s l S (247)-2016 tnrdng hpp cdu hiia, su hifn thyc hod cua hanh dich ciu khiln. Cau diiia sde thdi khd ndng dpng khdng phy thufc vdo sy cho phdp ciia hifn tiiyc khdng cd ciu tgo la cdu d^ bift ngudi nghe nhung y chf ^ ddt ciia ngudi ndi nhung rat phi biln d dgng cdu nit gpn khdng cao. Bdi hda ciing chi Id mft sy sdn (43,0%). Idn^ vi ngudi khdc chft khdng ndy sinh tii sy Cdn xdt vl myc dich ndi thi trong 79 cdu c6 tiiilttiiacda bdntiidnngudi ndi. Tdm lai, hdnh sic khd ndng hifn tiiyc cd din 88,60% la cfiu dfng ndu trong cdc cdu ndy ddu khdng bdt cd hinhtiiiictrin thuat, chi cd 10,13% cdu ciu bude phdi xdy, tdc cdc cdu nay deu the hifn khiln vd 1,27% cdu nghi vin. tinh Idtd ndng hi$n thuc cua dilu dupe ndi tdi. 3. sic thdi nphla kha nfing |phi hifn thyt: Tinh dgo li efta nhdm cdu nay the hifn d so 3.1. Day Id sde thdi bilu thi rdng hdnh dfng sd cua nhftng sy ty dp d$t nay Id: sy ll df, ndu trong cdu cd thi khong trd thdnh hifn thyc ldng mIn khdch,tinhcha con, tinh chi em. Dd bdi vl m^t dgo If, tdc thi dupe ndi tdi tixjng ciing chinh Id nhftng net dpp trong vdn hod, cdu (cd till Id chinh chu thi ldi ndi) khdng dao dftc ddn tfc. phdi cd trach nhifm thyc hifn hdnh dfi^ dd. Trong nhdm, cau dung dl ngd y cd sl sictiidindy ed ttong 26 cdu (20 cdu ti^ tiiu^t, lupng Idn hon cd; 14/25 cdu. 5 cdu edm thdn, 1 cau nghi vdn, vd trong 15 2.2. Phuong tifn ehinh the hifn sic thdi khd cdu nit gpn), cung dupe coi la bilu thi y chf ndng hifn thyc Id 34 bilu thftc ngdn ngft vdi yiu. dac trung mpi m$t nhu sau; CJ ddy cGng cd thi phdn bift cdc cau bilu -Vl cdu tgo, tii logi: I/Tft (20), gom: dpng thi y^ chi ngodi vdi cdc cdu bieu thi ;^ chi chii tft: mdi, cdy, cho, xin, l^, khteyin, nin, nhd,till. mudn, di, tha, phdi; phd tft: hdng, ca, se; cdc *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi ngoai: gom 13 tinh thdi tft: di, ni, chd, nhe, nhd; 2/TI hpp tftcdu,tiiudngId nhftng cdu dupe ngirdi ndi sft (10): hey Id, tha cho, ldm phiic. chi cdn, cho dyng vdi myc dich mien trft, tftc cau cd sy phep, de cd, n& ndo, tiic chi, de roi, xin men; xuit hifn cua f chi ngodi ndo dd dilu khiln sy 3/C|p tir (2): c^... da, hi...thi; 4/Ket ciu (2): phft dinh mpt hdnh dfng md le ra ngudi nghe muSn P gi thi P. co P gi thi P. phditiiychifn. VI du; - Ve ngft dm: Cdc cau cd tinh thdi tft cuoi (16) Bi^ cho tau. (12, t2,47) cdu thudng cd su l&i gipng vdi sde thdi nhp (17) HSng thong thd mdt Idt nQa cSng nhang d cudi cau. Cac cau cdn lai thudng sft ^ c . (ll,tl,95)^ dyng trpng dm lupng hodc trpng dm lupng (18) Thdi, thdy ltd vi md trdng nom vi^c phoi hpp trpng am nhac tinh d cdc tft ngft duditi-gigiam. (11, tl, 109) chinh, hg gipng d culi cdu. Cd 9 cdu chi diing Cdu dlu Id ldi thing Dye (trong Rung xd thuantiiyphuong tifn ngft (£fu nhu: nu) diing dk ngdn cdn thing linh bdo vifc dit (14) Con ngdi xudng ddy. Ngdi xudng ddymudi ngdn tay tam diu xd nu cua Tnu mk cho dd mdi chdn. (Vl, t2,29) gianh vifc dd vl minh. Cdu sau Lidn diing de (15) (quy xuong^ Tudng qudn tha cho dng ngdn cdn cdu em trai vifc thdp ddn vdo thdi Ca(ll,tl,190) ^Im liic do. Cdu cudi Id ldi ndi cda vidn qudn Cdc cdu ndy thudng dupe thi hifn vdi sde ngyc cho phdp thdy tha Igi quay vl vdi cdng thdi gipng thiet tha, vdn vd, cd till phoi hpp vifc
s l 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGC & Bin S6NG 15 dung ay khdng can phdi ^ ddt vdi y chi cao. nhung sy ty mien trft ndy cung rdt rd. Dd Id sy Tuy idiidn, hdnh dfng khdng phdi do ngudi tudn thft quy dinh cua bf mdy chhih quyin ndi tien hdnh md do ngudi n^e, phy thufc (cdu 19); Id quyin dupe bdo tin sy sing cho vdo ngudi nghe - tactial- ndn nd van thufc vl chinh minh (cdu 20) va Id trach nhifm cua nha khd ndn^. Co sd efta nhung sy miln trft ndy Id tha trudc ddn tfc va thdi dgi (cdu 21). c^ sot sdng efta mot ke tay sai trung thdnh vdi 3.Z Cd 20 bilu thftc ngdn ngft dupc coi Id de qudc My muon ty tay minh uy hilp nhihig phuong tifn chinh giup bilu thi sac thdi khd ngudi Cfng sdn (cdu 16); la trdeh nhifm tilt ndng phi hifn thuc. Cd thi mieu td sa lupc cdc kifm cua mft ngudi chi dang dupc cha mp phucmg dien cua ehiing nhu sau: giao cho qudn mft efta hang eua gia dinh (cdu - Ve cdii tgo: 1/Tft logi: dpng tii (07): thdi, 17), hay la sy phan cdng cdng vifc trong mft tp, mdc k$; phd tft: cu, hdng, chd, khdng; to ca quan hdnh chinh (cdu 18). Ddy la sy bilu hpp tft (07): Idiong nen, di mdc, duge miin, hifn tinh dgo li cua nhftng sy ^ ddt hdnh dfng khdng phdi, khdng biet, sg gi, bdt tdt; 2/C$p trong cdu. tft, cap td hpp tft (04).' khdng... gi ed, khdng... *Nhdm cdu biiu thf y chi cha thi: thudng Id ddu, khong... nita,dieng nen...ldm gi; 3/Ket nhihig cdu dupc ngudi ndi sft dyng vdi myc ciu (02); ldm giphdi P, di do eho A. dfch ty miln trft, tiie ngudi ndi phft djnh vifc - Phuong difn ngit dm; Sdc thdi ndy khdng thyc hifn mdt hdnh dfng ma Id ra minh phdi cd cau sft dyng thuan tuy ngft difu, cdc cdu lam. VI dy; deu sft dyng trpng dm lye d cdc tft ngft chuydn (19) Chit ddi hay chit no, tao day khong dyng, ha gipng culi cdu. biet, nhteng gidy quan dd sice, tao euphep tao - Phuang difn ngft phdp: Trft 3 phd tft lam ldm. (n,n, 174) bl td, cdc phuang tifn cdn lai deu gift chdc vy (20) (Tdn thi dn sg^gL (12, tl, 61) chu ngft trong cdu.Sic thdi ndy cGng chft yiu (21) Chung ta khong nen lo tho di vdo cd trong cdu trin thu^t (76,92%), ngodi ra Id hinh thdc ndy hay hinh thde khde. (12,tl,61) cdu cau khiln (19,23%), nghi vdn (3,85%). Cau diu la Idi dng II dftng dl tft chii, tftc ty Xet ve kieu cau tao thi cdc cdu cd sac thai khd miln trft cho mhih trdeh nhifm phdi quan tdm ndng phi hifn thuc ciing ton tai d bidn d dang tdi hodn canh song cua nhiing ngudi ddn md cau nit gpn (chilm 57,7%), khdng cd dgng cdu dng dang sftc di xem bdng dd. Cau sau la ldi d$c bift. md ngirdi con gdi (trong Vg nhgt) ndi ra dl ty 4. sic thdi np;hia bdt bufc hifn thyrc nhu minh vupt len edi trgng thdi xau ho, e dd 4.1. Ddy Id sdc thdi dupe thi hifn phi bien efta mpt ke dn vdi, han niia Id dn vdi mft nhit cd mdt d 167 cdu trong phgm vi ngft lifu ngucri ddn dng chua vp. Cdu culi Id ldi nhd khdo sdt, trong dd ed 132 cdu ed hinh thftc trdn tha Nguyin Dinh Thi ty nhu minh vd nhftng tiiuat, 32 cdu ciu khiln, 3 cdu nghi van va 70 ngirdi lam tha ciing thdi cdi vifc di tim nhftng cdunitgpa Sde thdi ndy dupc coi Id thi hifn y hinh thftc mdi cho tha. Cdc tl hpp mang nghia chi mgnh hay sy bit bude vd ty dp buf c, bieu phu dinh ldm phuong tifn chmh d trdn ciing th} ring hdnh dfng ndu trong eau bufe phdi thudng dupe ldm nii bdt bdng edch phdt dm dupc thyc hifn vi tdc thi dupc ndi tdi trong mgnh ban so vdi cdc tft ngft Ididc trong cdu cdu phdi ed trdeh nhifm thyc hifn hdnh ddng (ttpng am luc). dd. Vide mien trft ndy giup ngudi ndi - tdc till Dudi ddy Id mdt sd dilm ca ban ve nhdm gidm vifc phdi ldm, dem Igi cdi Ipi cho bdn cdu bieutiny ehi ngodi vd nhdm cdu bieutiny than. Do v§y, nd khdng cin phdi till hifn bing chi chu the. su dp dat vdi y ehi cao. Dieu nay thd hifn tinh *Nh6m cdu biiu thi y ehi ngodi: Day Id khd ndng phi hi$n thuc. Ca sd dbo li ciia nhdm Idn, bao gdm 133 cau, dupc ngudi ndi
16 N G 6 N N G C & DCa S 6 N G s l S (247)-2016 sft dyng dl dd nghi, y^u ciu, giyc, ra Idnh. Vi ndy chi gdm 34 cau, dupe ngudi ndi sft dyng dy: dl tif nhu, nguyfn hay thi. Vi dy: (22) Thoi, cam /lav VRV. i^i Idiong con hon (26) Phdi cho h^ dn tigi mdi duoc (11, tl, (ll,tl,154). 150). (23) Mai con di chdn trdu, phdi chdn dong (27) Niu cdn tiip giup chi^$n chi, chiing xa,...(\0,tl,66) tdi sdn sang (I2,t2,52). (24) dng trdn dH, mau lin khd ldm (11, tl, (28) Thiip la phgn gdi, niu cd ldng phdn 187). nghfch muu hgi cha, chit di sS biin thdnh eat (25) Ddt Ida lin! (12, t2.48) byti. Niu mgt long trun^ hiiu md bi ngudi ta Cdu diu Id dl nghi efta Bd Kiln vdi Chf lOa ddi thi chit di se biin thdnh chdu nggc di Phdo, mong anh ta ch^ nhgn edm mft so tien rda sgch moi nhuc thu (10,tl,42). nhd. Ca sd dupc Ido vifn din cho de i^M ndy Cdu ddu Id Idi ty nhu cua thj Nd khi thdy Id sy ban hpp cda tiii tiln ISo lac dd. Cau 23 Id Chi bi edm n$ng. Ca sd efta sy ty dp d|t ndy la ydu cau efta my di ghe vdi Tim dl my cd dft tinh edm, trdeh nhiem efta ngudi phy nft trudc thdi gian bit con bong Tdm nudi dem lam tiiit. ngudi dan dng tiii^ cd chiit tinh vdi minh khi My da dua ra ca sd cho yeu cdu efta irtinh.ld ngirdi dd dang trong hodn canh Im dau vd cd tirdch nhifm efta ngudi ddn phdi thye hifn quy dfc. Cdu thft hai dupc ngirdi ddn ldng Khdnh dinh efta ldng vd trdeh nhifm cua ngudi con Lam diing de thi hifn sy cam kit trang trpng phdi bdo vf tai sdn gia dmh. Cau 24 Id ldi Dan efta minh trudc dng Ndm Hen. Bdi hp cho vifc Thiem dftng d& gjyc Vu Nhu Td khdn truong gidp vi khdch ndy bit siu Id trdeh nhifm ciia tirin di vi nSi hilm nguy dd den rdt gin. Ca sd ngudi sdng dl trd tiiu cho nhftng ngirdi tftng I efta ldi giyc gid ndy Id tinh ngudi vd sy qu^ chit oan dudi bdm loai cd dft ndy. Cdu culi Id I trpng ngudi tai. Cdu 25 Ifnh ciia cy Met vdi ldi the cua cdng chfta My Chdu trudc vua cha dan ldng Xd Man. Cdc tu ngft Id phuong tifn Trft cdu nhft, hai cdu sau, phuang tifn chinh chinh (in dgm) d ddy thudng dupe ldm noi bft deu dupc tiie h i ^ bing gipng to, Idn cao hon bing cdch thi hifn bdi^ gipng cao,tiingto. cdc td ngft khdc trong cdu. Cdc cdu till fhk Cdc Ifnh nhu d vi dy 25 cd mftc df dp d$t hifn miic df ty ep bufc rit cao bdi chftng dlu cao nhit do nd dya tren ca sd la quyin lye efta cd lidn quan den nhung dieutiiidnglieng, ddng ngudi ndi vd trdeh nhifm ciia ngudi nghe dd trdn ti^ng, ching hgn d day Id vdn dl sinh dupe quy dinh rd bdi p h ^ luat hodc trong y mf nh con ngudi. Ca sd efta ldi thd d 28 la tinh thftc ciia mft cfng ding cy thi. Bdn cgnh vifc cha con sau n^r^ cungttdchnhifm efta ngucri cd vi the giao tiep cao hem hodc ngang bdng ddn vdi ddt nude. Tdm Igi, ea sd dgo li ciia cac ngudi nghe- tdc the, nhiing ngirdi ndi d ddy hdnh dfng thi, nguyfn, ty nhu Id trach nhifm cdn rdt mong cho vifc ndi trong cdu dupc thyc vdi dit nude, vdi cfng ding ho§c cd nhdn con hifn. Do vgy, hp can va cd thetao tinh dp d$.t i^udi. Vd ca sd 6^ U quan trpng nay da tao cao - sic thdi bdt huge hi$n th\cc trong cau. ndn mftc y chi cao, tftc sicflidibdt bu$e hien thtec trong nhdm cdu ndy. Cdc hdnh dfng dupc kl ra d cdc vi dy tien cd mftc df dp d|t tdi^ din. Nhung kit qud 4,X Cd 26 bieu thftc ngdn ngft dupc coi li khdo sdt cho thay, loai y chi xuat hifn phd biln phuong tifn chinh giup bilu thi sdc thdi bit ban ca la y chi d mftc trung binh,tiiclog! hdnh bufc Mfn thye. Cdc phuong difn ciia chiing dfng dl nghi - vira cd khien (miic trung bhih) nhu sau: viia cd ciu (mftc thdp). Lo^ y chi ndy cd trong - Vd cdu tgo, tii logi: 1/Tft (18) gIm: dfng 46 cau, chilm 34,59%cdc cdu bilu tin y chi tft phdi; tha, nin, xin, nguy$n, cdn, cho; tinh ngodi. tft: mau; phd tft; hay, ca ;tinh thdi tft: di, nhd, *Nhdm cdu biiu thi y chi chu thi: Nhdm nhe, ndo; trptii:clni, chd; kit tft; thi, md; 2/To
s l 5 (247)-2016 NG6N NGU" & D6I S6NG 17 hpp tft (06); li$u ma, di thdi, khong ddm, mau *Nh6m cdu biiu thi y chi ngodi: gom 38 lin, mau mau,miin Id; 3/C$p tft (02); niu... cdu. Day Id nhftng cdu dung de ngdn, c ^ : thi niu... si. (29) Ti^ng qudn khdng nin ndi thi (11, tl, - Phuang dien ngft dm: Cd thi cho ring 190). day Id sictiidima n ^ am till hifn rd nhit tiie (^Q) Phdi quin di, Ringed nhd niia(\\,X\, mgnh cua minh, nhdt Id vdi kilu cdu ra Ifnh - 165). kilu cdu till hifn y chi dp d^t cao nhit. Cd din (31) Da nhfn dugc din bdng naytiAoithi 28/35 cdu ra Ifnh, 8/31 cdu yeu ciu, 19/47 cdu nhfnhdn; ai I^i di idy thdng Chi Pheo (11,tl, de nghi chi sft dimg thuan tuy phucmg tifn ngft 152). dm. So vdi cdc sdc thai khdc, ddy la sdc thdi cd (32) Vgy sdc cdc thdy phdi thdng bdo cho sl cdu sft dyng tiiuin tuy phuang tifn ngft dm ddn ldng biit vd phdi thdn ddn dii mdt tram cao nhit (55 cdu). Cdc cdu ndy thudng ngin ngudi, diing 12 gid trua din xem, khdng du^c gpn, cd dyi thanh Idn, ddng dac, sdc thdi mgnh khiimdi?n(n,tl,n3). md, diit khodt, len gipng cudi cdu. Cdc kilu O cdc cdu ndy, ngudi ndi deu the hifn y chf cdu cdn Igi d ddy cung thudng sft dyng trpng cao trong vifc bufc ngudi nghe khdng dupc dm luc phii hpp trpng dm nhac tinh d cdc tft tilp tyc mft hogt dfng, trang thdi, hoac khdng ngft la phuang tifn chinh. Sdc thai quylt lift, dupe tiln hanh mft hogt ddng, trang thai ndo khin khodn tdng ddn theo cdc hanh dfng ndi; dd. Cau thft nhit Dan Thilm dung dl ngdn de nghi, yiu cdu, ra l^nh; vdft^w/iii nguyen, Ngd Hgch ndi ldi xiie phgm tdi ndng vd Vu thi. Nhu Td. Cau sau Tran Vdn Sftu noi dl ngdn - Phuang difn ngft phdp: Cdc phuang tifn cdn khdng cho con trai tiep tyc ndi vd loi lam Id ddng tft deu gift ehfte vy vi ngft, phuang cua mp nd. Hai cau tiep mftc df dp dat eao tifn Id tmh tft, phd tft thi ldm bl tl;tinhthdi tft, ban. Cdu 31 Id ldi ba cd dftng dl ngdn cim trp tft ddu ldmtinhthdi ngft giup bilu tiu mue moi tinh cua thi Nd. Cdu 32 Id Ifnh efta quan dich ciu khiln trong cdu. huyfn Le thang cim khdng cho xdy ra ehuyf n Cdu chfta sic thdi tit yeu hifn thyc cung thilu vdng ngudi di xem bdng dd. Cdc bilu khdng cd ciu tgo Id cdu d ^ bift va cung rat thftc mang nghia phu dinh in dgm tren thudng pho biln d dgng cdu nit gpn (55 cdu, chilm dupe thd hifn bing each phdt dm manh hem 32,93%). cdc tft ngft xung quanh. Cdn xdt ve myc dich ndi thi trong 167 cdu Mftc dp dp d$t cao efta cdc eau d ddy khdng cd sic tat yeu hifn thye, cduttdnthudt, chiem chi dupe tao nen bdi tft ngft diing dl ngdn cdn, din 79,04%, cdu cdu khilnchilm 19,16%, cdu cim dodn, ngft dm Idn, thdi dp kien quylt md nghi vdn chi chilm 1,80%. cdn phy thufc vdo vj thd efta ngudi ndi. Ngudi 5. Sac thai nchia bdt bufc phi hifn th^e ndi cdng cd vj thi cao so vdi ngudi nghe thi 5.1. Ddy Id sic thdi cd ^ chi mgnh, cd trong tinh bit bupe cdng Idn. Ndn cdc cdu dimg de 54 cdu (44 cdu trin thudt, 8 cdu cdu khiln, 2 cam dodn, tftc cdu ma ngudi trdn thd hifn su cau nghi van vd 22 cdu nit gpn), bieu thi ring khdng cho phdp ngudi dudi ldm vifc gitiiicd hdnh dpng neu trong cdu bufc khdng dupc ^ chf cao ban nhiing cdu dftng dl ngdn cdn. thyc hifn hay khdng dupe diln ra hay tilp tyc Ching ban, nhd cd uy the cao vdi chdu ndn chi diln ra vi t ^ thi dupc ndi tdi trong cdu phdi bing mdt bilu thftc ngdn ngft khdng hi gay cd trdeh nhifm khdng thyc hifn hanh dfng dd git nhu cau 31, bd cd thi Nd dd thyc hien dupc hay khdng dl dilu dd dien ra. Sau day la ddi mong muln cda minh (khiln thi Nd bd ngay ^ ndt vl nhdm cdu the hifn i? chf ngoai va nhdm dinh din vdi Chi Phdo). Ngudi ndi cd vi thi cdu thi hifn ^ ehi chu thi ciia sic thdi nghia giao tilp thip hon thi khdng thi sft dyng tft bit bufc phi hifn thuc. ngft vd ngft difu gay git, do vgy f chi trong
18 NGON N G f & Bin S 6 N G SO 5 (247)-2016 cdu sd khdng cao. Co sd dbo // d nhiing Idi trdeh nhifm vdi sdn phdm sdng tgo cda n ^ ngdn cim nay cd the Id trach nhifm tdn trpng (cdu 34) ma hp phdi ty ep minh chpn dieu is phdi (nhu d cdu 29), Id tinh mdu mft (nhu d khdng cd Ipi eho bdn than. Vi vgy, sy ty ^ cdu 30), Id thdi cpng ddng (nhu d cau 31) vd bufc ay phdi dupc thyc hifn vdi mft ^ chf Idn. quy dinh ciia chinh quydn (cdu 32). Nhiing co Ca sd cua tinh hat bugc phi hi$n tht/cc d dSy sd mang tinh dgo li cao ciing gop phdn tgo ndn nghidng v l trdeh n h i ^ chu the vdi tu cdch tinh bdt huge phi hi^n thiee cua nhdm cdu ndy. con ngudi cdng dan. Nhu vgy, ca sd dao li d ddy nghieng v l 5.2. Cd 20 phuang tifn chfnh Id tii ngii nhiing vin d l cd tinh phdp lu|t vd trach nhifm tham gja vao vifc bilu thi NTTDL sic th^ m. chft thd v l phuang dien con n g u ^ cdng ddn bufc phi hifn thyc. Chiing cd d|ic dilm cy till *Nhdm biiu thf y chi chu thi: chi gIm 16 ve cdc phuang difn la: cau, vi du: - Vd ciu tao, tft logi; 1/Tft (07), gIm: dfng (33) Lao thdn khdng mudn keo ddi klip tft: di, im, vOa vaa; dgi tft; gi; phd tft: dimg sdng tdn ldm gi mia (\l,tl, 188). chd, khong; 2 / T 6 hpp tft (10): khdng nin, (34) Tdi khdng the xa Cdu Triing Ddi mgt khdng duge, khdng cho, khdng mudn, khdng bude(n,t\,\S6). thi, khdn^ them, khdng ddm, ldm ehi, ai Igi, d (35) Khdng, Tnu se khong kiul (Khong!) ddi; 3/Ket ciu (3): P ldm gi, cdn gi P, ai ma (12, a, 47). them P. Bilu thi y chi chft thd d day la nhftng cdu Ddy la nhiing phucmg tifn dftng dl phii dftng dl ty ngdn, ty cim dodn minh. Cdu diu dinh (hieu theo nghia rpng) trong tieng Vift Id Idi Nguyen Vu - mpt vi dm quan - diir^ de - Vd ngft dm: Cdc cdu cd NTTDL sic thii ty ngdn mmh khdng tilp tyc cuf c song vd bit bufc phi hifn thyc sft dyng p h i biln trpng nghia khi ding hodng thuong md minh tdn thd dm lye hodc trpng dm lupng d cdc t& ngO U da mat. Cau tilp Id Idi Vii Nhu Td ty ngan phucmg tifn chinh, thudng hg gipng culi cdu. edm minh vifc trin chay, bd lai Cftu Triing - v l cft phdp; Trft cdc phd tir, dgi tir, ket tir Ddi. Cdu culi Id ldi Tnu dftng d l tu edm minh va hai t l hpp ai ddi, ai Igi gift ehfte vy bl to kdu ISn vdi tiing, dft cho Ifta dang chdy rdt eho dfng tft vi ngft vd dftng de noi, cdn Igi deu tiong long ngue, rdng can ndt cd mdi, mdu tryc tiep ldm vi ngft trong cdu. mdn chdt nai ^ u luoi. Nhung tft ngft phft dinh Cdu chfta sic thdi tit yiu hifn thyc ciing r^t d day thudng dupc nhdn mgnh bdng vifc ha phd biln d dang cdu nit gpn (chilm 40,74%) gipng, keo dai. vd khdng cd ciu tgo Id cdu d$c bift Nhiing hdnh ddng md chu thd ldi ndi ty Cdn xdt v l myc dich ndi tiii cdu cd sdc tit ngdn cim minh thudng Id nhiing hdnh dpng ydu hifn tiiyc cd den 81,48% Id cduti:intiiufit, neu dupe thyc hifn thi cd Ipi cho hp nhu dupc chi cdi4,81% Id cau cau khiln vd 3,70% cSu dd di edm gidc dau ddn (cdu 34), dupc sdng nghi vin. (cdu 33), bdo todn tinh mgng (cdu 35). Nhung 6. Phan bift b i n nhdm sdc thdi vd ket vi nhiing nguyen nhdn quan trpng, mang tinh lu^n v l nghia tinh thai dao nghIa dgo li eao nhu ldng trung qudn (d cdu 33), 6.1. Cd thi phdn bift cdc sdc tiidi cua ldng kieu hdnh cua ngirdi Cfng san (cdu 35), NTTDL qua bdng doi chilu dudi day: Bdng ddi chiJu cdc sdc thai nghid cOa ngh^ tinh thdi dgoU Kbi nSDg hi|ii thyc Kha ning phi hifn Bat bufc hi^n thyc Bit bufc phi bi$n thyc So lupng, -79 cau. 26 cdu. -167 cda 54 cda kilu cau - Chii yiu Id cau c6 - Chu yeu Id cau cd - Chu yiu Id cdu cd - Chii yiu Id cdu cd chijra sic Wnh thiJrc tran thu^t, hinh thftc tiin thu^ hinh thftc tiin tiiu|t, hinh th6c trin thu|t, thdi nghia it cau cau khiln, rit it it cau cau khien, rat ft cdu d u khiln vd rit vd mft sl cdu ci]_
S6 5 (247)-2016 NGON N G C & Ddi S 6 N G 19 cSunghivda it cau nghi vSa it cdu nghi v ^ . khi^n. - c i u t9o phi biln - c i u tgo dgim cdu - c i u tgo phi biln - c i u tgo phi biln dgng cau nit gpn. nit gpn rit pho biln. dang cdu rut g ^ dgng cdu nit gpn, khdng c6 cau d§c khdng cd cdu d$c khong cd cdu d ^ khdng cd cSu d$c bift bift bift bift Co sd cda Chd yeu mang tinh Chu y^u mang tinh B€n c^nh co sd mang Ben cgnh co sd sy^d$t van hda, dgo dftc vd vdn hda, dgo dure vd tinh van hda, dgo diic mang tinh van hda. trdeh nhifm chii thi trdeh nhifm chii thi vd trdeh nhifm chd dgo dftc vd trach vdi tu each con ngudi vdi tu cSch con Ihl vdi tu cdch con nhifm chii thi vdi tir cdnhdn. ngudi cdnhSn. ngudi cd nhdn thi sii each con ngudi cd It sft dyng nhihig ca It sii d ^ g nhiing cc dyng tuoi^ dii pho nhdn thi sft diing s6 mang tinh phdp sd mang tinh p h ^ bien nhihig co sd tuong dii pho biln li4t va trdeh nhifm lugt vd trdeh nhifm mang tinh p h ^ lugt nhihig ca sd mang chu till vdi tu cdch chii thi vdi Ur cdch vd trach nhi§m diii tinh phap lu|t vd con ngudi cdng dSn. con nguM cong ddn. thi v6i tu cdch con trdeh nhifm chd till ngudi cdng ddn. vdi tu cdch con ngufri cdng dSn. HEinh dfng - Y chi ngo^ gom: - V chf ngoai gfm: - Y chi ngodi gdm: 6k - Y chf ngoM gdm; ndi bilu thj ift, mdi, nhd, ndi, n^cdn,choph6p. nghi, yeu ciu, giyc. ngSrijcim. sic thai van hy, khuySn, do. - Y cM chiitiiegIm: ralfnh. - Y chi chii the gIm: nghia d$n, cho ph6p. Tir chii, tynhii. - Y chf chii till gIm: ty ngSn can, ty cim - y chi chd thi gIm: - Trong dd, pho biln ty nhii, nguy?n, thi doan. xin ph6p, ngd y, hfta hon cd Id n g ^ cdn. - Phi biln hon cd Id - Trong dd, pho hay ddi. tii chii. dl nghj, tynhii. biln hon cd Id cam. - Trong dd, phi biln ty cim doan. hon cd Id mfri, ngd y'. Phuang ti^ - Tdng sd: 34 -T6ngsd:20 -Tong sd: 26 -T6ngs6:20 xft vl m$t - Chd yiu Id dfng tii, - Chd yiu Id dfng - Chii yiu Id dfng tft, -Chii yiu Id dfng tir, ciu t^o, tft tl hpp tft cd dfng tft tft, tl hpp tir cd tl hpp tii cd dfng tft tl hpp tft cd dfng tir loai ldm trung tdm. dfng tft ldm tnmg ldm trung tam. Idmtiungtam. - Ngo^ ra cdtinhthdi tSm. -Ngodi raid tinh thai - Ngodi ra Id phd tft. tiJr, phd tii, kit ciu. - Ngodi ra cd phd tii, tft, linh tft, phd tur, trp dgi tft, ket ciu. c$ptii. c ^ tOr, kit ciu. tft,klttft,cilptii. Phuong tifn - Cd cdu ddng thu^ - Khdng c6 cau sft - Cd nhieu cdu sft - Khong cd cdu sur x6t ve m^t tiiy ngit difu. dyng thuin ti^ ngii dyng thuin ti^ dyng thuin tu^ ngii ngft 3m - Bilu thftc ngdn ngft difa phuong tifn ngO' am. difa chfnh tiiudng thi hifn - Bilu thftc ngdn - Bilu tiiiic ngdn ngit - Sft dyng trpng Sm bing trpng dm lupng. ngft chfnh thudng chfnh ftudng dupc lye ho$c trpng Sm ho$c trgng dm lupng dupc thi hifn bing till hi^n bing trpng lupng. phoi hpp vdi trpng trpng dm lye. dm lye phoi hpp - Thudng hg ^png dm nhac tinh. trpng Sm nhgc tinh. culi cda Phuong tifn Ldm vi ngft, bo to. Lam vj ngit, bd td. Lam vi ngii, bo to. Ldm vi ngft, bd to x^t ve cu tinh thdi ngti tinh thai ngft phap Nhu vay, ben cgnh nhftng diem thdng nhat thi 4 sdc thdi efta NTTDL cd mft so ^em ca bdn vl kilu cdu, phuang tifn thi hifn phdn bift nhau Id: chinh, vai tro cft p h ^ cua phuang tifn chinh - Cdc sdc thdi hifn thyc (khd ndng hifn