The effect of adding chitin on the physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam

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This study uses chitin as a filler for a polyurethane composite foam. The obtained polymer composite materials (PCM) are examined the technological parameters of the foaming (start time, rise time, and apparent density), the physical-mechanical properties (the compressive stress, compression set, resilience), and the cross-link density.

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Nội dung Text: The effect of adding chitin on the physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam

Cite this paper: Vietnam J. Chem., 2023, 61(S3), 43-50 Research Article DOI: 10.1002/vjch.202300051 The effect of adding chitin on the physical-mechanical properties of polyurethane foam Tran Y Doan Trang1*, Zenitova L.A.2, Ta Thi Huong1, Do Thi Hanh3, Ha Thi Dung3, Mac The Vinh3 1 HaUI Institute of Technology (HIT), Hanoi University of Industry HaUI, 298, Cau Dien, Minh Khai, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam 2 Department of Synthetic Rubber Technology, Kazan National Research Technological University, 68, Karla Marksa, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420015, Russian 3 Department of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry HaUI, 54, Tay Tuu, Bac Tu Liem, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam Submitted 18 February, 2023; Revised April 24, 2023; Accepted May 19, 2023 Abstract This study uses chitin as a filler for a polyurethane composite foam. The obtained polymer composite materials (PCM) are examined the technological parameters of the foaming (start time, rise time, and apparent density), the physical-mechanical properties (the compressive stress, compression set, resilience), and the cross-link density. The results present that the chitin-containing PCM with a filler ratio of 10% has no significant difference in the technological parameters of the foaming and the physical-mechanical properties. However, the physical-mechanical properties of elastic polyurethane foam (PUF)-chitin materials tend to change less than the semi-rigid PCMs. Furthermore, the cross-link density of obtained PCMs is increased compared with the blank PUFs due to an increase in the number of bonds between components in the polymer chain. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the PCM with the filling has a larger pore size and a number of closed cells, and the pore's surface is rougher than the blank PUF. Waste-containing PCMs are developed to reduce the amount of solid waste in the environment. As a result, these PCMs became denser and stronger while reducing their elasticity and becoming heavier. Thus, the process of synthesis of chitin-containing PCM, using and recycling waste PCM, is circular. Keywords. Polyurethane foam (PUF), chitin, cross-link density, compressive stress, compression set, resilience. 1. INTRODUCTION transportation industries, artificial hearts, pacemaker and hemodialysis tubes, coatings, adhesives, In recent years, polyurethane foam (PUF) has been sealants, binders, as an adsorbent in wastewater known for its many preeminent properties: low treatment, etc.[3-11] The high applicability of this density, high thermal and sound insulation material has led to an increasing demand for them. properties, high strength, good physical-mechanical According to Fortune Business Insights' statistical properties, highly recyclable and reusable, etc.[1,2] report on the global polyurethane market size, the These unique properties of PUF have led to a wide global polyurethane foam market reached 60.5 range of applications for this material. PUF is billion USD in 2017; 114.8 billion USD in 2019, and applied in many different fields, such as making is expected to reach 157.63 billion USD in 2026.[12] furniture in the aerospace industry, making home The rapid increase in demand for PUF requires the furniture, laptop screen protectors, outer cases for supply of many raw materials for synthesis. As is mobile electronic devices, wheelchairs, power tools, known, the two main components for PUF synthesis sporting goods, drive belts, shoes, inflatable rafts, are isocyanate and polyol, which are obtained from and various extruded films and sheets, cushioning petroleum. Due to the increasing energy demand, oil material, carpeting, furniture, bedding, automotive petroleum as a fuel source is also increasing. dashboards, automotive interior details, packaging in However, this resource is a non-renewable source medicine, food technology, biomedicine and and is increasingly depleted. Besides, the nanocomposites medical devices, heat and sound exploitation of this energy source leads to significant insulators in the construction, electronics, and environmental pollution.[13,14] Therefore, the use of 43 Wiley Online Library © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry Tran Y Doan Trang et al. oil-based raw materials tends to be limited and materials is essential. undesirable. In addition, the cost of polyol and In this work, to suggest other applications for isocyanate components derived from petroleum is chitin-grafted-PUF materials, in addition to relatively high. To solve the above problems, the investigating the technological parameters in the current trend of the PUF industry is to use natural foaming, the physical-mechanical properties such as fillers to reduce costs and limit the use of petroleum- compressive stress, compression set, and resilience based raw materials.[1,9] are also evaluated. Besides, the cross-link density of With this trend, chitin has been used as a composition also is studied. Furthermore, the naturally derived filler. It is the second most morphology of the optimal material is also examined abundant natural polymer in nature after cellulose. It by SEM analysis to explain the changes in the has been shown that the structure of chitin contains physical-mechanical properties of obtained two hydroxyl functional groups, which can materials. At the same time, in this research, waste- chemically interact with the isocyanate group to containing PCM is also developed with the purpose form urethane bonds, similar to the reaction between of recycling spent materials adhering to the polyols and isocyanates.[15] These theoretical bases principles of a circular. have developed polymer composite material (PCM) based on PUF and chitin (PUFCs) as an 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS adsorbent.[10,11] The obtained PUFC material possesses the advantages of both raw materials: PUF 2.1. Materials and chitin, such as high adsorption and buoyancy[10,16], high recyclability, reuse, and oil Polyester - component A (SPECFLEX NF 675) recovery.[17] Furthermore, it has been demonstrated is a mixture of polyesters, catalysts, foam stabilizers, that chitin filling into the PUF matrix significantly and water. It is obtained from Dow Izolan, Vladimir, reduces the cost of the original PUF.[11] Calculation Russia (hydroxyl content 38 mg KOH/g, moisture of economic benefits shows that the cost of content 3.5-4.1%). Two types of component A are composites PUFC is reduced by USD 870/ton investigated: elastic component A is used to obtain compared to PUF without filler.[11] However, this elastic polymer composite materials and hard polymer composite material has only been studied component A for getting semi-rigid PCM. Polymeric and investigated for its properties in wastewater diphenylmethane diisocyanate – component B is treatment contaminated with oil and heavy metal purchased at Dow Izolan, Vladimir, Russia (NCO ions.[11,16] Still, it has yet to be evaluated for groups content - 29.4-30.8 wt %). Chitin is produced application in other fields, such as building by Chitosan Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam (size materials, furniture, and the automotive industry, or 1-3 mm, from shrimp shells, moisture content applications in other sectors. With the increasing 2.54%, ash content < 0.1%). pollution of solid waste and the depletion of petroleum resources, a material that can be applied 2.2. Synthesis of PCM chitin-grafted-PUF in many fields will be superior. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate other properties of PUFC so The technology of obtaining PCMs is carried out as that there are suitable application proposals not only described in the previous studies.[10] Two synthetic for wastewater treatment with this potential material. PUF-C formulations are used in this work as However, using a multifunctional material in follows: large quantities inevitably releases much solid waste - The elastic PCM chitin-grafted-PUF: elastic into the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is component A + component B + (10%, 20% and 50% necessary to propose an alternative for dealing with of mass) chitin. consumed PCM. Because the PCM material is based - The semi-rigid PCM chitin-grafted-PUF: hard on the PUF matrix, its outstanding property is its component A + component B + (10%, 20% and 50% low density. This makes treating solid waste by of mass) chitin. traditional methods such as landfilling, incineration, or biological composting difficult. Low-density 2.3. Fabrication of waste-containing PCMs materials will require an extensive landfill area when treated by these methods. Not only is this not The spent EPUF10 material (which has undergone feasible, but it also has a significant negative impact mechanical action) is crushed to 1-3 mm and used as on the environment, such as gas generation when a filler to fabricate waste-containing materials. First, landfilled or burned.[18] Therefore, a reasonable and crushed filler and 10% by mass chitin are mixed environmentally friendly recycling method for spent © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 44
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry The effect of adding chitin on the… with the elastic polyester component using a high- deformation is determined according to GOST EN speed agitator (3000 rpm - 30s). Next, this mixture 826-2011.[24] Materials are prepared in size of 50х50 (component A-chitin-waste) is mixed with the mm, with a thickness of 25 mm. elastic component B with the help of an agitator. The determination of the compression set is After stirring for 2 minutes, speed 3000 rpm, this carried out according to GOST 18268-72.[25] The mixture is poured into the mold. Then the synthesis material size is prepared at 100х100 mm, with a and foaming take place. After curing, the waste- thickness of 50 mm. containing material PCM-W is collected and used The method of determining resilience is for further studies. This study investigates the waste according to GOST 27110-86.[26] The size of PCM is ratio EPUF10 in PCM-W at 5, 10, and 15% by mass. 100×100 mm, with a thickness of 50 mm. The surface morphology of the material is 2.4. The cross-link density examined by a scanning electron microscope, NOVA NANO SEM NPE199. The cross-link density of PCM is determined according to the improvement of the swelling 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION method through the Flory-Rehner equation.[19,20] Materials are crushed to 10x10x10 mm and 3.1. The effect of filler ratio on the technological immersed in ortho-xylene at a temperature of 130°С. parameters in the foaming The temperature of the immersing process is maintained at 130°С. After immersing for 72 hours, The results on the effect of the filler ratio on the sample reaches equilibrium, removes materials parameters such as start time, rise time, and apparent from the solvent, and measures its size straightway. density are presented in the previous work.[10] The swelling ratio (qs), the cross-link density (Vd, However, discussions also only concern oil spill mol/cm3), and the average molecular weights sorbents. Therefore, in this study, some additional between nodes (Mc, g/mol) are calculated according discussion about its application to other fields is to the following equation: provided. 3 It has been found that the shorter the time H qs = (H1 ) (1) parameters, the faster the interaction between 0 components in PCM synthesis. When using this ln(1−φ2 )+φ2 +γ1 φ2 Vd = 1/3 φ 2 (2) PCM as a construction sealant, the shorter the time ϑ0 (φ2 − 2) 2 parameters, the better. It has contributed to its curing 1 faster on the surface of other materials. The data Мс = ρ (3) у Vd (Table 1) have shown that for both types of material, where: the higher the degree of filling, the longer the start Н1 - the height of sample after swelling (mm); time and the rise time of the foam. The start and rise H0 - the initial height of the sample (mm); times of 50% filled materials are significantly φ2= qs-1; increased compared to the blank PUF. The addition γ1 - the interaction parameter Flory-Huggins - the of chitin increases the viscosity of the mixture of polymer-solvent interaction parameter, γ1 = 0.49[21]; components, which impedes the formation of pores ϑ0 - the molar volume of solvent, ϑ0 (ortho- in the foam. It has increased filler-containing xylene) = 136 cm3/mol; materials' start and rise times 27. When filled with ρy - the specific density of polymer (cm3/g); ρу = 10 and 20%, the time parameters of the obtained 1 , PCM are comparable to the unfilled PUF. ρп For the elastic PCMs, the obtained materials ρп - the density of polymer (g/cm3). after the curing do not occur shrinkage. Therefore, increasing “heavy content” - chitin (apparent density 2.5. Characterization of the obtaining PCMs of chitin reaches 131.2 kg/m3) in the matrix PUF increases the apparent density. For the sample The time parameters are measured according to containing 10% chitin, the filler has almost no effect technology TU 6-55-32-89.[22] on the foaming, so the apparent density of EPUF10 The apparent density is measured using GOST is similar to that of the original sample. Meanwhile, 409-77.[23] when adding a chitin ratio of 20% or more, it is The compressive stress at 10% relative observed that the degree of foaming decreases, © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 45
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry Tran Y Doan Trang et al. leading to an increase in the apparent density. Table 1: Technological parameters of chitin-grafted-PUF materials Materials Start time, ts (s) Rise time, tr (s) Apparent density, (kg/m3) Chitin - - 131.2±0.40 SPUF 33.33±0.47 111.33±1.89 98.35±2.51 SPUF10 33.67±0.94 112.33±2.05 70.77±2.26 SPUF20 34.33±0.47 132.33±1.25 68.62±1.55 SPUF50 52.33±1.25 197.33±10.21 121.46±1.29 EPUF 29.33±0.47 155.00±2.94 59.10±2.82 EPUF10 30.33±1.25 156.67±2.87 69.91±2.37 EPUF20 40.33±0.47 160.33±4.78 86.64±3.14 EPUF50 86.67±2.05 234.57±3.14 138.30±2.19 For the semi-rigid PUF-C, after the curing, density is an essential factor affecting the material’s materials are shrunk. The material filled with 10 and physical-mechanical properties. Specifically, the 20% mass has a lower apparent density than the lower the cross-link density between the nodes, the blank PUF, while the PCM with 50% mass of the higher the physical-mechanical properties of the filling has a higher apparent density (Table 1). It is material.[29] related to the shrinkage of PCM after curing. It is Obviously, for semi-rigid and elastic PCM, the observed that the higher the filling ratio, the less swelling ratio of materials is lower than the blank shrinkage.[10] For the blank SPUF, the obtained PUF. Contrarily, the cross-linking density of the material shrinks after curing. Meanwhile, the PCM based on PUF and chitin increases (Table 2). It materials adding 10 and 20% by mass of chitin have has been shown that more bonds are formed in less shrinkage after curing and better foaming than obtained chitin-grafted-PUF compared to the blank the original sample. Therefore, the apparent PUF.[30] The results in Table 2 also present that the densities of the SPUF10 and SPUF20 are lower than greater the chitin filling ratio in the obtained that of the pure sample. Filling up to 50% by volume material for elastic PCM, the lower the swelling increases the hard component in the polymer matrix, ratio decreases and the higher the cross-link density. so the material becomes “dense”. Therefore, the Table 2 also shows that increasing the degree of sample SPUF50 has a much higher apparent density filling in the elastic PCM reduces the average than the samples of the same type. Shrinkage molecular weight between nodes. It is the same rule depends on the degree of cross-linking of polymer for semi-rigid PCMs containing 10 and 20% fillers. strands through the Van der Waals interaction.[28] When chitin is added to the PUF matrix, the chitin Table 2: The cross-link density of the obtained PCM flakes become bridges between the polymer chains. On the other hand, filler fragments also act as Vd×10-3 Materials qs Mc (g/mol) “pillars” in the polymer matrix. Therefore, shrinkage (mol/cm3) in semi-rigid PCMs is more unlikely. SPUF 2.46 0.47 2532.18 Based on the time parameters and apparent SPUF10 2.40 0.51 2342.28 density, it can be seen that it is preferred over SPUF20 2.37 0.53 2286.48 materials with a chitin ratio of 10 and 20% by mass SPUF50 2.41 0.50 2480.19 for semi-rigid PCM and the material with a filling ratio of 10% by mass of chitin for elastic PCM. EPUF 5.05 0.05 23352.89 EPUF10 4.45 0.08 16353.05 3.2. The effect of the filler ratio on the cross-link EPUF20 4.01 0.10 12140.67 density EPUF50 3.35 0.17 7248.21 The cross-link density of materials characterizes the The hard segments in PUF are formed by chain length between the nodes in the three- hydrogen bonds between the urea and urethane dimensional network of the material matrix. groups and by aromatic fragments in their structure. Furthermore, it also reflects the distribution of bonds In contrast, the soft segments are produced by the in the material matrix. Therefore, the cross-link © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 46
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry The effect of adding chitin on the… linear hydrocarbon chain of the polyol (component containing PCM. This results in a decrease in A).[27] Therefore, when introduced into the PUF resilience and increases the material's stiffness. On matrix, the filler-chitin with a bulky structure the other hand, chitin is present in the material in the increased the number of hard segments. Thereby flake form, and the elasticity of this natural polymer leading to increased stiffness of the polymer chain. is lower than that of both semi-rigid and elastic At the same time, in addition to hydrogen bonding blank PUF. Therefore, with a compressive load, between urethane and urea groups, there are also chitin flakes and some partitions in PCM are not hydrogen bonds between chitin and the above resistant to deformation and collapse.[29] functional groups. Consequently, there is a greater increase in hard segments in PCM. Furthermore, it increases the chemical cross-linking density of PCM materials compared with PUF without filler. As a result, the physical-mechanical properties of the formed PCM are changed. 3.3. The effect of the filler ratio on physical- mechanical properties To evaluate and select appropriate applications for (a) The compressive stress materials, it is necessary to investigate and study parameters such as compressive stress, compression set, and resilience. The results (figure 1) are presented that increasing the filler ratio increases the compressive stress and the compression set of the obtained PCM, but their resilience is still preserved. However, the compressive stress and compression set of the elastic chitin-grafted-PUF tends to increase less than semi-rigid PCMs. An (b) The compression set increase in the compression set is a negative factor because it reduces the ability of the material to recover size after applying a compressive load. At the same time, the resilience of obtained PCM is relatively high. When using PCM as an adsorbent, these values are consistent. Especially in the case of oil adsorption, the physical-mechanical properties of PCM EPUF10 are appropriate when the material is regenerated for reuse. Differences in the compressive stress of the obtained PCM and the original PUF are associated (c) The resilience with forming bonds between the hydroxyl group in Figure 1: The physical-mechanical properties of chitin and the isocyanate group in component B. The chitin-grafted-PUF materials increase in the cross-link density of the chemical network corresponds to the increase in the rigidity of Based on the above analysis of the properties of the polymer chain, leading to the decrease in the the obtained PCMs, it is found that the 10% chitin- resilience of the obtaining PCMs chitin-grafted- containing PCM has superior properties over the PUF. remaining filler ratios for both elastic and semi-rigid The results in Figure 1 also present for both materials. Furthermore, the data presented no types of PCM, values of the compression set of the significant difference in technological parameters formed PCM are higher than when compared to the and the physical-mechanical properties of the elastic material without filler. It can be explained due to the PCM with a 10% mass of chitin and the original interaction of hydroxyl and methylol groups with PUF. Comparing the apparent density, the NCO-groups of component B, which leads to a compressive stress, the compression set, and the higher degree of chemical cross-linking of chitin- resilience of materials EPUF10 and SPUF10, it is © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 47
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry Tran Y Doan Trang et al. suggested that the material PUF10 is suitable for in more interconnected pores. Figures 2b and 2d also construction sealant, gaskets, moldings, packaging, show that chitin bridges form “intact” walls between pipe covering material, carpet underlay or as the pores. It leads to an increase in the number of sorption materials. closed cells and a decrease in the number of open cells. At the same time, chitin flakes also contribute 3.4. Morphology of the material surface to the surface of the pore walls becoming rougher. Therefore, the surface of the pore walls in EPUF10 The pore structure is one of the main factors that is coarser than in the original PUF. significantly affect the properties of foamed On the other hand, the size of the pore walls in materials.[18,31] Therefore, the SEM assesses the pore chitin-containing PCM is also thicker. It leads to an structure in the optimal material EPUF10 (figure 2). increased value of the compressive stress of the chitin-containing PCM in comparison to PCM without filler. A more significant number of closed cells results in an expanded compression set and a decrease in the resilience of the chitin-containing material. 3.5. Fabrication of waste-containing PCMs (b) the EPUF10 at Adhering to the principles of a circular economy, the (a) the blank EPUF at reuse ability of used chitin-grated-PUF is 500 µm 500 µm investigated in this work. According to previous studies, PUF waste can be used as a filler of up to 20% by mass in the synthesis of PUF. However, the resulting product still has properties commensurate with the original PUF.[32] Since the optimal sample is EPUF10, thus further studies are carried out on this material. Waste PCM is crushed to 1-3 mm and filled into component A during the composition (c) the blank EPUF at (d) the EPUF10 at preparation. For practical purposes, PCM can be 200 µm 200 µm recommended to fill up to 15% mass of the waste. Figure 2: SEM images of materials Table 3 presents that increasing the waste ratio increases the foaming parameters as component B Figure 2 shows that the chitin-containing becomes insufficient. This is because filling “heavy” material's pore size is larger than the unfilled PUF. waste in the component has changed the balance Capillary pores in the blank PUF are more between components A and B. Therefore, it leads to interconnected than in the filler-containing material. the fact that the amount of carbon dioxide emitted is From Figures 2a and 2c, it can be seen that the pore not enough for the foaming of the composition. walls in the blank material are broken. This results Table 3: Technological parameters of waste-containing materials Ratio A:B = 100:60 Ratio A:B = 100:65 Materials Start time, ts (s) Rise time, tr (s) Start time, ts (s) Rise time, tr (s) EPUF10 30.33±1.25 156.67±2.87 26.16±1.69 150.92±2.17 EPUF10-5W* 32.00±2.83 183.00±6.98 29.66±2.76 157.48±0.95 EPUF10-10W 39.00±1.41 186.67±4.92 34.68±2.79 161.20±2.06 EPUF10-15W 47.67±0.47 198.0±16.06 37.70±1.23 178.57±1.33 To reduce the foaming parameters, it is in the foaming parameters. Thus, for the necessary to upwards the "isocyanate index". It can development of waste-containing PCM, it is more be seen that an increase in the amount of the appropriate to use a ratio A:B of 100:65. isocyanate component naturally leads to a decrease After fabricating the waste-containing materials, © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 48
25728288, 2023, S3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/vjch.202300051 by Readcube (Labtiva Inc.), Wiley Online Library on [01/05/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Vietnam Journal of Chemistry The effect of adding chitin on the… Table 4: Physical-mechanical properties and apparent density of waste-containing materials The compressive Apparent density Materials The compression set (%) The resilience (%) stress (kPa) (kg/m3) EPUF 3.611±0.11 13.9±0.74 42.11±1.02 59.10±2.82 EPUF10 3.631±0.10 19.80±0.73 41.07±0.91 69.91±2.37 EPUF10-5W* 3.827±0.07 20.07±0.94 40.54±0.83 104.84±3.32 EPUF10-10W 3.865±0.12 21.04±1.04 38.00±0.98 108.81±2.22 EPUF10-15W 3.988±0.09 22.08±1.00 36.04±1.03 111.40±3.11 their physical-mechanical properties are properties of the obtaining material. According to investigated. As a result, these PCMs become denser the “3R” circular economy principles, this fulfills and stronger while reducing their elasticity (table 4). the material requirement - reduce, reuse, and Also, the material has greater compressive stress but recycle. loses significant elasticity. Meanwhile, the compression set is the same. Specifically, these ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATION materials become heavier (Table 4). However, this study has presented that the filling of crushed spent PCM, polymer composite material; PUF, PCM up to 15% by mass makes it possible to obtain Polyurethane foam; NCO, isocyanate group; OH, PCM with satisfactory technological parameters of hydroxyl group; PUF-C, chitin-grafted-polyurethane foaming. foam; PCM-W, waste-containing PCM; SPUF, the Thus, the process of synthesis of chitin- semi-rigid pure PUF; SPUF10, the semi-rigid PCM containing PCM, using and recycling waste PCM is with 10% chitin; EPUF, the pure elastic PUF; circular. Initially, crushed chitin is added to EPUF10, the elastic PCM with 10% mass of chitin; component A by using stirring. Next, component B EPUF10-5W, waste-containing PCM including is added to the mixture of component A with chitin. EPUF10 with 5% by mass of spent PCM. Then the filling of spent PCM as part of the base material is up to 15% by mass. Finally, spent PCMs REFERENCES are crushed and filled with synthesizing the waste- containing PCM. After the fabrication, this PCM can 1. A. Kausar. Polyurethane composite foams in high- be used in areas suitable for its properties. performance applications: A review, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng., 2017, 57(4), 346-369. 4. CONCLUSIONS 2. S. Oprea. Synthesis and properties of polyurethane elastomers with castor oil as crosslinker, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 2010, 87, 313-320. The addition of chitin filler to PUF influences the 3. D.S. Kaikade and A. S. Sabnis. Polyurethane foams technological parameters of the foaming, the cross- from vegetable oil-based polyols: a review, Polymer link density, and the physical-mechanical properties Bulletin, 2023, 80, 2239-2261. (the compressive stress, the compression set, the 4. G. Harikrishnan, S. Kumar, C. Sharma, A. Raman resilience) of materials PUF-C. Research results Unni, V.K. Aswal. S.K. Rath. Foam stability and show that 10% of mass chitin-containing PUF has polymer phase morphology of flexible polyurethane superior properties over the remaining filler ratios foams synthesized from castor oil, J. Appl. Polym. for both elastic and semi-rigid materials. Sci., 2014, app.40668. Significantly, there is no significant difference in 5. M. Sambasiva, R. White, K. Cutting. 12-Exploring the role of polyurethane and polyvinyl alcohol foams technological parameters and the physical- in wound care, Wound Healing Biomaterials, 2016, mechanical properties between the elastic PCM with 2, 251-260. a 10% mass of chitin (EPUF10) and the unfilled 6. A. Fangareggi, L. Bertucelli. Thermoset insulation PUF. However, this PCM has a larger pore size and materials in appliances, buildings and other several closed cells, and the pore’s surface is rougher applications, Thermosets. Structure, Properties and than a blank PUF. For fabricating the waste- Applicationspp, 2012, 2012, 254-288. containing materials, it is necessary to use a ratio of 7. J.O. Akindoyo, M.D.H. Beg, S. Ghazali, M. R. Islam, component A (polyol): component B (isocyanate) of N. Jeyaratnama, A.R. Yuvarajc. Polyurethane types, 100:65. Filling of spent PCM can be up to 15% by synthesis and applications - a review, RSC Advances, mass without significant change in the foaming 2016, 6, 114453-114482. 8. D.K. Chattopadhyay, K.V.S.N. Raju. Structural technology parameters and the physical-mechanical engineering of polyurethane coatings for high © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 49
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Tel.:+84-395723340. © 2023 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH www.vjc.wiley-vch.de 50