Tình hình ruộng đất ở Nà Lữ (Hoà An - Cao Bằng) nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX qua tư liệu địa bạ

TiXH niNH UUOIVG DAT 6 NA L C (HOA AN - CAO BANG)<br /> Nl/A DAIJ THK KY XIX QUA Tl/ LIKIJ DIA BA<br /> <br /> NGUYfeN THI H A I '<br /> <br /> <br /> hay than td, phat tU. Thiic td, da't than td<br /> N i LQ n i m trong vung sinh thai<br /> trdng Ida nUdc cua cac dan tdc<br /> ngdn ngQ Tay - Thai nen con ngUdi den tu<br /> phat tu (tQc l i rudng di't cdng d i n h cho<br /> vipc thd cung den vua Le) da tdn tai d<br /> cU d day tQ sdm. Trong lich sd, Na LQ l i phUdng Na LQ mudn nha't l i n i m 1813. Bia<br /> trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, v i n hda, quan Den Vua Le lap n i m Gia Long 12 (1813) da<br /> sU cua Cao Bing - mdt tinh bien gidi thudc ghi rd vd chdng Hoang Trung Cin cung 5<br /> "ndi phen d i u thQ tU vd phUdng Bic" nUdc d i t bac, 10 m i u rudng vio den. Sau khi<br /> ta (1). Ngay tQ the ky IX, Cao Bien da cho dng ba mi't, dUdc tdn l i m h i u mai maj,<br /> xay diing t h i n h Na LQ, dUa ndi day trd dUdc cung vio ngiy sinh, ngay gid (3).<br /> thanh c i n cQ quan sQ quan trpng cda nha NhUng sd rudng n i y cung khdng dUde phan<br /> Dudng de chd'ng lai quan Nam Chidu. Td anh trong dia ba Minh Mpnh n i m 1840.<br /> dd cho den cudi the ky XVII, Na LQ ludn Dieu dd chQng td ring, dia ba N i LQ dQdc<br /> ddng vai trd l i trung tam kinh td, chinh tri, l i p chi ke khai rudng da't phai nop thud cho<br /> vin hda cua Cao Bing. Die bipt, vao cudi n h i nQdc. Sd' rudng cda den dUdc chia cho<br /> the ky XVI dau the ky XVII, Na LQ da trd mdt sd hd ciy d y , h i n g n i m phai nop san<br /> thanh kinh dd cua n h i Mac v i b i t dau dUdc pham de td chQc cung le d den nen khdng<br /> ddi thanh phudng (2). PhUdng Na LQ dUdc phai nop thud.<br /> duy tri tQ dd cho den nda cud! the ky XIX thi<br /> Thdi Gia Long, tdng dien tich dien thd cac<br /> chuyen thanh xa. Tim hieu tinh hinh rudng<br /> hang l i 382 m i u 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, trong dd tU<br /> da't phudng Na LQ nda d i u the ky XIX se<br /> dien l i 344 m i u 7 sio 3 ti'c (90,3%), thd trach<br /> giup chung ta cd cai nhin khoa hpc hdn ve<br /> (quan thd) l i 37 m l u 3 sio 13 thUdc 2 ti'c<br /> tinh hinh kinh te', xa hdi cung nhU nhQng<br /> (9,7%), khdng cd quan didn. N i m 1840, Minh<br /> chinh sach cua cac vua dau trieu Nguyen<br /> Mpnh cho lap lai sd rudng di't d cac tinh mien<br /> ddi vdi vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing ndi<br /> nui phia Bic do nhieu n i m chidn tranh loan<br /> chung v i khu vUc Na LQ ndi rieng.<br /> lac, nhan dan phieu tan, rudng di't bd hoang<br /> 1. Tinh hinh chung nhieu. Theo dd, tdng sd cdng tU dien thd li<br /> Khac vdi tai lieu dia ba cua Binh Dinh, 385 miu 13 thUdc 5 ti'c, ting so vdi dia ba<br /> Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi, dia ba cua phudng Na LQ Gia Long 4 (1805) l i 3 miu, hoin toan do<br /> chi neu ra tdng rudng da't cdng tU dien thd khai hoang, thudc loai tU dien. Die bipt, luc<br /> cac hang ma khdng de cap den di't vien tri n i y phudng Na LQ da xui't hipn cdng dien.<br /> <br /> <br /> ' Th.S. Dai hgc Su pham Thai Nguyen<br /> Tinh hinh ru6ng dat d Ra LOr... 31<br /> <br /> nhung khdng dang ke, chi chiem 0,4% tdng nhan, nhi't l i d nhQng vung xa trung tam,<br /> dipn tich rudng di't. dieu kipn di lai khd khin. N i LQ l i mdt<br /> So sanh vdi qua trinh tU hQu hda d cac cinh ddng cd, hinh thanh tQ sdm, lai la ndi<br /> x i khac trong tdng H i Dim, chau Thach cd dieu kien thuan ldi cho canh tac, nim d<br /> Lam cd cung dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) va khu vUc trung tam kinh te - chinh tri lau<br /> Minh Menh 21 (1840), ta thi'y: Sd hQu tQ d ddi cua vung nen qua trinh tu hQu hda dien<br /> tdng H i D i m chiem ty Ip ri't cao (95,23% ra nhanh, manh cung phan nio phan anh<br /> vi 91,8%), trong dd cd nhidu xa, phudng da sQ phat trien cua kinh te tQ hQu ci the (xin<br /> tu hQu g i n nhu h o i n toin, tieu bieu l i Gia xem Bang 1).<br /> Bing, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd, N i LQ. Ty Ip n i y Rudng di't N i LQ hoin toin l i rudng<br /> cao hdn nhidu so vdi trung binh cua d nUdc hang 2 (43%) v i hang 3 (57%). Xdt ve mit<br /> luc bi'y gid. Theo Si hoq,n tu tri luc cua dia hinh, phudng N i LQ cd ddi nui xen lln<br /> Nguyin Cdng Tiep thi luc dd, da't tU hQu vdi ddng rudng, cd dien tich canh tic Idn,<br /> chiem tren 80% dien tich canh t i c ca nUdc. chiem 39,04% dipn tich tdng H i Dam. Theo<br /> Nhu viy, CO sd kinh te cua cU dan N i LQ Ddng Khdnh dU dia chi, rudng di't huyen<br /> khdng phai l i rudng di't cdng m i chinh l i Thach Lam theo sd gd'c l i 7659 miu 7 sio 7<br /> rudng di't thudc quydn sd hQu cua gia dinh. thudc 6 ti'c (4). Trong khoang thdi gian tQ<br /> Tu hQu p h i t trien manh thudng cho ph^p Gia Long cho den Ddng Khanh, sd lUdng<br /> chung ta lien tudng ddn sU hung thinh cda rudng di't ting, giam khdng dang ke, do dd<br /> kinh te h i n g hda. Didu dd dung vdi cac chung tdi tam thdi coi dd l i sd lipu rudng<br /> l i n g xa d ddng bing, cdn d mien nui thi di't chung cua d huypn Thach Lam thdi<br /> khdng ddn gian nhU the. Rudng di't tU Nguyen. Neu nhU viy, sd dien cua phUdng<br /> nhidu cd the do mua ban, cd the do cic gia Na LQ chiem tdi 40,99% rugng di't cac hang<br /> dinh tu khai pha cac thung lung, bai bdi, ciia huypn. Khdng chi cd sdng Bing, Na LQ<br /> canh t i c lau d i n bidn t h i n h sd hQu tU cdn cd nhieu md nUdc ngim, dam bao nguon<br /> B a n g 1: I)dng t\i d i e n t h d c u a c a c x a , p h i f o ( n g t h u o c l o n g Ha Dam<br /> Gia Lon ; 4 ( 1 8 0 5 ) M inh M ^ n h 2 1 (1840)<br /> T§n x a , TUdiln Quan d en Tudien Q u a n d en<br /> phudng So lUiJng Tyl« So lUdng Tyl$ So'lUqlng Tyl? So lU(?ng Tyl$<br /> (miu.s&o. (%) (mSu. s i o . (%) (miu.sio. (%) (mfiu. s i c . (%)<br /> thudc. ta'c) thudc. t4'c) thudc. ti'c) thudc. ti'c)<br /> <br /> N4 LQ (5) 344.7.0.3 100 0 0 347.1.13.3 99,6 0.5.2.0 0,4<br /> <br /> l U D i r a (6) 115.4.7.6 85,16 20.1.1.8 14,84 117.4.7.6 88,2 15.7.1.8 11,8<br /> <br /> Kim Giap (7) 40.6.14.3 100 0 0 40.6.14.3 100 0 0<br /> <br /> Xu4n An (8) 173.8.1.1 97,57 4.3.5.5 2,43 175.8.1.1 97,5 4.3.5.5 2,5<br /> <br /> Vu Tuygn (9) 166.3.13.1 94,87 9.0.0.0 5,13<br /> <br /> Gia Bfing (10) 28,6.12.4 100 0 0 28.6.12.4 100 0 0<br /> <br /> PhvicCddl) 8.5.0.0 100 0 0<br /> <br /> Gil Sdn (12) 115.6.0.1 68,7 52.6.3.2 31.3<br /> <br /> Tdng 868S.S.8 95,23 29.1.1.8 4,77 825.4.3.8 91,8 69.1.12.5 8,2<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Dia bg Gia Long 4 (1805). Minh MM 21 (1840)<br /> 22 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> nUdc tudi cho mua vu nen rudng di't dUdc t i n 72,73% tdng sd chd v i 38,83% di$n tich<br /> dung triet de. It cd rudng di't hoang hda. Day rudng di't. Cd the coi day la bd p h i n ndng<br /> l i dieu kien het sQc thuan ldi de phat trien dan tu canh cua phudng N i LQ.<br /> kinh te ndng nghipp d Na LQ.<br /> Sd ehu cd sd hQu td 5 m i u trd l#n vio<br /> 2. Tinh hinh phan bo' sd hdu tuT nhan n i m 1805 cd 15 chd, chiem 15,96% tdng sd<br /> chd v i 40,94% dien tich rudng dit. Den<br /> Tong hdp dipn tich tU dien cua dia ba<br /> n i m 1840, sd chd dd t i n g len 21 ngUdi,<br /> N i LQ d d hai thdi diem Gia Long 4 (1805)<br /> chiem 27,27% tdng sd chd va 61,18% di^n<br /> va Minh Mpnh 21 (1840) theo each cdng<br /> tich canh tac. Ndu nhU n i m 1805, phudng<br /> dipn tich sd hQu cua tdng chd ta thi'y cd sU<br /> chenh lech so vdi sd lieu tdng q u i t ke khai N i LQ chUa cd ehu sd hdu dat 20 mSu thi<br /> trong dia ba. Thdi Gia Long theo thd'ng ke den n i m 1840 da cd 2 chd dat tren 20 miu<br /> trong dia ba la 344 miu 7 sio 3 ti'c nhUng l i Bui Duy Doanh (28.5.0.0) v i D i m Vin<br /> khi cdng lai chi cd 341 m i u 7 sao 3 ti'c. Thdi Khoa (21.5.13.0). NhU viy, mdc dp t i p<br /> Minh Menh, dien tich thd'ng ke trong dia ba trung rudng di't cua N i LQ ngay cang ting.<br /> nhieu hdn 9 sio. Su chenh lech khdng dang Vd cd ban, xu hudng n i y phu hdp vdi quy<br /> ke dd cd the do n h i m lln khi lip hoic sao l u i t phat trien cda lich sd.<br /> chdp dia ba. Vi the, chiing tdi giQ nguyen sU Neu li'y mdc sd hQu 5 m i u l i m gidi han<br /> khac biet dd nhim tdn trpng tii lieu gdc, xic dinh chd rudng kha gia v i so sinh vdi cac<br /> nhUng khi phan tich vd sd hQu tU nhan, dia phUdng khic, ke ca mdt sd huypn mien<br /> chung tdi cin cQ vao sd lieu lipt ke theo tiing nui nhu huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing) (13),<br /> chu sd hQu (xem Bang 2). Ngan Sdn (Bic Kan) (14) hay mpt sd tinh<br /> ddng bing nhU Thai Binh (15), H i Ddng (16)<br /> Sd chd cd mdc sd hQu dUdi 5 m i u thdi<br /> vio thdi diem Gia Long 4 thi ty 1$ sdchd kha<br /> Gia Long la 79, chiem 84,04% tdng sd chu<br /> gia cda N i LQ l i thIp nhit.<br /> v i sd hQu 59,06% dipn tich rudng da't; thdi<br /> Minh Menh giam xud'ng cdn 56 chu, chidm Nhu viy, m i c du qua trinh tU hQu hda<br /> <br /> Bang 2: Quy mo sd hvtu rudng ti^ pbticfng N& LQ<br /> <br /> Gia Long 4 (1806) Minh Mf nh 21 (1840)<br /> <br /> Quy mo sd So chu Di6n tich sd hihi So chu DiSn tich sd huTu<br /> hChi<br /> Tyl? Ty If Ty If Ty If<br /> So luclng Dif n tich SolU(3ng Dif n tich<br /> (%) (%) (%) (%)<br /> <br /> DiJ6il mau 4 4,26 2.7.0.0 0,79 1 1,30 0.9.0.0 0,26<br /> <br /> 1 - 3 mSu 43 45,74 79.1.0.0 23,15 38 49,35 68.1.5.3 19,68<br /> 3 - 5 mau 32 34,04 120.0.0.0 35,12 17 22,08 65.4.0.0 18.89<br /> 5 - 10 mau 8 8,51 47.5.10.0 13,92 16 20,78 117.6.10.0 33,98<br /> 10-20mlu 7 7,45 93.3.5.3 27,02 3 3,90 44.1.0.0 12,74<br /> 20-50mlu 2 2,60 50.0.13.0 14,46<br /> Tong cpng 94 100 341.7.0.3 100 77 100 346.2.13.3 100<br /> <br /> /Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LO, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Mtnh 21/<br /> Tinh htnh ruOng dat d Ra Liir.. S3<br /> <br /> Bieu do 1: Quy mo sd hijfu tvt nh&n phudng Na Luf<br /> <br /> 50.00% •« '.v^T ! ~--_-——-TTT^<br /> .-.-^:;-- y<br /> <br /> 45.00% Jr^T ' • - ' • / ' . ' ' - • ' / ' • • ^ ' . " : • ' • . ,<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 40.00% . • - : • • , , , , : • • • - - :<br /> <br /> <br /> 35.00%<br /> 30.00%<br /> 25.00%<br /> 20.00%<br /> 15,00%<br /> 10.00%<br /> 5.00%<br /> 0.00% J<br /> Dutrl A m&u 1 - 3 miu 3 - 5 m5u 5 - 1 0 mSu 10-20m5u 20 - 50 mSu<br /> <br /> B S O CHO "mOfJ GIA LONG I DT SO HLCU TTH&I GIA LONG<br /> • S O C H O • m O l MINH M^NH I DT s O H O U TTHCI M I N H M $ N H<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Biiu do 2: Ty 16 chu kh& gia \k sd hOu ruong dat cua ho d mot so dia phiYcTng theo thong k6<br /> dia ba Gia Long<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Nd LO Q u d n g H6a HA OOng Thdi Blnh Ngan Sorn<br /> <br /> r S6 chu • Di$n tich<br /> <br /> <br /> rupng di't d N i LQ dien ra nhanh v i b i t Mdt chu sd hQu khdi lUdng rudng dat Idn cd<br /> d i u cd hi^n tUdng t$p trung rudng di't vio the do hg den sdm, khai pha dUdc nhieu<br /> tay mpt so ngudi, tao thanh nhQng chu sd rudng di't, hoic do chii dd cd quyen liic Idn,<br /> hQu Idn nhung chUa manh, chd ydu v i n li lau ddi tai dia phUdng, cd tidn mua rugng<br /> sd hQu nhd, manh miin. di't xung quanh, cd nhieu nhan liic de khai<br /> hoang. Vi the, trong cic xa mien nui heo<br /> Ndu 80 sanh binh quan dipn tich cua<br /> lanh thudng xui't hipn chu sd hQu Idn,<br /> mdi chd sd hQu cua N i LQ vdi mdt sd' dia<br /> t h i m chi tdi hdn 50 m i u rudng nhu d<br /> phUdng khac trong tinh, ta cd bang sau<br /> huypn Quang Hda (Cao Bing), binh quan<br /> (Bang 3).<br /> sd hQu mdt chu cd x i ri't cao, len tdi hdn 14<br /> Nhin vio bang 3 ta thi'y, N i LQ l i ndi cd m i u nhQ x i Mdc Hoc. Trong khi dd, chii Idn<br /> binh q u i n sd hQu mpt chd thi'p nhi't trong nhi't cda N i LQ n i m 1805 li Dim Dinh<br /> sdxa dupe chpn d Cao Bing. Die diem d cac DUdng sd hQu 18m.8s v i chi cd 2 chu sd<br /> tinh midn nui l i dan cU thUa thdt, di't dai hQu tren 15 mlu, binh quin sd hQu ciia<br /> rOng, nhi't l i trong cac thung lung ving. mdt chd chi l i 3m.6s.dth.3t. Con sd trgn<br /> 34 Rghien ciiru Lich sd, s6 6.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 3: Binh quan sd hvlu mot chu cua mot so xa, phiidng Cao B&ng<br /> nda dau the ky XIX (17)<br /> <br /> Gia L o n g 4 (1805) M i n h M e n h 21 (1840)<br /> Xa p h u d n g Dif n tich thuc Dien tich thUc<br /> So chu Binh quan So chii Binh quan<br /> tinh sd hiJu tinh sd hiiu<br /> NaLa 341.7.0.3.0 94 3.6.5.3.0 346.2.13.3.0 77 4.4.14.5.8<br /> Cach Linh 336.4.8.1.0 49 6.8.9.9.6 336.9.8.1.0 52 6.4.11.9.8<br /> Ngil3ng Dong 343.9.14.5.0 62 5.5.7.2.5 379.2.4.7.7 107 5.5.12.1.0<br /> Ngoc Q u a n 302.5.11.8.0 45 6.7.3.5.9 318.0.14.9.0 57 5.5.12.1.0<br /> <br /> thi'p hdn so vdi tinh hinh chung cua cac xa nQ sd hQu 2 m i u 9 sio 3 thude, thi'p hdn<br /> mien niii d nUdc ta ndi rieng v i Cao Bing mdc binh quan sd hQu cda toin phudng.<br /> ndi chung. Sang den thdi Minh Menh, du Trong khi dd, "d vung Bic Bd, ty Ip rudng<br /> mdc dp t i p trung rudng di't cda Na LQ cd di't cua chu nQ thudng thi'p hdn ty Ip sd<br /> t i n g nhUng cung khdng cd nhieu thay ddi. chu nhUng d hai ty le n i y h l u nhU khdng<br /> Neu chu cd mQc sd hQu cao nhi't d N i LQ vUdt qua 1/4" (20). NhU viy, ty Ip phan bd<br /> mdi dat hdn 28 mau thi cac xa d Quang chu sd hQu nQ d Na LQ cao hdn cac vung<br /> Hda da cd chu dat tren 70 m i u (18). Cd khic, nhi't l i so vdi cae xa khac thudc Cao<br /> hipn tUdng tren bdi le N i LQ n i m trong Bing. Theo nghien cdu dia ba huypn Quang<br /> vung trung tam tinh Cao Bing, sd' lUdng Hda (Cao Bing) cua PGS.TS Dim Thi Uyen<br /> ngUdi sinh sdng ddng, lai l i ndi thudng thi sd chu nQ d day chi chiem 10,83% (21).<br /> xuyen cd bidn ddng ve dan cU, chinh tri, di't Dieu dd cho thi'y d Na LQ, ngUdi phu nQ<br /> dai dUdc khai pha sdm, do dd, khdng the ddng vai trd khdng nhd trong kinh td gia<br /> tao ra mdt chu sd hQu Idn nhd khai hoang dinh. Sd rudng chd nQ ddng ten cd the l i cua<br /> hoic cd the lUc Idn lau ddi. Vi viy, mQc do hdi mdn dUdc bd mp ting; cd the do mua<br /> sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn, mang tinh bin, hoic khai hoang, hoic do gda chdng.<br /> dan trai, manh mun la die trUng cua rudng<br /> dat Na LQ nda d i u thd ky XIX. NhUng den n i m 1840, sdchd nQ chi cdn<br /> mdt ngUdi l i Tdng Thi LQ, sd hQu 2 mlu 6<br /> 3. Sd h d u r u o n g c u a c h u n d , p h u c a n h sio vdi tu each l i phu canh. Sd chd sd hQu<br /> Vao dau thd ky XIX, viec phu nQ ddng nQ giam do nhieu nguyen n h i n : cd the do<br /> ten chu sd hQu rudng da't l i hien tUdng k h i dan sd ting, die bipt l i nam, trong khi<br /> phd bidn, la ndt doc dao cua x i hdi Vipt rudng di't khai p h i h l u nhU khdng ting<br /> Nam thdi trung dai (19). PhUdng N i LQ nen vipc chia di't cho con gii trong cic gia<br /> cung khdng n i m ngoii tinh trang chung i'y dinh khdng dUdc duy tri nhU trUdc; hoic cd<br /> (Bang 4). the do ngUdi phu nQ d i chuyen giao quyen<br /> sd hQu cua minh cho chdng hoic con trai<br /> TQ so' lieu thd'ng ke d bang 4 cd the tha'y,<br /> khi l i p lai dia ba...<br /> sU bidn ddng manh me cua sd hQu nQ trong<br /> khoang thdi gian 1805 - 1840. Dau the ky -I- Phu canh l i hipn tUdng phd bidn ciia<br /> XIX, trong tdng so' 94 chu sd hQu cd tdi 34 ndng thdn Vipt Nam thd ky XIX. Cd nhieu<br /> chu la nQ, chidm 36,17% s d c h d v i 29,05% trUdng hdp, ngUdi d x i thdn niy nhiing lai cd<br /> dien tich rudng da't tU. Trung binh mdi chu rudng d mdt hoic vii xa thdn lan cin cung<br /> Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra Liir... 25<br /> <br /> Bang 4: Phan bo chu sd hufu tU dien phudng Na Luf<br /> <br /> Gia L o n g 4 (1806) M i n h M $ n h 21 (1840)<br /> <br /> Di?n tich scl hQu Di^n tich binh Di?n tich scl Di^n tich binh<br /> So c h u (m&u.s^o. quan (mHu.B^o. So chu hQu (mlu.eao. quan (mlu.s&o.<br /> thudc.ta'c) thudcta'c) thuflcta'c) thu6c.t4'c)<br /> Tong so c h u 94 665.7.0.3 3.6.5.3 77 346.2.13.3 4.4.14.6<br /> <br /> Chu scl hiiu nQ 34 99.2.10.0 2.9.3.0 1 2.6.0.0 2.6.0.0<br /> <br /> P h v canh 49 179.4.3.5 3.6.9.3 16 79.3.0.0 4.9.8.5<br /> <br /> (Nguon: Dia bg phu&ng Nd La, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]<br /> tdng, huypn hoic thudc tdng, huyen khic. Sd ten va chQc vu cua mdt sd chdc sic phUdng<br /> chu phu canh cua N i LQ thdi Gia Long la 49, N i LQ. Vao thdi Gia Long, ddng dau<br /> chiem 52,13% tdng sdchd v i 52,51% dien tich phudng l i phudng trUdng (trong khi dQng<br /> canh tic. Die biet, trong sd 7 chd sd hQu tren d i u cac xa la xa trUdng), nhUng den nim<br /> 10 m l u chi cd 1 chd l i chinh canh. NhU viy, 1840, dQng d i u N i LQ lai la ly trQdng. TQ<br /> diu the ky XIX, rudng di't dUde mua ban, t h i n g 7 n i m 1828, Minh Menh quy dinh<br /> trao ddi khdng ehl trong pham vi phUdng N i viec d i t ly trQdng d Bic t h i n h "cho cac xa<br /> LQ, m i cdn md rdng ra pham vi tdng, tri'n. thdn cac phUdng deu d i t 1 ly trUdng, dinh<br /> sd 50 ngUdi trd len thi d i t them 1 Phd ly<br /> Nim 1840, sd chd phu canh cQng giam<br /> trudng, dinh so' 150 ngUdi trd len thi dit<br /> dang ke, ehl cdn 16 ngUdi (20,78%), sd hQu<br /> them 2 Phd ly trUdng. Deu li'y ngUdi vit liic<br /> 22,9% rudng di't. Cic chd sd hQu Idn tren 20<br /> d n can cho lim, do Cai tdng cung dan ling<br /> mlu deu l i chinh canh. Dieu dd cho thi'y,<br /> ddng tQ b l u cd, phu huyen xdt ky lai, bim<br /> thdi Minh Mpnh, rudng di't d N i LQ tUdng<br /> len tri'n de d p vin bing v i mpc trien cho.<br /> ddi dn dinh, it cd sU trao ddi, mua ban hay<br /> Pham cdng vipc trong lang deu chju trach<br /> ngUdi tQ ndi khic den xin khai hoang ciy cay.<br /> nhipm. Lim viec dUdc 3 nim, xdt ra gidi<br /> 4. Sd hdu ruong cua chdc sac giang thi tau xin khen thudng, Ly trUdng se<br /> Dia ba l i ngudn t i i lipu quy, khdng chi bd lim Phd tdng ngoai uy hay Cai tdng thi<br /> cho chung ta thi'y bQc tranh chung vd tinh sai, Phd ly trUdng se bd Ly trudng. NgUdi<br /> hinh rudng di't m i cdn cung ci'p nhQng hen kdm tham d thi cich di, ngUdi blu cd<br /> thdng tin quan trpng vd td chQc bd miy cung phai tdi thi't sat" (23). NhU viy, thdi<br /> ling x i cung nhU vai trd kinh te' cua cac Minh Menh, chQc danh cua cac chQc dich<br /> chQc sic. ChQc sic bao gdm chQc dich va trong ling xa da dUdc thdng nhi't d cac ddn vi<br /> sic myc. Chdc dich l i bd p h i n chdc sic hinh chi'nh ci'p cd sd, du dd la xa hay phUdng.<br /> quan ly l i n g x i n i m trong hp thd'ng td chQc Dieu dd chQng td, Minh Menh da thuc hien<br /> h i n h chinh, dUdc n h i nUdc cdng nhin. Sic chi'nh sach quan ly ling xi mang tinh thdng<br /> muc l i bd p h i n tii quan cua ling xi bao nhi't v i chit che tren pham vi d nUdc.<br /> gdm nhQng ngUdi dUdc d i n ling cd ra, dai Phan cudi dia ba phUdng N i LQ lip nim<br /> dipn cho cdng ddng (22). Gia Long thQ 4, ngoai phUdng trUdng<br /> Theo thd tuc h i n h chinh, cudi dia ba Nguyen Trpng Td v i sic muc l i Dam Dinh<br /> bao gid cung cd p h l n ghi ten v i diem chi Van, cdn cd ba ngUdi khac cung ky ten diem<br /> cda nhQng chQc sic chiu trich nhipm lip chi m i khdng ghi rd chdc danh. Hp cd the<br /> dia ba. Vi viy, chung ta biet dUde chinh xic l i chdc sic, cd the chi l i nhQng ngUdi cd uy<br /> 36 Rghito curu Ljch sd. stf 6.2009<br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 5: Sd h d u r u o n g dat cda chdc s^c phUdng Na Luf n&m 1805<br /> Ten Di§n tich sd hihi Ty le (%)<br /> s i c muc Dim Dinh Van 3.0.0.0 12.45<br /> Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td 13.4.0.0 55.60<br /> Pham Ding Quan 1.1.0.0 4.56<br /> Tdng 24.1.0.0 100<br /> [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4]<br /> <br /> Bang 6: Sd hiifu r u 9 n g dat cda chiic sdc phiidng N i Lvl n a m 1840<br /> <br /> Ten Di@n tich Ty le (%)<br /> Lf trudng Hoing Kim Cue 7.1.0.0 17,40<br /> Hudng muc Nguyen Duy Muu 5.2.0.0 12,75<br /> Cai tdng BQi Duy Doanh 28.5.0.0 69,85<br /> Tdng 40.8.0.0 100<br /> [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd La. Minh Menh 21]<br /> <br /> tin vdi l i n g xa dUdc mdi de l i m chQng cho song hai chd kia deu l i phu canh nen cd<br /> vipc l i p dia ba. O day, chung tdi tam coi hp the coi dng l i ngUdi cd thd lUc kinh te manh<br /> l i chQc sic cua phudng de budc d i u phan nhi't phudng. PhUdng trUdng l i ngUdi ddng<br /> tich vai trd kinh te cua hp trong ling xi. d i u trong h i n g ngu chQc dich, chju trach<br /> NhUng khi phan tich quydn liic kinh td nhipm chinh ve cac nghia vu cua phQdng<br /> giQa chdc dich- v i sic muc, chung tdi chi vdi chinh quyen ci'p tren (tdng, chau...).<br /> phan tich dUa tren sd lieu cda nhQng ngUdi Trong khi dd, sd hQu cua sic muc chi chidm<br /> ghi rd chQc danh n h i m dam bao tinh khoa 12,45%. NhQ viy, d N i LQ vio nhQng nim<br /> hgc v i chin thiic cua tU lieu. cudi the ky XVIII d i u the ky XIX, chdc<br /> Cac chdc sic deu cd rudng di't tU, song dich la nhQng ngUdi cd quyen lUc thiic sii<br /> mdc dp sd hQu khdng cao, chidm 5,3% sd ve chinh tri va kinh te.<br /> chu v i 7,05% dipn tich rudng tU cua Theo thdng ke trong dia ba Na LQ nim<br /> phudng. Tuy nhien, t i e gia chUa cd dieu 1840, ngoii cac chQc ly trUdng, hUdng muc<br /> kipn khae sat toin bd dia ba cua chau ci'p xa, phudng cdn cd chdc sic ci'p tdng li<br /> Thach Lam cung nhU Cao Bing thdi Gia ngUdi dia phUdng.<br /> Long de thd'ng ke sd rudng eua hp d d c xa<br /> khac vdi tu each la phu canh. Do dd, ket Mdc dp sd hQu cda cac chdc dich nim<br /> qua thd'ng ke, phan tich chi diia vio p h l n 1840 t i n g len dang ke. Cai tdng Bui Duy<br /> rudng di't m i hp sd hQu d phudng N i LQ Doanh l i ngQdi cd mdc sd hQu cao nhi't vdi<br /> (xin xem bang 5). NgUdi ed sd hQu cao nhi't 28 m l u 5 sio. Day l i ngUdi vda cd thd liic<br /> l i Phudng trudng Nguyen Trpng Td, chidm vd chinh tri, vda cd tiem lUc ve kinh td, chi<br /> 55,6% sd rudng thudc quyen sd hQu cda phoi manh me den l i n g xa. Vd bd may d p<br /> chdc sic. Vdi mdc sd hQu len ddn 13 m l u 4 phudng, sd rudng di't cua chdc dich v i sic<br /> sio, Nguyen Trpng Td dQng thd ba trong muc cd sii chenh l$ch nhUng khdng dang<br /> nhQng ngUdi cd rudng nhieu nhi't d N i LQ, ke. So vdi thdi Gia Long n i m 1805, mdc sd<br /> Thih hinh ru^ng dat d Ra LOr... 37<br /> <br /> <br /> hQu cua ngudi dQng d i u bd m i y chQc dich d p phUdng v i n dUpc bao dam.<br /> ci'p phUdng giam, trong khi mdc sd hQu cua 5. s d h d u t h e o n h o m ho<br /> ngudi dQng d i u bd may tti quan ling xa ting. Qua dia ba, chung ta cd the nghien cdu<br /> Song, quyen liic cua chQc dich trong bp may sau hdn ve vi'n dd ddng hp trong ling xa.<br /> <br /> Bang 7: Tinh hinh sd hvtu cua cac nhom hq phiidng Na Lii<br /> <br /> Gia L o n g 4 (1805) Minh M§nh 21 (1840)<br /> TT H9<br /> So' chu Dipn tich sd hQu So'chu Dipn tich sd hQu<br /> 1 Be 0 0 1 2.6.0.0<br /> 2 BCii 0 0 5 41.8.0.0<br /> <br /> 3 Chu 1 1.0.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 4 Cdng 1 6.6.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 5 Dim 4 15.7,0.0 9 59.6.13.0<br /> <br /> 6 Ding 1 3.3.0.0 1 2.6.0.0<br /> <br /> 7 Danh 5 20.1.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 8 Dio 1 4.5.0.0 1 12.5.0.0<br /> <br /> 9 Dd 4 14.8.10.0 2 3.5.0.0<br /> <br /> 10 DUdng 1 2.0.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 11 Giap 1 5.5.0.0 3 8.9.0.0<br /> <br /> 12 Hi 1 4.3.0.0 1 1.0.0.0<br /> <br /> 13 Hoing 4 8.4.0.0 3 18.6.10.0<br /> <br /> 14 Ling 1 3.4.0.0 1 3.3.0.0<br /> <br /> 15 Le 6 21.1.0.0 7 23.4.0.0<br /> <br /> 16 Ly 1 2.0.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 17 Nguyen 6 34.1.0.0 14 46.2.0.0<br /> <br /> 18 NhQ 1 3.2.0.0 0 0<br /> <br /> 19 Ndng 1 4.2.0.0 4 11.9.0.0<br /> <br /> Ph^m 3 8.0.0.0 4 19.0.0.0<br /> 20<br /> PhQng 1 3.3.0.0 0 0<br /> 21<br /> Tdng 0 0 1 2.6.0.0<br /> 22<br /> Trin 1 1.0.0.0 3 6.9.0.0<br /> 23<br /> 1 2.4.0.0 0 0<br /> 24 Vu<br /> [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]<br /> 38 Rghi&i curu Lich sd. atf 6.2009<br /> <br /> Bang 8: Tinh h i n h sd hQu cda cac n h o m ho Idn phiidng N i Ld<br /> <br /> Gia Long 4 (1805) Minh Menh 21 (1840)<br /> TT Hp<br /> So'chu Dien tich So' chu Dien tich<br /> 1 BQi 0 0 5 41.8.0.0<br /> 2 Danh 5 20.1.0.0 0 0<br /> 3 Dd 4 14.8.10.0 2 3.5.0.0<br /> 4 Dam 4 15.7.0.0 9 59.6.13.0<br /> 5 Hoing 4 8.4.0.0 3 18.6.10.0<br /> 6 Le 6 21.1.0.0 7 23.4.0.0<br /> 7 Nguyen 6 34.1.0.0 14 46.2.0.0<br /> 8 Ndng 1 4.2.0.0 4 11.9.0.0<br /> 9 Pham 3 8.0.0.0 4 19.0.0.0<br /> [Ngudn: Dia bg phudng Nd Ui, Gia Long 4 vd Minh Menh 21]<br /> Tuy nhien, chi vdi thdng tin trong dia ba cung ten hp, khdng phai phu canh cd the<br /> thi chUa du de k h i n g dinh nhQng ngUdi coi l i mdt hp. De dam bao tinh khach quan<br /> mang hp gid'ng nhau la cung chung huyet cua tu lipu khi phan tich ve ddng hp, chung<br /> thd'ng. Tren thtic te, cd nhieu ngUdi cung hp tdi xep nhQng ngUdi chinh canh, cd cung<br /> nhUng khdng he biet nhau, ke d khi liet ke ten hg vio mdt nhdm, gpi chuiTg l i nhdm hp<br /> den ten dem thQ hai. Bdi le, ten dem cua Nguyen, nhdm hp Pham, nhdm hp Dim,<br /> mdi hg du dUdc quy dinh rd r i n g nhUng nhdm hp Bui ... Qua dieu tra thiic tdtai khu<br /> khdng h i n dUdc thiic hipn nghiem tuc, con vUc phudng N i LQ, chi cd nhdm hp Nguyen<br /> chau ddi sau cd the li'y ten dem khac, v i v i hp D i m gdm cd hai hp, cdn lai l i mpt<br /> ten dem cua ddng hg khdng sd dung cho ddng hp. Do dd, chung tdi li'y sd rudng cua<br /> con gii. VI du trUdng hdp hp Nguyen: qua nhQng ngudi chinh canh de phan tich ve sd<br /> khao sat thiic te dia phUdng, d phudng Na hQu theo ddng hp.<br /> LQ hdi thd ky XIX cd 2 hp Nguyen rieng<br /> Trong vdng 35 n i m , tinh hinh sd hQu<br /> biet l i Nguyen Khanh, Nguyin Trpng,<br /> rudng di't theo cac ddng hp cua N i LQ cd<br /> nhUng trong dia ba chi cd duy nhi't mdt<br /> nhieu bidn ddng, phan anh sii bien dpng<br /> chu sd hQu nam hp Nguyen Trgng, cdn lai<br /> cua xa hdi, the hien qua vipc so sanh quy<br /> l i Nguyen Vin, cac chu sd hQu nQ deu l i<br /> md sd hQu cua d c nhdm hp d ca hai thdi<br /> Nguyen Thi. Den dia ba Minh Mpnh 21<br /> (1840), khdng cd hg Nguyen dem Nguyen diem. Cu the nhU sau:<br /> Trpng hay Nguyen Khanh nQa m i chi cd Theo dia ba n i m 1805, N i LQ cd t i t ca<br /> Nguyen Vin, Nguyen Duy... Dieu dd chQng 26 nhdm hp nhUng trong dd cd 20 nhdm hp<br /> td ten dem cua ddng hp la khdng dn dinh, tnic tiep sinh sdng d phUdng N i LQ (chinh<br /> khdng the cin cd vio dd de xae dinh ddng canh) vdi 45 chu chidm 47,87% tdng sdchii<br /> hp. Tuy nhien, d day chung tdi chi xet trong va 47,14% tdng rudng di't. Sdchd cung nhU<br /> mpt phudng (xa) nen cd ban nhQng ngUdi sd lUdng rudng di't cua chu chinh canh it<br /> Tinh hinh ruOng dat d Ra LCr... 39<br /> <br /> hdn so vdi chd phu canh. Den n i m 1840, thUa thdt, d i t dai rdng nen rudng dat do cac<br /> tuy phudng N i LQ chi cdn 17 nhdm hp gia dinh khai hoang da trd thanh tU hQu.<br /> chinh canh, nhUng chiem 79,22% tdng sd Qua trinh tU hQu d N i LQ cdn do day la ndi cd<br /> chd v i 77,1% sd rudng, cao hdn nhidu so vdi giao thdng thuin tien, thUdng nghiep phat<br /> phu canh. NhU viy, chi trong vdng 35 nim, trien. Tuy nhien, rudng di't N i LQ nda diu<br /> dan sd eua N i LQ t i n g nhanh v i bien ddng the ky XDC mang tinh chi't manh mun, dan<br /> ve ddng hp cung tUdng ddi Idn. Cd 8 ddng trai, mdc dp sd hQu cua cac chu khdng Idn.<br /> hp vdn sinh sd'ng d N i LQ thdi Gia Long da Thdng qua dia ba Gia Long 4 (1805) v i<br /> chuyen di vio thdi Minh Menh, trong dd cd Minh Mpnh 21 (1840), chung ta thi'y chu<br /> nhQng ddng hp Idn nhU hp Danh; ddng thdi phu canh suy giam rd ret ve ca sd lUdng<br /> cd 3 hp chuyen den l i hp Bui, Bd, NhQ. Su chu v i rudng di't sd hQu. Dieu dd chQng td<br /> bidn ddng manh me i'y the hien rd nhi't cQ dan N i LQ d i d i n dn dinh vi gin chit<br /> qua cac ddng hp cd thd liic d N i LQ. vdi ddng rudng.<br /> Ndu nhu thdi Gia Long, nhdm hg Qua dia ba Na LQ cho thi'y, cd d u td<br /> Nguyen, Le, Danh l i 3 nhdm n i m trong tay chQc ling ban d i dn dinh. D i n cQ sdng t i p<br /> nhieu rudng di't, cd the lUc vd kinh te thi 35 trung tren mdt khu di't dUdc quy dinh cu<br /> n i m sau, quyen liic kinh td i'y thudc ve the, tao thanh ling ban. Lang ban khdng<br /> nhdm hp Dim, Nguyen v i Bui. Dieu dang chi cd mpt hp m i cd nhieu hp cung sinh<br /> ehu y d day l i ddng hp Danh vao n i m 1805 sdng. Quy md sd hQu rudng di't ciia cac<br /> cd tdi 5 chd, sd hQu 20 m l u 1 sio thi den nhdm hg d N i LQ khdng Idn. So sanh giQa<br /> n i m 1840 khdng cdn mdt chu sd hQu nio d hai thdi diem (Gia Long 4 v i Minh Mpnh<br /> N i LQ. Trong khi dd, ddng hp Bui mdi 21), mQc do sd hQu rudng da't cua cac<br /> chuyen den sau thdi diem n i m 1805 lai nhdm hg cd sii bidn dgng rd rpt. Mgt sd<br /> nhanh chdng t i p trung rudng di't trong tay, nhdm hg cd sd hQu Idn thdi Gia Long den<br /> sd hQu tdi 41 m i u 8 sio vao nim 1840. Minh Mpnh lai mi't vai trd kinh te, ngUdc<br /> Cung vdi dd l i sU Idn manh nhanh chdng ve lai nhieu nhdm hp lai vUdn len n i m nhieu<br /> tiem liic kinh te cua nhdm hp Dim, hp rudng di't trong tay. Die bipt, cd ddng hp<br /> Hoing v i hp Pham. Idn sinh sd'ng d Na LQ thdi Gia Long<br /> Nhu vay, rudng di't N i LQ vao nda diu nhUng de'n thdi diem Minh Menh lai<br /> the ky XIX h l u hdt l i tU hQu, chiem hdn khdng cdn nhU hp Danh, cd nhQng ddng hp<br /> 99%. Qui trinh tU hQu hda d N i LQ cd le dien mdi den sau thdi diem 1805 nhUng lai<br /> ra td cudi thd ky XVI, khi n h i Mac dly manh n i m trong tay nhieu rudng da't nhU hp<br /> chinh sich khai hoang v i phat trien ndn kinh Bui. Do dd, d N i LQ khdng cd hien tUdng<br /> te hing hda. Rudng di't tu hQu d mien nui mdt ddng hp Idn cd the lUc ve kinh te liu<br /> phat trien nay sinh tren hai cd sd chu ydu, ddi chi phdi sti phat trien cua dia phUdng<br /> mpt m i t l i tU hQu hda tren cd sd rudng di't trong thdi gian dai. Dieu dd phan anh sii<br /> mang danh nghla rudng cdng cua ban mudng xio trdn ve dan cU v i mQc dp bien ddng xa<br /> trUdc dd; mdt m i t l i do d mien nui, din cU hdi cua N i LQ.<br /> 40 Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009<br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1), Nguyen Trdi todn tap, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa (8). Dia bg xd Manh Tuyin, Gia Long 4,<br /> hoi, H& Noi, 1976, tr. 240. KH:DB. 254, TTLTQG 1.<br /> (2). Theo chiing toi, phudng Nk Lii bfit diu c6 (9). Dia bg xa Gia Bang. Gia Long 4, KH:<br /> tit khi n h i Mac len Cao Biing, chon N i Lii lim DB.172; Dia bg xd Gia Bdng, Minh Menh 21, KH:<br /> kinh do. PhUdng \k mpt ddn vi h i n h chinh c&'p cd DB. 173, TTLTQG 1.<br /> sd cua do thi, tUdng dUdng v6i xa h ving nong (10). Dia bg xd Phuc Co, Gia Long 4, KH:<br /> thon, c6 chiic n&ng to chiic vi quan ly cU dfin do thj DB.200, TTLTQG 1.<br /> theo dia vUc. Nhi Mac da ap dicing mo hinh to chflc (11). Dia bg xd Cd Scm, Minh Minh 21, KH:<br /> kinh do d Thing Long de to chtic kinh do Ni Lvl DB.165, TTLTQG 1.<br /> khi xay dung chi'nh quyfe'n cat cii cl Cao Bing. Sau (12). Ngo Diic Thp, Nguyin Vin Nguyen, Philip<br /> khi nhi Mac bi danh bai hoin toin (nim 1677), Papin: Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t i p 1, Nxb. Th^<br /> trieu (finh Le - Trinh, tiep do li cac vua diu trieu gidi, H i Npi, 2003, tr. 665.<br /> Nguyin vSn giiJ nguyen ddn vi phUdng dii cho Ni (13). Dim Thi Uyen: Huyen Quang Hda (tinh<br /> Lii khong con li kinh thinh. Trong thdi ky niy, Cao Bdng) tii khi thdnh Idp de'n givCa theky XIX,<br /> Ni Lii da tiing bu6c nong th8n h6a, yeu to "thj" Luin an Tien si Lich sii, trUcIng D^i hpc Sii ph^m<br /> din bien mi't, phucing b day du^c coi li ci'p xa H i Npi, MS: 5.03.25, 2000, tr. 57.<br /> trong to chiic hinh chinh ciia dia phUdng vi de'n (14). Nong Quoc Huy: Huy?n Ngdn Sdn, tinh<br /> ddi Dong Khanh thi doi thinh xa Ni Lfl. Xem Bac Kgn the ky XIX, Luin vin Thac si Lich sii,<br /> them: Mong To Trin, Cao Bang thu hien li?t trudng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyfin, MS:<br /> phuong danh, lUu trii tai Bao ting Cao B^ng, 60.22.54, 2008, tr. 26.<br /> tr.ll8; Vifn Nghien ciiu Han Nom. Ten Idng xd (15). Phan Huy Le, Nguyin Diic Nghinh, Vu<br /> Viet Nam ddu the ky XIX (cdc tinh tii Nghe An trd Minh Giang, Vii Vin Quin, Phan PhUdng Thao:<br /> ra), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, H i Npi, 1981, tr. 93; Dia bg Thdi Binh, Nxb. Th6' gidi, H i NOi, 1997, tr.<br /> Ngo Diic Tho-Nguyen Vin Nguyen- Philip Papin. 30.<br /> Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, t^p 1, Nxb. The gidi, Hi Npi,<br /> (16). Phan Huy Le, Vu Minh Giang, Vii Vfin<br /> 2003, tr. 659.<br /> Quan, Phan PhUdng Thao: Dia bg Hd Ddng, Nxb.<br /> (3). Bia Den Vua Le, Ling Den, xi Hoing Khoa hpc xa hpi. H i Npi, 1995, tr. 26.<br /> Tung, huyfn Hoa An, tinh Cao B^ng lip nim (17). Trir Ni Lii, cic x i con l^i diu thupc huy$n<br /> 1813. Quang Hoa, tinh Cao Bing. Tic gia chpn nhQng x5<br /> (4). Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Gia Long 4, KH c6 tong rupng di't thi^c tUdng dUdng vdi Ni Lfl cl ca<br /> DB.130; Dia bg phudng Nd LU, Minh Menh 21, hai thdi diim. S^ li^u tren duijc li'y til: Dim Thj<br /> KH: DB. 131, TTLTQG 1. Uyen, sdd, tr. 58, 59, 69.<br /> (5). Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Gia Long 4, KH: (18). Dim Thi Uyen, sdd, tr. 57, 70.<br /> DB180; Dia bg xd Hd Dam, Minh Menh 21, KH: (19). Phan PhUdng Thao: Chinh sach qudn diin<br /> DB. 181, TTLTQG 1. . nam 1839 d Binh Dinh qua tU li^u dia bg, Nxb.<br /> (6). Dia bg xd Kim Giap, Gia Long 4, KH: DB. Thg'Gidi, Hi Npi, 2004, tr. 55.<br /> 141; Dia bg xa Kim Giap, Minh Menh 21, KH: 142, (20). Phan PhUdng Thao, sdd, tr. 55.<br /> TTLTQG 1. (21). Dim Thj Uyen, sdd, tr. 60.<br /> (7). Dia bg xd Xudn An, Gia Long 4, KH: DB. (22). Phan Phudng Thao, sdd, tr. 58.<br /> 329; Dia bg xd Xudn An, Minh Menh 21, KH: DB. (23). Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyin: Dgi Nam<br /> 330, TTLTQG 1. thuc luc, t i p II, Nxb. Giio due, Hi N^i, tr. 754.<br />