Tổ chức hợp tác xã miền Nam Việt Nam trong vùng chính quyền Sài Gòn 1954-1975

^<br /> TO CHirC HOP TAC XA MIEN NAM VIET NAM<br /> TRONG VUNC CHINH OUYEN SAI CON 1954-1975<br /> <br /> DINH QUANG H A I *<br /> L£ DINH TRONG"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> T h a n g 7 n a m 1954 Hiep dinh<br /> Gidnevd diidc ky ket, theo cac dieu<br /> khoan cua Hiep dinh quy dinh Viet Nam<br /> da cd ban cha'm dift vai trd cua cac HTX do<br /> thiic dan P h a p t h a n h lap trong nen kinh te<br /> mien Nam Viet Nam triidc dd.<br /> tam thdi chia c i t t h a n h hai mien Nam Bic, Vdi am m y u co' tinh chia cat mien Nam<br /> la'y •vi tuyen 17 iam gidi tuyen quan sii tam Viet Nam t h a n h qud'c gia rieng dydi quyen<br /> thdi de chd ddi cugc Td'ng tuyen cii dii dinh tho'ng tri ciia gia dinh, Ngo Dinh Diem da<br /> tien h a n h vao n a m 1956, trong dd mien khydc tif mgi de nghi hiep thydng tdng<br /> Nam Viet N a m dat diidi quyen kiem soat tuyen cif cua Chinh phii Hd Chf Minh.<br /> cua P h a p va chfnh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem. Difdc sii vien trd ddi dao cua Hoa Ky, Ngo<br /> Ngay 31-12-1954, Ngan h a n g Ddng Dyong Dinh Diem mudn phuc hiing nen kinh te<br /> cha'm dift hdat dgng p h a t h a n h ddng bac mien Nam Viet Nam difdi n h a n mac "Qud'c<br /> Dong Dyong tai Viet Nam va ban giad lai gia Viet Nam Cgng hda" rieng. Trong cac<br /> cac cd sd cho Chfnh p h u Hd Chf Minh va chfnh sach, bien phap va hinh thifc to chife<br /> Chfnh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem. Ngay 1 phat trien kinh te dya ra, chfnh quyen Ngo<br /> t h a n g 1 nam 1955, chfnh quyen Ngo Dinh Dinh Diem ludn tuyen bo' ciic lyc "da thyc,<br /> Diem t h a n h lap Ngan h a n g Qud'c gia Viet bai phong", nhifng trong thiic te v i n "ke<br /> Nam rieng tai Sai Gdn. tuc" va p h a t trien mo hinh td chife HTX cdn<br /> Ngay 30 t h a n g 9 n a m 1955, Ngd Dinh de lai cua thiic dan Phap. De cung cd' va<br /> Diem ra lenh dinh chi liiu h a n h ddng bac phat trien td chife HTX, chfnh quyen Ngo<br /> Dong Dydng va td chife in tien rieng. Sii Dinh Diem da ban h a n h mgt so' van kien cd<br /> kien thay the ddng bac Ddng Diidng b i n g tfnh cha't "phap ly" quy dinh ve td chife<br /> ddng tien rieng cd the coi la mgt ddn "chf HTX bao gdm: Du sd24 ngdy 27 thdng 8<br /> tif" cua chi'nh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem giang ndm 1954 dn dinh quy che tdng qudt ve<br /> vao cac Hdp tac xa (HTX) tfn dung ciia cac HTX; Sde lenh sd^ 41 ve thdnh lap Phu<br /> dia chu N a m Ky t h a n P h a p . Tif day ve sau Tong uy HTX vd Nong tin; Sac lenh sd 58-<br /> <br /> <br /> ' TS. Vien Sif hgc<br /> " ThS. Dai hgc Ddng Thap<br /> 12 Rghien curu Lich sii. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> TTP ngdy 11-3-59 tu chinh quy che HTX; lenh ndi tren diidc chfnh quyen Sai Gdn khi<br /> Nghi dinh sd 12TU-ND ngdy 16-5-59 dn a'y nhan dinh ring: "Chinh sdch HTX dd<br /> dinh the thdc thdnh lap chdp thudn, cong biidc qua giai doan mdi" (3).<br /> bo' HTX vd de nap vdn kien; Thong tii so'<br /> Ve sii to chife quan ly cua chfnh quyen<br /> 7TU-TT thi hdnh nghi dinh sd 12TU-ND<br /> sai Gdn dd'i vdi cac HTX giai doan tif nam<br /> ngdy 16-5-59" (1).<br /> 1954 den nam 1959 ndi chung ra't "Ign<br /> Ke tif sau khi Ngd Dinh Diem bi lat dd, xgn", hinh dang cua HTX nhii the nao la<br /> tif nam 1963 den nam 1974, cac chfnh do sii "nhao nan" cua cac Bg chu quan<br /> quyen Sai Gdn ke tiep nhau deu khdng ban cua HTX dd; sau khi Sic lenh so'41 dygc<br /> hanh them ba't cif mgt quy dinh nao ve td ban hanh thi trat tii cd ve dydc "vdn hoi".<br /> chife hoat dgng cua cac HTX. Nhii vay, cd Theo dd Phu Tong uy HTX va Nong tfn<br /> the coi nhiing van ban neu tren la nhiing dygc thanh lap dat triic tiep thugc Phu<br /> van ban phap dinh^ quan trgng nha't va Tdng tho'ng, dieu dd ft nhieu ndi len sy<br /> xuyen sudt qua trinh tdn tai tren 20 nam "ky vgng" cua Ngd Dinh Diem vao td chife<br /> cua td chife HTX d mien Nam Viet Nam. HTX trong viec phuc hiing nen kinh te<br /> Viet Nam Cgng hoa. Tuy nhien, da'u mo'c<br /> Theo Sic lenh 58-TTP ngay 13 thang 3<br /> nam 1959 ciing khien cho ngiidi ta cd mgt<br /> nam 1959 neu dinh nghia: "HTX Id mgt hgi<br /> sy lien tydng nao dd den sii "ky vgng" ciia<br /> thugc mgt biet loai cd tii cdch phdp nhdn, td<br /> hdp tren cdn bdn nhdn vi, tu do vd binh dng Diem vao td chife HTX va Nong tfn<br /> ddng, nhiing ngiidi co nhu cdu chung de trydc dien tien phong trao da'u tranh<br /> eung hogt dgng vd bdo ve quyen Idi kinh te ngay cang tang cua nhiing ngydi nong<br /> bdng mgt doanh nghiep"{2). dan Nam Bg dang biidc vao thdi k^ tien<br /> Ddng Khdi.<br /> Trong khoang tit 3 den 5 nam dlu<br /> (1954-1956), do nhiing quy dinh cua Du so' Ve cd ca'u cua Phu Tong uy HTX va<br /> 24 qua riidm ra va phifc tap, nen cac HTX Nong tfn diidc td chife nhii sau: Cdc Nha,<br /> tuj^ theo chuyen mdn ma diidc dat diidi sii Sd d trung lidng; Cdc cd quan dia phiidng<br /> quan ly cua cac Bg tiidng ifng. Kieu quan (trong do CO cdc Ty Hdp tdc xd vd Nong tin<br /> ly mgt each phan tan, "chia nam xe bay" Tinh vd Lien tinh; Cdc Khu Thanh tra Hdp<br /> tdc xd vd Nong tin Lien tinh; Cdc cd quan<br /> nay d i n den tinh trang "manh ai na'y<br /> ngogi thugc (trong do co Qude gia Nong tin<br /> iam", Bg nao quan tam thi HTX dygc chii<br /> cugc); Trung tdm nghien cihi vd huan luyen<br /> y hdn, Bg nao nhieu ngan sach thi vdn<br /> Hdp tdc xd) (4).<br /> hoat dgng cua cac HTX triic thugc nhieu<br /> hdn. Do dd, Ngd Dinh Diem da phai "ma't Nhd diidc d l u tii "manh tay" cua chi'nh<br /> dift" mgt "nhiem ky" ma phong trao HTX quyen Sai Gdn bang ngudn vien trd My<br /> vin chya cd sii chuyen bien dang ke. ddi dao da giiip cho phong trao HTX tai<br /> Trydc tinh hinh dd, ngay 27 thang 2 nam mien Nam Viet Nam trong nhiing nam tif<br /> 1959, Ngd Dinh Diem ky Sic lenh sd 41- 1954-1960 cd sii phat trien ro ret (xem<br /> TTP ve viec thanh lap Phu Tong uy HTX bang 1).<br /> va Nong tfn de thd'ng nha't quan ly cac Cac so' lieu tho'ng ke trong bang 1 cho<br /> HTX ve mgt md'i, ddng thdi de tdng hdp tha'y viec mcl rgng phat trien td chife HTX<br /> dygc ngudn vo'n yem trd. Viec ban hanh Sic cua chfnh quyen Diem cd sii ke thifa cac<br /> Td chuc figp tac xa mien Ram... 13<br /> <br /> <br /> B a n g 1: So H?rp t a c x a d m i e n N a m tii nfim 1954-1960<br /> <br /> Nam Lua Nong Lam Chan Ngii Tieu Tieu Nganh Tdng<br /> gao nghiep san nuoi nghiep Cong thu khac so<br /> nghe<br /> 1954 2 10 1 . - 15 1 . 29<br /> 1955 18 15 3 . 8 30 2 . 76<br /> 1956 2 27 1 4 29 38 5 . 106<br /> 1957 4 18 1 . 20 15 1 . 59<br /> 1958 14 14 . . 23 9 3 2 85<br /> 1959 - 17 . . . . - - 17<br /> 1960 - 3 . - . 6 - - 9<br /> Tdng 40 104 6 4 80 113 12 2 361<br /> <br /> NguSn: Phu Tdng iiy HTXva Ndng tin (VNCH), Phong trao Hop tdc xd tgi Viet Nam (den 30-6-1960), S, 1960, tr. 13<br /> <br /> Bang 2: So HTX va xa vien d mien Nam Viet Nam tii nfim 1961-1963<br /> NamXLoai S o HTX So xa vien<br /> HTX ' 1961 1962 1963 1961 1962 1963<br /> Liia gao 41 42 42 37.768 38.205 38.951<br /> Nong lam mue 95 96 99 33.304 32.607 33.857<br /> Ngii n g h i e p 73 76 78 16.872 17.696 18.549<br /> Cong n g h i e p 63 65 66 8.160 8.664 8.836<br /> Tieu T h u 7 7 7 17.321 17.143 17.240<br /> Tfn d u n g tiet 6 6 21 743 758 165<br /> kiem<br /> K i e n o'c 3 165<br /> Tieu thiidng 1 118<br /> Tdng 285 292 317 113.471 115.770 122.386<br /> Tong ed p h a n 47.060.43$ 50.211.690$ 56.678.848$<br /> Ngudn: Phu Tdng uy HTXva Ndng tin, Phong trdo Hap tdc xd tgi Viet Nam tCl ndm 1961 den ndm 1963, S.1963.<br /> HTX dygc thanh lap tif 1954 trd ve trydc 1/2 sd thdi gian triidc dd, sd HTX diidc<br /> dydi thdi Phap thugc. Tfnh chung tif nam thanh lap mdi chi cd 53 HTX, tfnh ra ty le<br /> 1954 den 1960 sd lygng HTX tai mien Nam tang chi dat khoang gin 60% so vdi td'e do<br /> tang ga'p gin 12 lln, trung binh mdi nam tang trung binh mdi nam trddc dd, trong dd<br /> tang gin ga'p 2 lln, trong dd chiem ty le ldn dang ke la sii tang len cua loai hinh HTX<br /> nha't la kho'i cac HTX thugc lien nganh Tfn dung va Tiet kiem tap trung b khu vyc<br /> nong - ngif - tieu cong nghe. Tuy nhien, do thi. Trong khoang thdi gian tif nam<br /> trong nhiing nam cuo'i cua che do Ngd Dinh 1964-1968, sdHTX mdi thanh lap da tang<br /> Diem (1961 - 1963), sii phat trien cua td them 224 HTX, trung binh la 44,8<br /> chife HTX tai mien Nam da chiing lai. Theo HTX/nam, mgt ty le tham chf cdn cao hdn<br /> thd'ng ke tdng hgp tif cac ngudn bao cao ciia ca thdi ky "dinh cad' cua HTX diidi thdi<br /> Phil Tdng uy HTX va Nong tfn cac nam nay Ngd Dinh Diem, tap trung chu yeu b loai<br /> cho tha'y ro dieu dd (xem bang 2). hinh HTX Tieu thu, Kien dc (xay ddng),<br /> Tfnh chung trong 3 nam cuo'i (1961- trong khi dd cac loai hinh HTX khac, nha't<br /> 1963) ciia che do Ngo Dinh Diem, bing gin la trong khoi nganh ndng ngliiep truyen tho'ng.<br /> 14 Rghien curu Lich sir. s6 4.201Q<br /> <br /> tang ra't ft. Trong nhiing nam tif 1968 - Trong giai doan 1954-1960, sd cac HTX,<br /> 1971 sd HTX tang d i n len qua tifng nam nha't la HTX nong nghiep, tang manh b& vi<br /> the hien qua bang 3. thdi kf nky cdn tiidng dd'i "yen binh" ddi vdi<br /> <br /> B a n g 3 : S o H T X v a X a v i e n d m i e n N a m V i e t N a m tii n S m 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 7 1<br /> <br /> So HTX So' x a v i e n<br /> 1968 1969 1970 1971 1968 1969 1970 1971<br /> <br /> Liia gao 42 42 42 42 40.345 40.345 40.345 40.345<br /> Nong nglii^p 95 101 105 109 35.601 35.085 35.455 36.624<br /> Lam nghidp 5 5 5 5 605 605 605 605<br /> Cfiftn nuoi 14 17 24 30 2.333 2.454 2.889 5.275<br /> NpJ nghi§p 80 81 82 83 19.281 19.381 19.458 19.568<br /> CoriK ky nghf 82 85 92 97 9.942 10.023 10.197 9.912<br /> Tieu thu 100 106 108 115 45.199 46.907 47.721 50.361<br /> Tift ki#m-Tfn dung 54 60 70 76 9.608 9.906 11.257 14.422<br /> Kifo oc 74 75 80 90 7.838 8.004 8.610 9.778<br /> Tieu thUdng 12 12 12 12 1.410 1.410 1.410 1.315<br /> Di|n nong thon 3 3 4 5 12.428 12.428 12.440 12.569<br /> Tdng 661 587 624 664 184.590 186.548 190.387 200.774<br /> NguSn: Phu Tdng uy HTXvd Ndng tin. Phong trao H(ip tdc xd tai Vift Nam tit ndm 1968 den ndm 1971, S.1971.<br /> <br /> Bang 4: So cd phan/ loai HTX/ tit nfim 1968-1971<br /> Nganh 1968 1969 1970 1971<br /> Liia gao 13.641.790 13.641.790 13.641.790 13.691.790<br /> Nong nghiep 14.297.877 14.640.977 15.957.377 29.150.177<br /> Lam nghiep 234.623 234.623 234.623 234.623<br /> ChSn nuoi 1.659.400 1.752.200 4.403.900 8.251.603<br /> Ngii n g h i e p 6.275.800 6.285.800 8.565.800 9.186.420<br /> Cong k y n g h # 13.060.045 13.963.245 15.768.045 15.621.336<br /> Tfeu t h u 12.353.050 13.241.350 14.871.350 17.534.526<br /> Tin dung-T.kiem 8.471.879 8.800.679 9.351.979 11.144.028<br /> Kien oc 5.562.856 5.728.075 7.673.075 9.370.450<br /> T i e u thUdng 41.520.856 41.520.850 41.520.856 36.720.856<br /> Dfen n o n g t h o n 1.228.550 1.228.550 1.308.500 2.214.400<br /> Tdng 118.286.726 121.038.550 133.305.496 153.070.209<br /> <br /> Ngudn: Bdo cdo ciia Nha HTX 1968-1969-1970-1971 (5).<br /> Giai doan tif 1969-1974 sd liidng HTX che do Diem, it nha't cho den het nam 1958,<br /> tang them 189 HTX, ty le tiidng dydng giai ddng thdi ciing do Ngo Dinh Di§^ chii<br /> doan 1954-1960, sd HTX thugc nganh triidng khoi phuc kinh te mien NaiA trifdc<br /> nong-lam-ngii-muc tang 86 HTX, sd HTX het bing phuc hiing san xua't nong nghiep.<br /> phi nong nghiep tang 103 HTX. So'cd p h l n Tuy nhien tif nam 1959 trcl di tinh hinh<br /> gdp vao cac loai hinh HTX ciing cd sii thay chfnh tri mien Nam cd sii chuyen bien,<br /> doi qua tifng nam diidc the hien trong bang phong trao each mang midn Nam da quydt<br /> 4. dinh dygc diidng 161 da'u tranh tho'ng nha't<br /> Gin tinh hinh phat trien neu tren cua da't niidc, tao nen phong trao "Ddng khdi"<br /> HTX vao khung canh lich sif cua mien Nam r i m rg, rgng k h i p nong thon mien Nam<br /> Viet Nam liic dd, chiing ta riit ra mgt sd khien cho pham •vi hoat dgng cua cac HTX<br /> nhan x6t: b nong thon bi thu hep, do dd chi xua't hien<br /> Td churc l}gp tac xa mien Ram. 15<br /> <br /> them mgt sd HTX Tfn dung va Tiet kiem nay ciing cd nhiing sii kien ldn tac dgng.<br /> tai cac khu viic do thi trong thdi kj^ nay. Sau cugc Tdng tien cdng va ndi day Tet<br /> Trong mgt bao cao cua chfnh quyen Sai Mau Than 1968, chi'nh quyen Sai Gdn ddn<br /> Gdn nam 1959 phai thii nhan ring: "co 99 tdng liic vao •viec binh dinh nong thon va<br /> HTX diidc de nghi gidi tdn sau cugc kiem thiic hien luat "Ngiidi cay cd rugng" tii nam<br /> tra tgi cho" (6)! Tif sau nam 1959 trd di, 1970; ddng thdi tren linh viic cong nghiep<br /> nam nao ciing cd cac HTX bi diia vao dien ciing cd sii khdi dgng vdi sii ra ddi cua cac<br /> giai the. khu cong nghiep. Nam 1973, Hiep dinh<br /> Paris ky ket, Mi riit quan, vien trd giam<br /> Giai doan tii sau ddo chinh lat dd Ngo<br /> din; khiing hoang dlu md cung nhiing tac<br /> Dinh Diem den cugc Tong tien cong vd ndi<br /> dgng 16n ve quan sii iam cho nen kinh te<br /> day Tet Mau Thdn 1968 cua qudn vd ddn<br /> mien Nam lam vao khung hoang khong the<br /> ta tren todn mien Nam danh da'u nhieu sii<br /> cifu van; sii phat trien ngay cang ap dao<br /> thay ddi trong ddi sd'ng kinh te, chfnh tri,<br /> cua liic llidng each mang tren mat tran<br /> xa hgi tai mien Nam: quan Mi triic tiep<br /> quan sii tien tdi thd'ng nha't dit nydc la mgt<br /> tham chien cl Viet Nam; liic liigng each<br /> "ket cue nhin tha'y trydc" cua chfnh quyen<br /> mang n i m quyen chu dgng b khu viic nong<br /> sai Gdn. Trong bo'i canh dd, HTX cl mien<br /> thdn; nen kinh te mien Nam Viet Nam<br /> Nam cung cd sy phat trien tiidng ifng bieu<br /> ngay cang hi dao ldn, suy sup, phu thugc<br /> hien so' HTX mdi thanh lap cd ty le tha'p<br /> nang ne vao vien trd nutdc ngoai. Dieu nay<br /> hdn giai ddan triidc dd; sii dlu ty cifu van<br /> the hien chfnh trong sii phat trien cua cac<br /> nen nong nghiep hdng binh dinh nong<br /> HTX: so' HTX trong cac nganh nong-lam-<br /> thon, sii khdi dgng cua nganh cdng nghiep,<br /> ngy-muc tang h l u nhii khong dang ke,<br /> sii sut giam cua linh •viic dich •vu dygc bieu<br /> song lai cd sii phat trien vygt bac cua sd'<br /> hien b ty le HTX ndng nghiep va phi ndng<br /> lygng cac HTX trong cac nganh tieu thu,<br /> nghiep dddc thanh lap trdng giai doan nay<br /> kien oc, tieu thiidng. Bcli vi thiic te liic dd<br /> tang len, song thieu sii can dd'i. Thiic cha't<br /> nganh kinh te dich vu cua mien Nam ra't<br /> cua td chife HTX b mien Nam Viet Nam<br /> phat trien do sii tang len ciia khoi lygng<br /> trong giai doan chfnh quyen Nguyen Van<br /> hang hoa vien trd nhap cang, tao nen sii<br /> Thieu cd le nen de chfnh nhiing ngUdi<br /> "phdn vinh gia tao" tai cac dd thi. Nhu elu<br /> "dydng thdi" tai Sai Gdn nhan xdt, dd la:<br /> xay dyng cac cong sd, cac cong trinh quan<br /> "trong so' 322 cdi diidc thdnh lap, dd co tdi<br /> sii, nha cl tang len ra't nhanh. Cac HTX<br /> 191 cdi ngiing hogt dgng" (7). Nhifng dd<br /> kien o'c nhd dd ciing cd cd hgi tang len<br /> mdi chi la ndi rieng ve tinh canh cua cac<br /> khong ngifng; thi triidng mien Nam ciing<br /> HTX trong nganh ndng-lam-ngif-muc cdn<br /> danh da'u mgt giai doan khung hoang vdi<br /> neu tfnh chung den nam 1974, theo tho'ng<br /> .sii ba't liic trong vai trd quan ly, dieu tiet<br /> ke sd bg cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn thi tren<br /> cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn, nha't la ve thi<br /> danh nghia cdn 750 HTX cac loai, trong dd<br /> triidng liia gao, do dd sii liu tien phat trien<br /> chi cdn 364 HTX difdc danh gia la cdn hoat<br /> cac HTX tieu thu, tieu thydhg ciing la nim<br /> dgng (131 HTX ndng nghiep va 233 HTX<br /> trong y dd giiip gianh va giii quyen kiem<br /> phi nong nghiep), mgt con so' khong hdn la<br /> soat thi triidng.<br /> ma'y so vdi thdi diem ket thiic nen "De nha't<br /> cgng hoa"! Tifc la cd den 386 HTX (chiem<br /> Giai doan tii ndm 1969-1975, sd HTX<br /> 51,5%) khong cdn hoat dgng niia! Dieu dd<br /> theo tho'ng ke vln tang len. Nhiing nam<br /> 16 Rghien curu Lich stSr. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Bang 5: Tinh hinh vay vo'n qua td chife hdp tac xa til nam 1957-1963<br /> Nam Sd^ vo'n v a y q u a Ty le % t r o n g t d n g Sd^ x a v i e n So HTX<br /> HTX v a y ca n a m v a y q u a HTX diidc vay<br /> 1957 53.387.304,47 26 - 29<br /> 1958 89.349.197,20 14 - 80<br /> 1959 170.905.135,06 20 - 139<br /> 1960 276.688.338,34 30 - 170<br /> 1961 72.571.717,65 20 9.754 103<br /> 1962 66.695.100,00 12 12.848 -<br /> 1963 64.612.166,43 13 - -<br /> Nguon: Tdng hop td cdc Bdo cdo hogt dpng cdc nam td 1959-1963 cua Phd Tdng uy HTXva Nong tin<br /> <br /> cho phep chiing ta ket luan rang: trong giai phuc vu san xua't va tieu thu, mai dich san<br /> doan 1964-1975 td chife HTX tai mien Nam pham.<br /> Viet Nam h l u nhif khong cd sii phat trien<br /> Ve nghiep •vu tin dung cua cac HTX:<br /> niia! Con sd 386 HTX (51,5%) khdng cdn<br /> Trydc tien cln tim hieu ve ngudn vdn hoat<br /> boat dgng, cho tha'y mgt tinh trang "hdu<br /> dgng chu yeu cua cac HTX. Qua cac bao cao<br /> danh v6 thiic", tdn tai "thoi thdp" va sii sup<br /> cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn cho tha'y: 'Vo'n hoat<br /> dd, tan ra hang loat dang dien ra trong he<br /> dgng ciia HTX h l u het la cua Qud'c gia Nong<br /> thd'ng td chife HTX cl mien Nam thdi dd.<br /> tfn cugc" (8). Ddn cif trifdng hdp cua 21 HTX<br /> Viec xem x6t ve cd ca'u td chife cua cac nganh Tiet kiem tfn dung cl mien Nam Viet<br /> HTX tren day la cln thiet nhyng chda du Nam cho den ngay 31-12-1963, trong tdng sd<br /> neu khdng di sau xem xdt ve cha't lygng cac 14.477.688$ da cho vay thi chi cd 5.127.599$<br /> HTX tai mien Nam giai doan 1954 - 1975. Vi la tien cua hgi vien, cdn lai 9.350.089$ la<br /> vay cln di sau nghien cifu ve mgt so' hoat tien vay tif Qud'c gia Ndng tfn cugc. Nhy vay,<br /> dgng mang tfnh cha't "nghiep •vu" cua cac tif thdi Phap thugc qua thdi Ngo Dinh Diem,<br /> HTX. O day, cac tieu chf de phan chia ve nguyen tic "nguyen thuy" cua HTX la "ty<br /> "hoat dgng nghiep vu" cua cac HTX difdc gdp vo'n" vin khong sao thiic hien dygc. Do<br /> diia vao va nghien ciiu theo cac mang hoat dd khi ngudn vo'n tfn dung cua HTX do Quoc<br /> dgng nghiep •vu cua cac HTX mien Nam ma gia Nong tfn cugc chi pho'i ve cd ban thi co<br /> chfnh quyen Sai Gdn cii vin thddng theo dd nghia la nha nifdc se gianh quyen chi pho'i<br /> de tdng hdp so' lieu. Tuy nhien sii phan ve td chife, hoat dgng cua HTX, tham chf la<br /> chia, tdng hdp, danh gia cua chfnh quyen bit phai "trdng cay gi, nuoi con gi"! Tfnh "ty<br /> Viet Nam Cgng hda ve cac mang hoat dgng nguyen, tii chii, tii quan" cua HTX se bi bop<br /> nghiep vu cua cac HTX khong cd sii dn dinh mdo. Ve tinh hinh vay vo'n qua td chife HTX<br /> thd'ng nha't, ma thydng thay ddi khac nhau ta cd the la'y •vf du ve giai doan "dinh cao"<br /> giiia cac nam, cac thdi ky khien cho viec cua HTX- nhif sau (tfnh quy tdng gia tri bing<br /> nghien cifu kha khd khan. Vi vay cd the tim tien mat, •vi thdi kf Ngo Dinh Diem cdn co<br /> hieu ve HTX qua mgt so' mang hoat dgng cho vay ca bing hien vat nhit dung cu san<br /> nghiep vu nhif: tfn dung, dich vu tiep lieu xua't: trau bd, may mdc -TG) (xem bang 5).<br /> Td chuc fjffp tac xa mien Ram.. 17<br /> <br /> Qua bang tdng hdp t r e n cho chiing ta HTX cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn phai thu<br /> tha'y nhieu va'n de ve cha't lifgng, vai trd hep pham vi hoat dgng, hay chf ft la co ve<br /> thiic te cua td chife HTX trong hoat dgng khu viic do thi nhieu hdn... ciing la dieu de<br /> tin dung p h a t trien kinh te tai mien Nam hieu. N h y n g nguyen n h a n chfnh la do sii<br /> dydi thdi Ngd Dinh Diem ndi rieng va cho yeu k^m tif trong ngi tai cua td chife HTX<br /> ca giai doan cua nhiing ngifdi thay the ma chfnh P h u Tdng uy va Nong tfn, cd<br /> Diem sau dd ndi chung. Sii tap hdp tren quan chii quan cua cac HTX, ciing phai<br /> day cdn chda d l y du song ciing khong he thifa nhan, dd la:<br /> phien dien khi dung de riit ra mgt so' danh<br /> Mgt Id, do md hinh HTX la mo hinh cua<br /> gia sau day:<br /> cac nifdc tien tien (md hinh HTX kieu Mi -<br /> Neu n a m 1960 dddc coi la n a m "dinh TG) chi phii hgp vdi trinh do n h a n thiic cua<br /> cao" cua phong trao HTX b mien Nam ndi n h a n dan cac niidc dd, do dd khi ap dung<br /> chung, hoat dgng cua HTX nganh tin dung vao Viet Nam phai coi trgng cdng tac tuyen<br /> ndi rieng vdi con so' 170 HTX dugc vay tien truyen giao due n a n g cao n h a n thifc q u I n<br /> cua Qud'c gia Ndng tfn cugc cd the ket luan chiing, song ngay tif d l u cdng tac nay da<br /> con so' HTX cd the vay dddc tien cua ehinh khong lam tot, t h a m chf iam va'n de nay te<br /> quyen Sai Gdn qua cac nam chya khi nao hai them.<br /> dat tdi 50%, vdi so'tien vay dUdc ciing ehifa<br /> Hai Id, t h a n h p h l n Ban quan tri dang le<br /> khi nad vygt qua 30% tdng sd vo'n cho vay<br /> phai la nhiing ngifdi "hdnh nghi' song do<br /> nam a'y. Neu tfnh ty le p h l n t r a m so' xa<br /> nhiing ngydi h a n h nghe cd trinh do h a n<br /> vien dygc vay vo'n tif HTX so vdi tdng so'<br /> che, nen phai giao chife quan tri vao tay cac<br /> ngifdi dygc vay trdng n a m thi ciing chi la<br /> "than hao, n h a n si" cl dia phddng ( p h l n<br /> mgt ty le qua nhd bd! Tai sao n h y vay? Neu<br /> ddng la dia chii - TG), hg la nhiing ngydi<br /> ndi chfnh quyen nay thieu vo'n cho cac HTX<br /> "khdng t h a t sii h a n h nghe nen khong .the<br /> thyc hien tfn dung thi khdng diing vi h l u<br /> nao thong cam hoan canh cua xa vien<br /> n h y nam nao cac HTX ciing vay ft hdn so<br /> ngheo va khong thiet t h a vdi boat dgng cua<br /> vdi dii tru ciia Qud'c gia Ndng tin cugc trong<br /> Hdp tac xa", nen hg thydng "khoan t r i n g<br /> phan bd ngan sach. Neu do cho "Viet cgng<br /> cdng •viec cho quan ly".<br /> pha hoai" ciing khdng thuyet phuc hoan<br /> toan, •vi tif 1954-1959 chi cd chfnh quyen Ba la, "cac quan ly khdng dygc liia chgn<br /> phat xit Ngd Dinh Diem "pha hoai Viet ky cang, nen iam viec khdng cd ket qua".<br /> cgng", "to' cgng diet cgng", cdn nhflng ngiidi Do dd h a u qua la cac HTX tfn dung lam vao<br /> each m a n g thi do chu triidng da'u t r a n h hda tinh canh "cho vay da khd, ddi nd cdn khd<br /> binh nen chi toan "dieu" va "lang". Ngay ca hdn"; Tif dd Quoc gia Ndng tfn cugc khong<br /> chfnh quyen Sai Gdn ciing thifa n h a n r i n g : dam xua't tien, cac HTX ciing nhieu khi<br /> "dnh hudng den tinh trgng ndy, van de an khdng dam vay.<br /> ninh tgi dia phiidng chi la mgt nguyen<br /> Tuy nhien sii giai thfch cua chfnh quyen<br /> nhdn nho" (9).<br /> s a i Gdn n h u the v l n chya thoa dang. X6t<br /> Ta't nhien ciing phai thifa n h a n la t^ den cung, so vdi tdng n h u e l u vay vo'n thi<br /> nam 1959 trd di, khi liic liidng each mang con so' HTX, so' xa •vien, so' vo'n dygc vay cua<br /> thay ddi dddng Id'i da'u t r a n h , ngay cang Qud'c gia Ndng tfn cugc qua nhd bd, vay<br /> iam chu k h u viic ndng thdn, thi viec cac mgt so' ldn cdn lai hg iam the nao? Dyong<br /> IS Rghien cijru Ljeh siSr. s6 4.2010<br /> <br /> nhien so' dong la tii liic, hoac vay cua hg de sdn xudt vd tien de trd nd' (10). Vi vay<br /> hang lang xdm. Mgt p h l n rat ddng cdn lai khi cac a'p chien lifdc dd be thi diidng nhien<br /> thi cha'p nhan vay cua cac thydng lai, ma se k6o theo sii tha't bai trong hoat dgng cua<br /> chu yeu la til san Hoa kieu, cac chu chanh cac HTX tfn dung "phuc vu chfnh tri" nay!<br /> liia, chii hieu tap hoa... dii lai cd cao hdn,<br /> Nghiep •vu 16n thif hai cln nghien cifu de<br /> song thu tuc ddn gian, each thifc linh dgng<br /> danh gia thiic cha't vai trd, cha't llidng cua<br /> hdn! Bdi vi thu tuc cho vay cua chfnh<br /> td chife HTX b mien Nam giai doan 1954-<br /> quyen, cua HTX nhieu khi qua nhieu khe,<br /> 1975 la nghiep vu tie'p lieu sdn xudt. Day la<br /> so' tien vay da ft lai cdn b i t de lai ft n h i t<br /> mgt mang nghiep •vu vdi ra't nhieu cac loai<br /> 5% de gay quy tiet kiem; chifa ke mud'n vay<br /> hoat dgng nhif: cung cdp gidng. phdn bdn,<br /> vo'n cua HTX cdn phai qua bao nhieu budi<br /> thud'c trii sdu, cdc nguyen vdt lieu cho cdc<br /> rao giang rac rd'i, trong dd cdn phai nghe<br /> ve chfnh sach "to' cgng diet cgng" ma ngifdi ngdnh sdn xuat. td chdc dich vu mdy cay.<br /> nong dan lai ching mud'n quan tam them tudi tieu niidc, van chuyen, xay xdt tham<br /> phien phifc. Ngoai ra ciing phai ndi cho chf tiep lieu ca cac nhu yeu phim phuc vu<br /> cdng bing ring, ciing nhieu khi do nhflng ddi song hang ngay nhif: gao, mudi, ddu<br /> ngiidi vay vo'n iam an thua Id, do thien tai hoa.<br /> dich benh ma't mua nen cham tra nd khien Ve viec tie'p lieu cac vat lieu san xua't<br /> cac HTX ciing gap khd khan vdi Qud'c gia nhy phan bdn, thud'c trif sau, trai vdi hy<br /> Nong tfn cugc. Nhifng nguyen nhan quan vgng la cung ca'p hang hoa gia re, thi do<br /> trgng nha't v i n thugc ve sii td chife ngi tai yeu kdm ve nang liic, trong dd cd ca nang<br /> va sii dieu hanh yeu kdm cua Ban quan tri liic nhap cang, khong canh tranh ndi vdi<br /> cac HTX va lien ddi mgt p h l n do sii can dii, cac thifdng gia va cac cong ty nhap cang tif<br /> sii lgi dung HTX cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn khu viic sai Gdn, tham chf phai mua lai<br /> cac ca'p qua sii chi pho'i cua ddng vdn vao hang cua hg de tiep lieu cho nong dan, cho<br /> nhiing muc dfch phi kinh te, thalm chf nang nen "nghiep vu ndy khong dem lgi kei qud<br /> ve tuyen truyen chfnh tri. Cd the tha'y ra't mong mud'n vi gid phdn nhiidng cho xd vien<br /> ro dieu dd qua •viec trgng hai nam 1962- cao hdn gid ngodi thi triidng' (11). Hay nhy<br /> 1963, cac hoat dgng tfn dung cua Phu Tdng trong •viec nhap cang ngo Mi phuc •vu chan<br /> uy HTX va Nong tfn chu yeu phuc vu cho nuoi ciing ve nen mgt bifc tranh "hai hydc"<br /> •viec thanh lap cac a'p chien lifdc, ndng dan ve tinh trang cua cac HTX: nhiing HTX<br /> vao a'p chien lygc dydc yu tien vay tien iam an nghiem tiic thi khong nhap dydc<br /> ngay de san xua't. Nhyng each ma chi'nh ngo, cac HTX "ma" lai nhap diidc ngo de<br /> quyen Sai Gdn xay diing cac a'p chien lifdc diu cd tfch trii, tao nen tinh trang khan<br /> lai trd thanh "con dao hai lydi" bao hai cac hiem hang de nang gia; tinh hinh cang<br /> HTX tfn dung. Phu Tong uy HTX va Nong thing den mifc Bg Kinh te phai trieu tap<br /> tfn phai thii nhan ring: "Ndm 1963 la mgt hgp lien Bg va quye't dinh: "Bg kinh te xin<br /> ndm CO rdt nhieu bien cd chinh tri vd qudn xdc nhdn Id cdc to chdc khdng vi chdp nhdn<br /> sii, do dd dd thu hut phdn ldn liic liidng them dodn vien md budc Bg kinh te phdi<br /> nong thon. ldm cho hogt dgng cua Ngdnh chia them bdp" (12). Cac xa vien mdi vao<br /> phdi bi thiet thdi Up ve... Cong tdc dp chien cac HTX chan nuoi phai tii tim kiem<br /> liidc dgng vien sii gop nhdn. vdt, tdi lUc cua nguyen lieu de phat trien san xuit difng c6<br /> nong ddn ldm nong ddn khong cdn thi gid hy vgng cd h i p Mi! Qua dd cang cho tha'y<br /> Td churc l?grp tac xa mien Ram. 19<br /> <br /> sii phu thugc nang ne vao vien trd Mi, ma cifu chfnh quyen Sai Gdn "cho mdy bay de<br /> trifdng hdp "hai hifdc" b day la phu thugc thiic hien nghiep vu chd rau" (16)! Mgt vf<br /> vao sd iKdng h i p Mi nhap cang nhieu hay du niia ve tinh canh cua cac HTX mien<br /> ft. Hoac tinh canh cua cac HTX xay xat liia, Nam la cac HTX tra, ma chu yeu b Lam<br /> mgt khau ra't quan trgng trong nen san Ddng. Dydi thdi Ngo Dinh Digm da cd mgt<br /> xua't liia gao cl mien Nam thi lai lam vao sii Uu ai dac bi$t khi b i t quan dgi Viet<br /> canh khong the canh tranh vdi cac Hoa Nam Cgng hda bao tieu sit dung san pham<br /> kieu vo'n cd truyen tho'ng lau ddi trong tra cua cac HTX nay, nen cac HTX tra vin<br /> nghe nay, cho nen "nghiep vu nhd mdy xay "sd'ng dygc"; nhifng tif sau khi quan dgi<br /> Ida cua cdc Hdp tdc xd Ida gao bi dinh tre, Viet Nam Cgng hda lam dao chi'nh lat dd<br /> cdc Hdp tdc xd bi Id... vi tiet gidm qud che do Diem, cac HTX* tra ciing ngay lap<br /> nhieu" (13). tiic rdi vao tinh canh nguy ngap khi quan<br /> Dd'i vdi nghiep vu san xuit va mai dich dgi Viet Nam Cgng hda che chit lydng tra<br /> san phlm: kho'i cac HTX san xua't va mai bdm cua cac HTX qua k6m khong dung<br /> dich mgt so' nong san va san phlm tieu niia; cac HTX tra Lam Ddng lien tuc trong<br /> cong nghe cd ban, tinh canh ciing khong cac nam 1964-1965 cd ddn khIn cifu den<br /> kha gi hdn. La'y •vi du, liia gao la mgt nong cac Bg va Thu tifdng chfnh phu Sai Gdn.<br /> san nhieu va quan trgng nha't mien Nam ca Trong ban kien nghi ngay 22-3-1964 cd viet<br /> b khfa canh san xua't va trd thanh hang nhii sau: "ngdnh trd het sde e dm, gid trd<br /> hoa tren thi trydng, nhifng ngay ca trong tut xudng qud te mgt, ddi sdng nhdn ddn<br /> nhiing nam mien Nam cdn xua't khlu gao rdt cd kho. thdm chi cd nhieu gia dinh phdi<br /> thi cac HTX thiic sii khong the chen chan cam bdn vdt dung trong nhd de tam sinh<br /> dygc vao thi triidng nay bdi sy canh tranh sd'ng. hoac dd phdi rdi bo vUdn tiidc di tim<br /> ciia cac thydng nhan Hoa kieu; ngay tif ke sinh nhai ndi khdc" (17). Doi vdi cac<br /> nam 1961, "do nhiing khd khan dd gap mdy HTX tieu cong nghe thi tinh canh ciing<br /> ndm triidc. Lien hiep HTX ndng nghiep khong sang sua hdn la miy. Trong mgt nen<br /> todn qud'c khdng nhdn mua Ida cho qudn kinh te ma chu "dn nhieu hdn ldm", "tieu<br /> nhu trong ndm 1961. nen Lien hiep vd cdc thu nhieu hdn sdn xudt", hien tydng nhap<br /> Hdp tdc xd Ida ggo mdt mgt so'Idi tdc ddng sieu la ta't yeu, do dd din den tinh trang<br /> kt (14). Cac HTX san xuit va xua't cang bdp nghet cac nganh, cac td chife san xua't<br /> rau chu yeu b Da Lat thi "vi ky thuat sdn trong nUdc. La'y vi du trifdng hdp Lien hiep<br /> xudt thdp kem, gid vdn sdn xudt cao so vdi HTX dydng mia Quang Ngai va tinh canh<br /> gid rau d ngogi qude, nen ndm viia rdi. mdc nhiing nong dan vung "Trung nguyen<br /> xudt cdng bi sut" (15); Ngay den •viec van Trung phln", tha'y ring: "phdn ddng ndng<br /> chuyen cung ifng rau cho thi trydng ldn ddn mien Trung sd'ng vi nghi trong mia,<br /> nha't la dd thanh Sai Gdn ciing la mgt va'n nhiing khi ndu ra diidng thi khdng tieu thu<br /> de nan giai, quye't dinh sii song cdn cua cac diidc vi diidng ngogi qud'c tii Sdi Gdn chd ra<br /> HTX nganh nay; dac bigt vao nhiing nam qud nhiiu... nen so' diidng i2 dgng khdng<br /> ma chien sii gia tang, •viec van chuyen rau biet xii dung vdo ddu hdu lay tiin trang<br /> theo each thong thydng ve Sai Gdn khong trdi nd Ndng tin" (18)! Nan nhan cua tinh<br /> the thiic hien diidc niia, HTX Da Lat va canh bi hai cua nen kinh te "thiia dUdng<br /> clifnh quyen tinh Tuyen Difc da phai elu thieu ggo" nky khong ai khac ngoai cac<br /> 20 Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2Q1Q<br /> <br /> nong dan xa vien cua cac HTX dUdng mien cac HTX vao ddi so'ng kinh te - xa hgi mien<br /> Trung. Nam Viet Nam giai doan 1954-1975 cdn rit<br /> han che. Sii yeu dt cua cac HTX trong vi$c<br /> Thay cho Idi ket ve vai trd va chit lydng<br /> thiic sii cua td chife HTX b mien Nam Viet the hien vai trd, sii ddng gdp, tieng ndi cua<br /> Nam thdi k^ 1954-1975, chiing tdi xin din minh trong cd ca'u kinh te mien Nam Viet<br /> ra day mgt vai con sd^ xep loai, danh gia cua Nam triidc het la do nhiing han che ngi tai<br /> chfnh ban than chfnh quyen Sai Gdn ve cac cua td chitc nay; sau dd la sife 6p cua mgt<br /> HTX dUdc tdng hdp qua bao cao hoat dgng nen kinh te khong lanh manh, phu thugc<br /> mgt so' nam cua cd quan phu trach td chife vien trd va hang hoa nhap cang, dich vu<br /> HTX cua chfnh quyen nay: Nam 1959, phat trien cao hdn ca cong - nong nghiep<br /> trong sd 353 HTX chi cd 257 HTX hoat cgng lai; sii khdc liet cua mgt thi trydng ndi<br /> dgng; Nam 1960, trong so'371 HTX cd 123 ma trydc he't cd vai trd "liing doan" ciia cac<br /> HTX hi xep vao dien de nghi xem x6t cho thifdng nhan tii do, nha't la so' cac thydng<br /> giai tan, 50 HTX hoat dgng kha (hang A), nhan Hoa kieu; chfnh quyen Sai Gdn mgt<br /> 178 HTX (65%) hoat dgng thua Id (hang B) mat ciing tao dieu kien cho cac td chitc<br /> va 45 HTX (17%) h l u nhU khong cd hoat HTX nay phat trien, tham chf hy vgng no<br /> dgng (hang C); Nam 1961 trong 285 HTX gdp p h l n "bao trum" ddi sd'ng kinh te -xa<br /> mdi cd 54 HTX lap xong ngi quy, 7 HTX bi hgi mien Nam, song do nhieu nguyen nhan<br /> giai the, xep hang A cd 61 HTX (21%), hang khac nhau ma cud'i cung cac chfnh quyen<br /> B cd 155 HTX (53%), hang C cd 69 HTX sai Gdn d cac thdi k;^ khac nhau deu di den<br /> (26%); Nam 1962 trong sd 292 HTX, hang "trai vdi mong mud'n" la da kim ham sii<br /> A cd 71 HTX, hang B cd 140 HTX, hang C phat trien cua cac HTX. Dydi thdi Ngo<br /> cd 50 HTX va hang D cd 35 HTX. Den nam Dinh Diem di tit cho ndi la ton trgng sii "ty<br /> 1974 trong sd750 HTX cd 386 HTX (51,5%) nguyen, tii quan, tii chii" cua cac HTX tdi<br /> khong hoat dgng. chd xie't chat quan ly, kiem tra kiem soat<br /> Nhin chung, ben canh nhiing mat yeu git gao cac hoat dgng cua HTX, dung site<br /> kdm cua td chife HTX mien Nam thdi ky manh chi pho'i cua ddng vo'n de lai cac HTX<br /> 1954-1975, ciing cd nhiing HTX da dii ft du phuc vu chu yeu cho muc tieu chfnh tri<br /> nhieu, ngin hay dai, da cd nhiing ddng gdp "chd'ng cgng", lam lech lac hoat dgng cua<br /> tfch ciic trong hoat dgng san xua't phat cac HTX. Giai doan tif sau 1963 trd di,<br /> trien kinh te, dac biet la gdp mgt phln cai chfnh quyen Sai Gdn ngay cang liin sau<br /> thien ddi sd'ng ngiidi dan. Dien hinh nhy vao cac be bo'i chfnh tri d trung Udng, dao<br /> HTX tra Cao Nguyen da gdp phln dn dinh chfnh lien mien, bi quay cudng trong cugc<br /> ddi sd'ng so' ddng bao di cU tit Bic vao Nam tien cong lien tie'p, toan dien tren khip cac<br /> nam 1954 va len 'lap nghiep tai "Cao mat tran, cac linh vUc cua quan va dan ta<br /> nguyen Trung phln", hoac mgt sd HTX tiep tren toan mien Nam, nen chi'nh quyen Sai<br /> heu, mai dich, ngU nghiep da cd nhflng Gdn gin nhU "buong troi" td chitc cac HTX,<br /> ddng gdp trong viec phat trien san xua't cua h l u nhu khong cd them mgt chfnh sach nao<br /> mgt bg phan nong dan trong nhiing khoang mdi de dinh hUdng va tao dieu kien "nang<br /> thdi gian n h i t dinh. Song x^t thyc te cd ciu d3" cho cac HTX phat trien. Chi'nh ca hai<br /> td chitc, tinh hinh hoat dgng nhii tren thi thai cUc tren (xie't chat va buong long<br /> nhiing cai dUdc va sii ddng gdp cua td chitc khong quan tam) deu tac dgng ra't nhieu<br /> Td churc I}(?p tac xa mien Ram. 21<br /> <br /> den sii phat trien khong lanh manh, khong mat tran kinh te, sU t h i t bai diing nhU Idi<br /> dn dinh, "sdng dd chet dd" cua cac HTX d phat bieu thifa nhan cua mgt quan chUc<br /> mien Nam. Sii tha't bai cua chfnh quyen ca'p cao cua chfnh quyen Sai Gdn: hg da sup<br /> sai Gdn thdi k^ 1954 - 1975 trong viec td dd, da tha't bai ve kinh te trUdc khi bi sup<br /> chitc xay diing phat trien cac HTX la mgt dd, hi danh bai vao ngay 30 thang 4 nam<br /> bieu hien tieu bieu cho tha't bai cua ho tren 1975.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Hk Vinh Tiidng. Vai trd cda Hop tdc xd (8). Phii Tong iiy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> trong cdng cuoc phdt trien xd hoi tgi Viet Nam, hoat dpng ndm 1960, tr. 32.<br /> Luftn vSn tot nghidp Ban Doc sii kh6a XVII (1969-<br /> (9). Phu Tong uy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> 1972). Hoc vi^n quoc gia h^nh chanh Sii Gon, Sii<br /> hogt dpng ndm 1960, tr. 31.<br /> Gon, 1972, tr. 4.<br /> (10). Phu Tdng iiy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> (2). Hk Vinh TUclng. Vai trd Hop tdc xd. sdd.<br /> hoat dpng ndm 1963, tr. 47.<br /> tr. 20-21.<br /> (11). Phu Tdng uy HTX v i Nong tin, Bdo cdo<br /> (3). Phii Tong iiy HTX vk Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> hogt dpng ndm 1960, tr. 28<br /> hogt dpng ndm 1959, tr. 12.<br /> (12). Bien bdn phien hpp ngdy 15-10-1973 hoi<br /> (4). Phii Tong uy HTX vk Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> 15 gid tgi Bp kinh te ve viec phdn phdi bap vd gid<br /> hoat dpng ndm 1959, tr. 1.<br /> bdp nhap cdng, T i i li$u TTLTQG II, Ho ed sd<br /> (5). D i n theo Hk Vinh TUdng. Vai trd ciia Hop 28210, tcJ 106.<br /> tdc xd trong cdng cupc phdt trien xd hoi tgi Viet<br /> (13). Phii Tdng uy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> Nam, tidd, tr. 49; Vu Thi Thuy. Hop tdc xd Tin<br /> hoat ddng nam 1961, tr. 19.<br /> dung vd Tiet kiem tgi Viet Nam, Lu4n v&n tot<br /> nghidp Ban Doc sy khoa XVII (1969-1972) Hoc (14). Phii Tdng uy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> •vd$n Quoc gia H i n h chi'nh S i i Gon, Sii Gon, 1972, hoat ddng ndm 1961, tr. 19.<br /> tr. 50. (15). Phii Tdng uy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo<br /> (6). Phu Tong iiy HTX v i Nong tin. Bdo cdo hogt ddng ndm 1961, tr. 20.<br /> hogt dpng nam 1960, tr. 20. (16). T i i li?u TTLTQG II, Phong phii Thii<br /> t a 6 n g , H 6 s d s d 22213.<br /> (7). Bdo cdo cua Nha to chdc ndng ddn vd HTX<br /> (dSn theo: Hoing V i n Binh. Chinh sdch ndng ddn (17). T i i li^u TTLTQG II, Phong phii Thu<br /> tgi Viet Nam cdng hod. L u i n v i n tot nghidp Ban tU6ng, Ho sd 80 22212, tcl sd24.<br /> Doc sy khoa XIX (1971-1974) Hoc vi^n Quoc gia (18) T i i li?u TTLTQG II, Phong phu Thu<br /> H i n h chinh S i i Gon, S i i Gon, 1974, tr. 53). tu6ng, Hd sd sd 21991, td sd56.<br />