Tổng hợp phụ gia tăng chỉ số Cetan của dầu Diesel từ hợp chất thiên nhiên

Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TONG HOP PHU GIA TANG CHI SO CETAN CUA D A U DIESEL<br /> TlT HOP CHAT TlT NHIEN<br /> <br /> Ho Son Lam, Tru-ong Thanh Ngoc, Huynh Thanh Cong, H6 Son Long<br /> Vien Khoa hgc vat lieu irng dung; 01 - Mac DTnh Chi, Ql, TP Hd Chi Minh<br /> Email: sonlamho05@gmail.com<br /> Tom tat:<br /> Chi sd CETAN ddng vai trd quan trong trong chdt lugng nhien lieu diesel. Chi<br /> sd cetan cao ddng nghia vdi hdm lugng NOx trong khi thdi gidm, vi vay, tdng<br /> hgp chdt phu gia ldm tdng chi sd cetan ddng thdi ldm gidm NOx. Trin thi trudng<br /> hien cd mot sd phu gia hiiu ca dugc sic dung nhu 2-ethylhexyl nitrates,<br /> Polyisolbutylene polymer hay mot sd chdt khdc, tuy nhien bdn thdn cdc phu gia<br /> ndy khi bi nhiet phdn lgi tgo ra cdc chdt ddc hgi Sie dung cdc phu gia tie hgp chdt<br /> tu nhiin cd trong thdnh phdn ddu beo, khdng chi ldm tdng chi sd cetan md vai trd<br /> cua chung tuang tu nhu mdt phdn biodiesel thim vdo, ldm gidm ndng do cdc chdt<br /> ddc hgi trong khi thdi<br /> Abstract:<br /> Cetan number have important role in quality of diesel fuel oils. High cetan<br /> number is synonym with concentration NOx '« exhaust gas emission decrease.<br /> Therefore syntheses additive to increase cetan number at the same time decrease<br /> NOx. In the market, some additives are using such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrates,<br /> Polyisolbutylene polymer..., but this additives to be creating toxic compounds in<br /> exhaust gas emission while process burnt of fuels. Using additive from natural<br /> compounds not only increase cetan number, but also decrease toxic compounds in<br /> exhaust gas emission like use biodiesel blended with petroleum diesel.<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. DAT V A N D E<br /> Theo Quyet dinh cua Chinh phu Viet nam ve viec phe duyet " D I an phat triln nhien lieu<br /> sinh hgc den nam 2015, tam nhin den nam 2025" [1], trong dd:<br /> - Muc tiiu tdng qudt: Phat trien nhien lieu sinh hgc, mdt dang nang lugng mdi, tai tao<br /> dugc de thay the mdt phan nhien lieu hda thach tmyIn thdng, gdp phin bao dam an<br /> ninh nang lugng va bao ve mdi trudng.<br /> - Muc tiiu cuthi cho titng giai dogn 2011 - 2015: Nghien cieu, ldm chu vd sdn xudt cdc<br /> vdt lieu, chdt phu gia phuc vu sdn xudt nhiin lieu sinh hoc, sao cho din nam 2015, san<br /> lugng ethanol va dau thuc vat dat 250 nghin tin (pha dugc 5 trieu tin E5, B5), dap iing<br /> 1%) nhu cau xang dau cua ca nude.<br /> Rd rang, viec nghien ciiu cac loai phu gia cho nhien lieu sinh hgc cd mdt tim quan trgng<br /> dac biet.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 394<br />  Hgi nghj Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> <br /> O nude ngoai, cac nghien ciiru ddi vdi cac chit phu gia (Additive) cho nhien lieu chu ylu<br /> dugc cdng bd d dang patent. 6 Viet nam, ph6ng thi nghiem Dpng co dit trong, Vien Co khi<br /> dong lire, DH Bach khoa Ha Ndi [2] da thir nghiem Phu gia Nano cho diesel diu md {Nano<br /> fue[ additive for diesel fuel) xuit xii tir Tap Doan Phuong Chinh, Dai hgc Bic Kinh, Trung<br /> Qudc (PKUBOYA). Cac cdng bd khac ma chiing toi cd, chu ylu la cho xang va md boi tron<br /> nhu [3, 3a, 3b].<br /> Viet Nam cd nhu cau sir dimg nhien lieu diu khi cao: Trong nam 2005 nhu ciu tieu thu<br /> nhien lieu DO trong tong tieu thy xang diu d Viet Nam la 47%). So vdi cac san phim khac thi<br /> nhien lieu DO dugc sir dung nhieu nhit, dilu dd ciing chung td tim quan trgng ciia nhien lieu<br /> DO ddi vdi cac nganh cdng nghiep Viet Nam.<br /> C) Viet Nam cd hai loai DO thudng dugc ban tren thi tmdng: DO cao cip 0.05%) S va DO<br /> thudng 0.25% S. DO 0,05% S cd chi so CETAN do Tmng tam tieu chuin & do ludng chit<br /> lugng (TTTC&DLCL) III xac dinh la 55,4.<br /> <br /> <br /> 2. P H A N THU'C NGHIEM<br /> Trong qua trinh nghien ciiu san xuat biodiesel tir dau thuc vat Viet nam va cac ty le phoi<br /> tron chiing vdi dau diesel [4,5], chiing tdi nhan thay cd su anh hudng true tilp ciia mdt sd hgp<br /> chat hiiu co chiia oxy (khdng phai la ester) len chi sd cetan cua hdn hgp. Tren co sd dd, chiing<br /> toi da tien hanh tach chiet mdt sd hgp chat nhu vay vdi phuong cham nguyen lieu re tiln nhit,<br /> cd sd lugng khdng ban che va cd ham lugng cac chat can thiit cao nhit. Cac hgp chit hiiu co<br /> nay dugc ggi la phu gia hiru co tu nhien cho dau diesel va biodiesel (Natural Organic<br /> Additives for Diesel and biodiesel fuels - va dugc ky hieu la STERNOAD). Thuc nghiem<br /> dugc tien hanh theo cac budc sau:<br /> - Nguyen lieu dugc tdng chiet bang etanol 85 trong thiet bi ddng. Sau khi thu dugc cao<br /> cdn, san pham nay dugc chia lam hai phan va cho qua cdt sac ky, chiia chit hip phu<br /> la oxit nhdm (cdt 1 & cdt 2):<br /> - C) cdt 1, dung mdi ban dau la cloroform. San pham ky hieu la SP.1.1<br /> - Tiep sau dd, cho dung mdi la cdn tuyet ddi.San pham ky hieu la SP.1.2<br /> - CJ cdt 2, dung mdi ban dau la cdn tuyet doi. San pham ky hieu la SP,2.1<br /> - Tiep theo cho dung mdi la Etyl-axetat, san pham ky hieu la SP.2.2<br /> - Cudi ciing cho dung mdi la Cloroform, san pham ky hieu la SP.2.3<br /> <br /> Trong cloroform Trong ete dau hoa<br /> <br /> <br /> CON TUYET DOI SP.2.1<br /> COT SP.1.1 COT<br /> CLOROFORM OXIT OXIT<br /> ETYL AXETAT SP.2.2<br /> NHOM NHOM<br /> I SP.1.2 II<br /> CON TUYET DOI CLOROFORM SP.2.3<br /> <br /> <br /> Hinh 1: So dd tdch sdn phdm<br /> <br /> <br /> 395<br /> Tieu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng hcgng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> - Cac san phim SP 1.1, SP 1.2, SP 2.1, SP 2.2 va SP 2.3 dugc cd dac trong thiet bi cd<br /> quay chan khdng de xac dinh trgng lugng tdng va phan tich GC/MS de xac dinh thanh<br /> phan va ty le cac chat trong hdn hgp.<br /> - Cac san phim thu dugc lin lugt cho vao 50ml diu DO (0,05%o S)vdi ty le tir 0 - 0,6%<br /> tuong ling vdi ham lugng tir 0 - 0,20g phu gia va tien hanh khao sat chi sd cetane cua<br /> dau DO mdi.<br /> - Xac dinh chi sd cetan theo 2 phucmg phap: Phuong phap xac dinh bang chi sd anilin<br /> trong phdng thi nghiem va doi chiing vdi ket qua do theo phuong phap ASTM D<br /> 4737-04 cua TTTCDLCL 3<br /> 3. KET QUA vA B A N LUAN<br /> 3.1 Chi so Cetan va mau ciia mau diesel co phu gia hCru co STERNOAD<br /> Bdng 3.1.1: Kit qud khdo sdt sdn phdm SP 1.1.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> •c<br /> cetane sp 1.1<br /> N<br /> 60<br /> t^c.<br /> 55^ r i . • ,<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> C) 0.05 0.1 0.15 ( (<br /> cr.<br /> <br /> )<br /> Mau 0 1 2 3 4 5<br /> mspi.i (g) 0 0,02 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2<br /> CN( Anilin) 55.3937 57.0774 59.0838 60.2439 61.2385 61.3824<br /> CN (ASTM) 55,4 57,5 59,2 61,2 61,2 61,5<br /> Trong trudng hgp nay, STERNOAD chiem 63%) ham lugng trong hon hgp phu gia.<br /> Bdng 3.1.2: Kit qud khdo sdt sdn phdm SP 1.2<br /> <br /> <br /> iSLjr.i.-a,*' ^<br /> c cetane sp 1.2<br /> 5U?, ,<br /> 5 6 ^ —•—cetane<br /> 55 t ' w sp1.2<br /> 0 0.1 0.2 (<br /> .. g<br /> <br /> Miu 0 1 2 3 4 5<br /> mspi.2(g) 0 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20<br /> CN(Anilin) 55.3937 56.3995 55.9072 55.9072 55.5719 55.407<br /> CN (ASTM) 55,4 56,5 56 56 55,8 55,5<br /> <br /> <br /> 396<br />  Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> Trong trudng hgp nay, STERNOAD khdng hien dien.<br /> Bdng 3.1.3: Kit qud khdo sdt sdn phdm SP 2.1<br /> <br /> cetane sp 2.1<br /> <br /> cetane sp<br /> 2.1<br /> 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2<br /> ig<br /> <br /> <br /> Mau 0 1 2 3 4 5<br /> <br /> insp2.i (g) 0 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20<br /> <br /> CN (Anilin) 55.3937 55.7418 56.0675 56.2835 57.4453 58.4194<br /> <br /> CN (ASTM) 55,4 55,8 56,2 56,4 57,5 58,6<br /> <br /> Trong trudng hgp nay, STERNOAD chiem 60% trong hdn hgp phu gia.<br /> <br /> <br /> Bdng 3.1.4: Kit qud khdo sdt sdn phdm SP 2.2<br /> <br /> cetane sp 2.2<br /> <br /> <br /> -cetane<br /> sp2.2<br /> 0.1 0.2<br /> <br /> g<br /> )<br /> <br /> Mau 0 1 2 3 4 5<br /> <br /> msp2.2 (g) 0 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20<br /> <br /> CN( Anilin) 55.3937 55.5647 55.7292 56.0586 56.2236 56.2307<br /> <br /> CN( ASTM) 55,4 55,6 55,8 56,2 56,4 56,4<br /> <br /> Trong trudng hgp nay, STERNOAD khdng hien dien.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 397<br /> Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng hcgng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7<br /> <br /> <br /> Bdng 3.1.5: Kit qud khdo sdt sdn phdm SP 2.3<br /> <br /> <br /> c cetane sp 2.3<br /> m .,jii#i«»mrtk,<br /> 56 ^4^^'^^ —•—cetane<br /> 55 r j — — ,<br /> sp2.3<br /> 0 0.1 0.2<br /> (<br /> g<br /> )<br /> <br /> Mau 0 1 2 3 4 5<br /> <br /> insp2.3 (g) 0 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20<br /> <br /> CN( Anilin) 55.3937 55,2886 56.2236 56.0586 56.5539 56.3926<br /> <br /> CN( ASTM) 55,4 55,3 56,4 56,2 56,8 56,4<br /> <br /> Trong trudng hgp nay STERNOAD khdng hien dien.<br /> 3.2 Nhan xet:<br /> Tir cac ket qua tren, cd the nit ra mdt sd nhan xet sau:<br /> - Khi sir dung san pham SP.1.1, lam phu gia, chi sd CETAN cua diu diesel thuong<br /> pham tang dang ke, tir 55 len 62 don vi, Nguong tdi da d miic 0,2gam/50ml. Mau ciia<br /> diesel vang dam. Ham lugng STERNOAD la 62%o.<br /> - SP. 1.2 tang chi sd cetan len 1 don vi, khi dung d lilu 0,02-0,1 g/50 ml. STERNOAD khong<br /> hien dien. SP.2.1 tang gan 3 don vi va cd the tang them. Ham lugng STERNOAD la 60%o.<br /> - Trong khi dd, SP2.2, chi sd CETAN chi tang 1 don vi. STERNOAD khdng hien dien.<br /> - SP.2.3 cho chi sd cetan tang 1 don vi. STERNOAD khdng hien dien.<br /> Nhu vay, kha nang sir dung lam phu gia tang chi so CETAN cua nhdm nguyen lieu tren la<br /> SP.1.1 vd SP.2.1. va ham lugng chinh la STERNOAD cd nguong tir 60%) trd len. Nhiing hgp<br /> chat khac trong phu gia nhu ester, cac hgp chat cd gdc benzen.. .chi giiip tang chi sd xetan len<br /> 1 don vi, tuong tu nhu khi pha them mdt lugng nhd biodiesel vao diesel nhu mdt sd cac cdng<br /> trinh khac da cdng bd [6-9]. Dieu nay chiing minh ring Biodiesel khdng giiip lam tang chi sl<br /> cetan ma ban than chiing cho chi sd xetan d nguong 56-58 la tdi da [4].<br /> 4. KET LUAN<br /> - Da nghien ciiu va chiit tach dugc cac hgp chit tgm goi la STERNOAD dung lam phu<br /> gia tang chi sd cetan ciia dau diesel tir ngudn nguyen lieu phi thai ndng nghiep sin cd<br /> vdi gia thap.<br /> - Da nghien ciiu phdi trdn phu gia tren vdi diesel dau md theo ty le tir 0,02-0,2 gam/50<br /> ml va nhan thiy chi nhirng mau cd chiia tir 60%) ham lugng STERNOAD cho chi sl<br /> cetan cua diesel dau md( loai thuong pham 0,05%) S) tang tir 3- 6 don vi.<br /> <br /> <br /> 398<br />  Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010<br /> <br /> Phu gia tan tdt trong diesel thuong pham, khdng cd sir tach ldp hay huyen phii. Mau<br /> sac ciia diesel chuyen tir trong sudt sang vang sang.<br /> <br /> <br /> LOfl C A M O N<br /> Chiing tdi xin cam on Hdi ddng khoa hgc nganh Khoa hoc vat lieu cua Vien Khoa hgc va<br /> Cong nghe Viet Nam da tai trg kinh phi de chiing toi thuc hien cdng trinh nay.<br /> <br /> <br /> TAI LIEU THAM KHAO<br /> 1. De dn phdt trien nhiin lieu sinh hoc cua Chinh phu.<br /> 2. Pham Thi Thuy Ha, Ludn dn tiin sy, Vien Hda hgc, Vien KH&CN VN (2008).<br /> 3. Pham Thi Lan Huong, "De tdi ddc lap cdp Viin KH&CN VN" (khdng cdng bd).<br /> 4. Hd Son Lam va cac tac gia khac, "Hodn thiin cdng nghi sdn xudt biodiesel tie ddu<br /> thuc vdt Viet nam qui md pilot lOOkg/ngdy", Bao cao tdng ket de tai cap Vien<br /> KH«&CN VN nam 2007-2008.<br /> 5. Hd Son Lam va cac tac gia khac, "Nghiin cieu sie dung ddu thuc vdt Viet nam ldm<br /> nhien lieu biodiesel", Bao cao ting kit dl tai cip Vien KH«&CNVN nam 2005-2006.<br /> 6. Le Anh Tuan, Nguyen The True, Vii Khac Thien, "Bdo cdo kit qud thu nghiem phu<br /> gia nhiin lieu nano cho nhien lieu diesel (nano fuel additive for diesel fuel) do tap<br /> ddan Phuang chinh, Dgi hoc Bdc kinh -Trung qudc (PKUBOYA) phdt triin ".<br /> I. Dunn R.O., Erban S.Z., Knothe G., Moser B.R., "Fuel Properties and Performance of<br /> Biodiesel, in Biocatalysis and Bioenergy", John Wiley & Sons, Company: New York,<br /> 2008, pp 3-58.<br /> 8. Moser B.R., "Infiuence of Blending Canola, Palm, Soybean, and Sunflower Oil<br /> Methyl Esters on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel", Energy & Fuel 22 (2008), pp 4301-<br /> 4306.<br /> 9. Moser B.R., Cermak S.R., Isbell T.A., "Evaluation of Castor and Lesquerella Oil<br /> Derivatives as Additives in Biodiesel and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels ", Energy &<br /> Fuels 22 (2008), pp 1349-1352.<br /> 10. Moser B.R., Erhan S.Z., "a-Hydroxy Ether Derivatives ofAlkyl Oleates: Tribological,<br /> Rheological, Oxidation, and Low Temperature Properties", Energy & Fuel 87 (2008),<br /> pp 2253-2257.<br /> II. http://www.rptc.hcmut.edu.vn/PhugiatangOctan.htm<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> 399<br />