Tù khổ sai Việt Nam lưu đày sang Guyane

TU KIIO SAI VIET IVAM<br /> LI/U DAY SANG GUYANE<br /> <br /> <br /> NGUYEN PHAN QUANG"<br /> (Sun tdm, gidi thiiu)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TU KHO SAI V I ? T NAM SANG Tuy nhidn, Bd Thu^c dja Phflp vfin tilp<br /> GUYANE CUOI THfe* KY XIX tpc thuc gipc thd'ng dde Nam Ky cfin adm<br /> Mudn nhfi't Ifi tfl gifla nflm 1883, Bd chuyin tfl kho sai sang Guyane, nhfit lfl<br /> Thudc dja Phfip cd quylt djnh chuyin m^t sau vu n l i lopn ciia tfl nhfin Bay Cpnh<br /> s i tfl nhfin d Cdn Dao (chii y l u Ifi tfl chfnh ngfiy 27-8-1883 (vi theo Bd Thu^c dja, td't<br /> tri, chju fln kho sai nhilu nfim hoflc chung nhfi't Ifi "td'ng c l lu bfi^t trj" nfiy sang<br /> thfln) sang Guyane (1) khai phfl rflng rfim Guyane thi ae hi't n l i loan b Cdn Dao). T h i<br /> lfim don diln vfi khai thfic khofing san. nhflng trong thfl d l ngfiy 15-2-1884, Thong<br /> Nhflng lflc nfiy thpc dSn Phfip 5 Nam Kf doc Nam Ky vfin vi§n ly do d l tri hoan:<br /> dang huy ddng tofln bd tfl nhfin Cdn Dao d l "Chung tdi chfla t h i chuyin tfl sang<br /> khfin trfldng xfly dflng ngpn hai dflng 5 Hdn Guyane trong khi cdng trinh hai dfing Bay<br /> Bay Canh (2) ndn chfla t h i dfip iing dflpc Canh cdn dang dd. Va chfijig, vi^c mang vfic<br /> yeu cfiu trdn ciia Bp Thu^c dja. cflc lopi v^t Ii$u xfly dflng (gS, dfi...) Idn tft<br /> dinh niii chi cd t h i sfl dpng tfl nhfin, khdng<br /> Mdt cdng vfln ciia Phii Thong dd'c Nam<br /> ai cd t h i thay thl^ ehflng. Thfim chf, ngofii<br /> Ky gfli v l Bd trfldng Bp Thupc dja Phfip (dl<br /> tfl k h i sai, ehung tdi dang phai sfl dung tfi't<br /> ngfly 7-7-1883): "Theo ydu cfiu eua Ngfii,<br /> ca cflc lopi tfl nhfin khflc. Vfly chflng tdi xin<br /> chiing tdi cfin phai ehuyin mdt si" tfl nhfin<br /> Ngfii b | trfldng cho phdp gia han chuyin tfl<br /> k h i sai sang Guyane cho kjp chuyin tfiu<br /> k h i sai sang Guyane vflo cu6i nfim nay, hy<br /> thflng 7 nfiy. Nhflng hi§n nay vi^c xay d i ^ g<br /> vpng lflc dd cdng trtnh hai dfing Bay Canh<br /> ngpn hai dflng d Bay Cpnh phai su( dpng tfl<br /> ed t h i ed ban hofin thfinh".<br /> 150 d i n 200 tfl nhfln mfi vfin chfla du. M$t<br /> khflc, vi$c xfly hai dflng nfly khdng t h i aii Ngfly 2-7-1884, Phii Thd'ng dSc Nam Kf<br /> dung nhfln cdng t p do. Dfl cd tra tiln cdng lpi ed thfl g i i Bd trfldng Thude dja Phflp:<br /> rfi't cao cung khdng ai dfim d i n lfim vi0c b 'Thdi gian qua, ngfli Tofin quyln Guyane<br /> giiia mdt hdn dao chd vd, thilu t h i n du mpi lien tpc giii thfl cho tdi ydu cfiu chuyin gfi'p<br /> diln kidn sinh hoat; vfly ndn chi cd t h i sfl tfl k h i sai sang Cayenne (3) [thu phii<br /> dpng tfl nhfln". Guyane]. Rfi't tile la mfi'y nflm qua b Nam<br /> <br /> <br /> 'PGS. TS. Trfldng Dai hpc Sfl phpm Tp. H i Chf Minh<br /> iu luiu atu vier uom...<br /> <br /> Ky xay ra nhilu vp djeh bdnh, mfit khfic<br /> hfiu h i t tfl nhfln b Cdn Dao d l u stt dpng<br /> vfio viec xay hai dfing Bay Canh. T h i<br /> nhflng hidn nay thi djeh b$nh da h i t , cdng<br /> trinh hai dflng Bay Canh eung sfip hofln<br /> thfinh. Vide chuyen tfl k h i sai sang Guyane<br /> phai hofln lai nhilu lfin thi nay dfl cd t h i<br /> thflc hien".<br /> <br /> Nhflng trflde khi chufin bj chuyin tfl<br /> Cdn Dao sang Guyane, ThcTng die Nam Ky<br /> ydu cfiu Bd Thudc dia cho bilt rd them mfl'y<br /> 1. Tfl nfim 1885, moi nflm chi cd mdt<br /> chi tilt:<br /> chuyin tflu thiiy di Guyane vfl Antilles.<br /> 1. V i ^ chuyin tfl sang Guyane dflpc quy Nhfl vfly, tfl kho sai An Nam can diipc<br /> djnh nhfl t h i nflo? Theo cdng vfin ngfly 25- chuyin sang Phflp vflo thflng dfiu mdi nfim,<br /> 4-1882 thi mli nflm nhfl nfldc chi cd mdt nghia lfl vflo thdi dilm ft xay ra dich bpnh b<br /> chile tfiu thiiy chuydn tfl k h i sai di Nam Ky, d l dfla Idn chile tfiu thuy danh<br /> Guyane, khdi hfinh ngfiy 15 thflng 9. Nhfl rieng cho vide chuyin tfl nhfin se rdi cang<br /> vfiy thi khdng t h i chd h i t tfl nhan. So tfl Toulon trong thang 3-1885.<br /> khi sai hidn nay d Nam Ky lfl gfin 300 tfl<br /> 2. Vfiy d l nghj Ngfli chufin bj tflp trung<br /> nhfin, vfi trung binh moi nfim cd khoang<br /> tfl nhfin b Sfii Gdn, kjp chuyen Ien tflu<br /> 130 tfl nhfin. Nhii vfiy, khi bfit dfiu tiln<br /> "Bien Hofl" di sang cang Toulon dung thdi<br /> hflnh viec chuyen tfl nhan, cfin phai cd it<br /> gian tflu "Ome" ddn tfl nhfin tai cang nay<br /> nha't 2 tfiu thiiy thi mdi ehd het so tfl kho<br /> de chuyin sang Guyane trong thfing 3-<br /> sai hien nay d Nam Ky. 1885. Chuyen tfiu nfiy cd the chfla 300 tfl<br /> 2. Nlu moi nflm ehi ed mdt chuyin tfiu nhfin, vfl cung cd t h i chfla them 40 hoflc 50<br /> thiiy, thi trong khi chd dpi chuyen tfiu tilp vd con efle tfl nhan. Tdi cfin bilt Ngfii da<br /> theo, chiing tdi budc phai Iflu lai mdt a l tfl chufin b j nhfl t h i nfio de bao dam ke hoach<br /> nhfin vfl phai chi phi cho chung fin d trong nfiy (5). Bd trfldng Thudc dja cung chi thj<br /> mdt thdi gian kha dfli. Khoan ehi phi nfly cho Thing doc Nam Ky phai trang trai mpi<br /> chfla dflpc Bd Thudc dja tfnh din. Theo nhfl chi phi chuyen tfl nhfin kho sai Ddng<br /> cdng vfln ngay 2-5-1882, thi chi phf cho Dudng sang Guyane.<br /> hfinh trinh tu n h a n tfl Nam Ky den cang<br /> Toulon (Phap) Ifi do ngan sfich Nam Ky<br /> Chflng tdi chfla tim thfi'y tfl lidu ve danh<br /> thanh toan. Nhfl vay la chfla thda dang,<br /> sach tfl nhfin k h i sai Vi^t Nam (va Ddng<br /> mong Ngfli Bd trfldng xem xdt ky khoan chi<br /> Dfldng ndi chung) tren chuyin tflu "Bien<br /> phi nfiy. Dd la chfla tfnh d i n ehi phi cho vp<br /> Hoa" tfl Sfii Gdn di Toulon cung nhfl trdn<br /> con tfl nhfln di theo sang Guyane (4).<br /> chuyin tfiu "Ome" tfl Toulon di Guyane<br /> Ngfiy 25-10-1884, B | Hai quan vfl Thudc thflng 3-1885. Danh sfich nfiy cd le cdn dfldc<br /> dja Phap t r a ldi Thd'ng dd'c Nam Ky, xac bao quan tai Kho Iflu trfl Phfip b Aix-en-<br /> djnh rd mfi'y chi t i l t nhfl sau: Provence.<br /> 62 Rghian eilTi Lich si. atf 5.8012<br /> <br /> Trung tam Luu trQ QuCfc gia 2 (Tp. H6 chfnh trj da bj chuyin Bang Guyane. Sau mfiy<br /> Chf Minh) hi^n bdo quan m$t "danh sSch vp nd'i lopn hdn tilp ciia tfl nhfin 6 nhfi tfl Lao<br /> til nhfin kh6' sai Vi^t Nam" di Guyane ng&y Bfio (Trung Ky), thfing 1 nfim 1930 mdt phfii<br /> 20-4-1910. Danh sfich g6m 399 td nhfin dofin thanh tra ciia bd Thudc dja din Ddng<br /> (t@n hg, Bfi til, ngfiy vfi ndi th\i fin, h^n lUu Dfldng vfi d l nghj "cfin Iflu dfly viln xfl nhflng<br /> dfiy) (6). tfl nhfln nfiy d l "ngfln chfln vide tuydn truyin<br /> cfich mpng ngay trong nhfi tfl". D l nghj nfly<br /> Tim hiiu danh sfich ndi trdn, cd t h i rflt dflpe tofln quyln Ddng Dfldng lfip tflc hfldng<br /> ra nhan xdt nhfl sau: flng: "Cfin khfin ctfp ehuyin ngay tfl chfnh tri<br /> 1. Ngofii mdt sd" tfl nhan do Toan quyln aang Ilea du Salut (7).<br /> Ddng Dfldng, T h i n g sfl Bfic Ky ho$c do cflc Tfl sau Khdi nghia Ydn Bai (10-2-1930),<br /> tofl an binh ra quylt djnh k i t fln, hfiu h i t Tofin quyln Pasquier quylt dinh Iflu dfiy<br /> tfl nhfin d l u do cfic tofl fin h6n hpp viln xfl mdt bd phlin tfl nhfin Ddng Dfldng<br /> (tribunaux mixtes) eiia cflc tinh Bfic Ky vfl sang Guyane (8): "Sd chuyin tfl nhfln Ddng<br /> Trung Ky xdt xfl. Hp lfl tfl chfnh trj trong Dfldng bj k i t fin k h i sai sang cfic nhfi tfl b<br /> cfic eudc nli d$y chfihg thflc dfin Phflp, nhfit Guyane". Bd Thu^c dia Phflp tfin thfinh<br /> Ifi trong thdi gian d i l n ra phong trfio chd'ng quylt djnh nfiy: 'Ufi't ndn thiet Iflp d Inini<br /> t h u l d Trung Ky. (9) nhflng trai tfl dflnh ridng eho tfl nhfln<br /> gd'c Am Nam, hofln tofin tach bi$t vdi cfic<br /> 2. Trong danh sflch 399 tfl nhfin, cd hdn<br /> nhfl tfl khflc".<br /> 20 ngfldi bj rut khdi danh sflch di mang di<br /> x i chdm. Nhflng tfl nhfln Iflu dfiy gIm 70 Bd Thudc dja Phfip dfl kien chuyin ngay<br /> ngfldi bj k i t fln tfl chung thfln, hdn 80 sang Inini 1.400 tfl k h i sai Vidt Nam dl<br /> ngfldi bi tfl 20 nflm, hdn 120 ngfldi bj tfl tfl nhanh chdng khai thac khu rflng rfim:<br /> 10 den 15 nflm. So cdn lai d l u bi tfl tfl 7 "Hfiy CO gom gdp khfip cflc nhfl tfl d l cd dii<br /> den 10 nflm. so tfl khd sai theo ydu cfiu, ft nhfit thi<br /> chuydn tflu dfiu tidn ciing phai ehuyin dii<br /> TU KHO SAI VIET NAM SANG 700 ngfldi" (Thd di ngdy 27-4-1931). Thi<br /> GUYANE NU"A D A U T H E KY XX nhflng trong thpe t l , chfnh quyln Ddng<br /> Dfldng chi gom dflpc 535 tfl nhan dfla Ien<br /> Trflde khi trd thflnh mdt ddn vj hfinh<br /> tfiu "La Martinidre" sang Inini (Guyane),<br /> chi'nh ciia nfldc Phfip Hai ngopi Ga France<br /> xufi't phflt tfl Sfli Gdn ngfiy 17-5-1931.<br /> d'Outre-Mer), Guyane noi tiing vdi m^t hd<br /> thong nhfl tfl dfly d$c. Cflc tfl nhfin k h i sai Trong khoang hdn 3 nfim (1931-1934)<br /> Vidt Nam qua cfie thdi ky bj giam trong cflc trdn khu vpc Inini da xufit hidn 3 "trai tfl<br /> nhfi tfl d Cayenne, lies du Salut, St d§c bi0t":<br /> Laurent-de-Maroni, La Forestidre, Saut<br /> 1. Trai "Crique Anguille" (10) (Bagne<br /> Tigre, Kourou, dflc bi^t d Crique Anguille,<br /> des Annamites), giam gifl 395 tfl nhfin.<br /> dflpe mdnh danh lfl "nhfl tfl eua ngfldi An<br /> Trai tfl gIm 7 nhfi giam bfing go vfi nhilu<br /> Nam" (bagne dee Annamites) thu^c<br /> ca-sd (cachots) do chfnh tfl nh&n xfiy di^g.<br /> Montsindry-Tonndgrande.<br /> Mpc dich ciia trai nfly Ifi diing sflc lao ddng<br /> Tfl nflm 1922, do nhieu c u | c n l i lopn ciia tfl k h i sai d l khai pha viing rflng rflm<br /> quylt hdt cua tfl nhfin Cdn Dao, 437 tfl Inini.<br /> TU KHO sal Via Kam...<br /> <br /> vfi Tofin quyln Guyane cdn muln tflng<br /> them, dflc bi$t Ifi tfl Ddng Dfldng; "Bfing bfi't<br /> cfl gia nflo ciing phai tflng so tfl nhfln d day<br /> d l thupc dja nfiy cd t h i dflng vflng, nlu<br /> khdng muln nd dang chit dfin". Ydu cfiu<br /> cua chfnh quyln Guyane dfldc chfnh phu<br /> Phfip dfip flng vfi cfip them 50.000 francs di<br /> chuyin vp con cflc tfl nhfin Ddng Dfldng din<br /> Guyane, vi "dfiy lfl mdt cflch "di dfln" cd to<br /> chflc, ngfldi Ddng Dfldng lai rfit gidi lao<br /> ddng vfi thdng minh. Ho Ifi nhflng "thfin<br /> dfln" vd gifl trong vide khai thfic vflng dfi't<br /> nfiy" (11).<br /> Tfl kho sai Vidt Nam dfldc chd aang<br /> Guyane bfing tflu thiiy "La Martinidre".<br /> Tfiu nfiy ddng tai Anh nflm 1912 roi qua<br /> tay phfit xi't Dflc; dfii gfin 110m, rdng gfin<br /> 1-- Ui^: • vriV--. l.i: 15m. Sau Chiln tranh the gidi lfin thfl<br /> Nha't (1919), Phfip chiem dung tfiu nfly, coi<br /> nhfl "phe thai chiln tranh" vfi d^t ten tfiu<br /> la 'Tia Martinidre", nhfldng cho Cdng ty La<br /> Nantaise kinh doanh, chuyen vide chd tu<br /> kho sai vfldt dai diidng. Vi vfiy, tfiu cdn<br /> Tfl thflng 9-1931, cd den ba phfin tfl sd' dfldc gpi Ifi "Nha tfl Martinidre" hofic 'Tfiu-<br /> tfl kho sai Vidt Nam chuyen den Crique chuong hfim" (bateau-cage), hoflc "Nhfl tu<br /> Anguille de dfio mdt hd t h i n g dfldng hfim noi" (Bagne flottante)..., cd trpng tai 5.000<br /> vao cac dia diem cd md vflng, nhflng cho tfin, chd dfldc tdi da 760 ngfldi.<br /> den thang 9-1936, cdng viec nfly vfin dd<br /> dang. Tflu cd t h i nhdt dflpc 670 tfl nhfin vfi<br /> thfin nhfin ciia hp trong hfim tfiu. Hfim tfiu<br /> 2. Trai 'Toreatidre" (d hflu ngpn sdng<br /> chia lfim 8 gian, ngfln cfich bfing nhflng<br /> Maroni),<br /> tfi'm Ifldi thdp. Tfiu cd mdt hd thong d'ng<br /> 3. Trai "Saut Tigre" (thudc Sinnamary). dfin hdi ndng d l xit vfio cfic ngfln hfim (khi<br /> Tfl sau cao trao Xd vilt Nghd • 1^"^, cd tfl nhfin n l i loan). Tfl nhan bi phat nhp<br /> nhieu tu nhfln chfnh trj bj gom tfl cflc nhfi phai nfim phdi nfing, c l chfln cflm khda, bj<br /> tu b Bfic Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky tfip phpt nfing hdn thi n h I t vfio ca-sd tren tflu,<br /> trung ve Hfi Ndi vfl Sfli Gdn d l chd nhflng hep nhfl cui chd, chi cd the ngii cdng Iflng<br /> chuyen tau djnh ky chd sang Guyane. (12).<br /> <br /> Lao dpng k h i sai cua tfl nhan Vi^t Nam Tflu "La Martinidre" chd chuyin tfl k h i<br /> da thpc sp bie'n nhflng khu rCflig rflm b sai dfiu tidn tfl Sfli Gdn ngfly 17-5-1931 vfi<br /> Inini thanh d i n diln. Thflng 10-1933 da cd den Cayenne ngfiy 30-6-1931 sau hdn mdt<br /> 518 tu kho sai Viet Nam tai khu trai nfly thang hfinh trinh tren dpi dfldng. "Mdt ddn<br />  Rghifen cflu Lleh s&. stf 5.2012<br /> <br /> vj vu trang cd nhi^m vp bao dam an ninh chuyin 42 tfl nhfin ki^t sflc v l Cayenne<br /> trdn tfiu s u i t hfinh trinh tfl Cdn Dao d i n d i l u trj.<br /> Cayenne" (Bdo cdo cua tddng Billotte, Tdng<br /> Sau nhflng vp tfl nhfin noi loan, hp lai<br /> chi huy qudn ldc Phdp d Ddng Ddcfng).<br /> bj di chuyin d i n efle nhfi tfl khflc nhau. Tfl<br /> Khi mdi Idn bd, tfl nhfln bj tpm giam d thfing 9-1931, hdn 100 tfl nhan bj chuyin<br /> nhfi tfl "Buzard" (13) (lies du Salut), tilp dd d i n nhfl tfl "Forestidre" vfl hdn 400 tfl<br /> hp dflpc chuyin Ien xe camion din nhfi tfl nhfln ehuyin v l nhfl tfl "Crique Anguille".<br /> trung tfim, tfich bi^t hfin vdi tfl nhfln tfl Tfnh chung tfl nfim 1931 d i n 1946, khu<br /> Phflp vfl Bfic Phi din. trpi tfl Idn "Montsindry" da giam gifl 525<br /> tfl k h i sai dflpe ehuyin d i n tfl Sfii Gdn vfi<br /> Thang 7-1931, mdt bd phfln tfl k h i sai<br /> Vidt Nam lpi dflpc chuyin din nhfl tfl Hfl Ndi.<br /> Siant-Laurent (Maroni), cung tfich bi^t hfin Vfin theo tfl lidu ciia nhfl sii hpe Danielle<br /> vdl cflc lopi tfl nhfin khflc. Vfla dfit chfin Idn Donet-Vincent (14), tfl nhfin k h i sai cua<br /> Guyane, 30 ngfldi tfl bj b^nh quai bj, 137 cflc thudc dja Phap b Vidn Ddng bj chuyin<br /> ngfldi tfl bj sflng phd'i vfl dau da dfly, 6 din Guyane tfl cull nflm 1885 din nfim<br /> ngfldi tfl chit. 1922 la 994 ngfldi (bao gom 437 tfl nhfin<br /> Cdn Dao sau vu tfl n l i ddy tai Cdn Dao<br /> Mpt bflo cflo ciia Phfli dofln thanh tra nflm 1922).<br /> nflm 1933 cho bilt: nhilu tfl nhfin Vidt<br /> Nam Ifi tri thflc (nhfl giflo, vien chflc ngfln Thdi ky Mat tran binh dfin, de ddi phd<br /> hang, hpc trd trfldng Ky nghd thfle hflnh vdi sp phan khang cua dfl lufin tien bd<br /> Hfi Ndi...). Tfi't ca d l u lfl ddi vien cflc dpi "tp Phdp vfl ciia tfl nhfin (hai lfin tfl nhfln tuydt<br /> vd dd" cua Dang Cpng san Ddng Dfldng. thflc), chfnh quyln Guyane chi chpn ra 19<br /> Cflch ndi nfing vfi thfli dd flng xii ciia hp gfiy ngfldi (trong so' mfi'y trflm tfl nhfln) dflpc gpi<br /> dflpc thidn cam doi vdi cflc 'Taan tfl" khflc. lfl "tfl chi'nh trj thpc sp" de tra v l que qufin,<br /> nhflng chi cd 15 ngfldi v l d i n Ddng Dfldng<br /> Phfli dofin thanh tra edn phfit hi^n m^t<br /> (qua Marseille vfi St Nazaire). Dang chu f<br /> dfldng dfly lidn lac thfldng xuydn gifla cflc<br /> hdn Ifi nflm 1937, cd hdn 10 ngfldi Ddng<br /> tfl nhfin nfiy vdi "Tl chflc Hong thfip tp<br /> Dfldng "coi nhfl dflpe tfl do" d cflc trai<br /> quIc td".<br /> Crique Anguille vfi Saut Tigre, dflpc "tra tfl<br /> Theo nhfin xdt cua nhfi sfl hpc Danielle do", chuyin sang t r l n g trot, Iflm dfldng sfl,<br /> Donet-Vincent, "mdt dflc dilm cua tfl kho danh cfl..., nhflng chi dflpc di chuyen trong<br /> sai Ddng Dfldng b Guyane lfl kha nfing gidi hpn eho phdp.<br /> thfch nghi d l cfim cfl trflde mpi thii doan Tinh chung, trong khoang cflc nfim<br /> khiing bo ciia chfnh quyln Phfip". Tuy 1922-1938 (gifla hai cude ehiln tranh t h i<br /> nhidn sflc chju dflng ciia hp cd hpn. Mpt gidi), cd hdn 7.000 tfl kho sai dfldc chuyin<br /> cude tuydt thpe thfing 7-1931 bj dfln flp dfl d i n Guyane, chu y l u Ifi tfl Ddng Dfldng<br /> ddi, mdt so tfl nhfln ki^t sflc. Thdi ky Mfit (bfing tfiu "La Martinidre"). Neu tinh tfl<br /> trfin Binh dfin, mdt vp tuy^t thflc Idn d nfim 1852 den nfim 1938 (85 nflm) thi tong<br /> Crique Anguille cua 152 tfl nhfln Vi^t sd'lfi 52.000 tfl nhfin vfl 15.600 thfln nhfin<br /> Nam budc chfnh quyln phai nhflpng bd, eiia ho.<br /> DAU TICH "NHA TU AN NAM" 0 nghiln nfit. Nhflng cfin nhfi bfing go da<br /> GUYANE biln mfi't, chi cdn lpi rai rflc nhflng d l cot<br /> bfing bd-tdng, vfii doan dfldng "godng" da<br /> NhQng ngfldi nghien cflu ljch sfl Guyane<br /> sdt ri, nhflng manh bat vd; cd ca nhflng<br /> c6 cau; "Ndi d i n Guyane lfl ngfldi ta nghi<br /> bflt hfldng thd cflng bfing sfinh sfl Ifin ldc<br /> ngay din cae nhfl tfl". Mdt so nhfl tfl vfin<br /> trong bpi rflm.<br /> ton tai cho d i n nay. Rieng dfl'u tfch ciia<br /> "nhfi td An Nam" thi da bj ritng rfim phii Dfi'u v l t duy nhfi't gfin nhfl cdn nguydn<br /> Ifip gfin 70 nflm qua (tfl 1942). Cd le nhflng vpn lfl hai day ca-sd vfl nhflng ngfln nhIt tfl<br /> chfnh sflch khai thfic lao ddng k h i sai Vidt (cellules) bd ty, Id thien. Mdt khflch du lich<br /> Nam d nhfi tfl nfiy qufi khfic nghidt, cflng md ta: "Rflng rfim b dfly dang xflm Ifl'n dfin<br /> vdi nhflng bidn phfip giam cfim, tra tfi'n tfin vlt tfch cua mdt thdi con ngfldi phai chiu<br /> bao cdn Iflu lai nhiing fl'n tflpng nfing nl, dflng sfl thfl ghdt cua con ngfldi" vfl dng ta<br /> nen ngfldi dfin Guyane hdm nay rfi't mud'n dfit ten Ifi "nhfi tfl dang ho thpn" (bagne de<br /> xoa md hinh a.nh "nhfl tfl An Nam" trong ky la honte). Mdt khflch du ljch khac thi cho<br /> flc ciia hp. rfing; "Day lfl mdt ndi ngiidi ta tflng the<br /> nghidm khdng mfi'y hidu qua cai gpi Ifi van<br /> va phai chfing cung vi vay mfi nhieu<br /> minh hai ngoai".<br /> nhfi sfl hpc va khach du ljch da tim den<br /> nghien cflu va tham quan "nha tfl An Nam" Nfim 2011, nhan "80 nfim ljch sfl nfldc<br /> (each thii phu Cayenne 45km ve phfa Phflp Hai ngoai", vien dd'c ly d<br /> Ddng). Qua nhflng ghi chdp ciia hp, da'u Montsindry-Tonndgrande (Guyane) cd<br /> tfch nha tfl nay da bj rflng ram phu kfn; sflng k i l n d l xufl't vide bao t i n di tfch<br /> tuy khdng cdn Ifi khu rflng nguyen sinh "Nhfl tfl An Nam" (Bagne des Annamites),<br /> thi cung Ifi mdt khu rflng rfim dang biln vi theo dng "day lfl mdt dfi'u tfch hilm cd,<br /> dfin thfinh rflng hoang dpi. Dfi'u tich "nhfl gdi lai kha ro ndt tinh phflc tap ciia Ijch sfl<br /> tu An Nam" ngfiy cfing bj thien nhien thudc dja Phap".<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (1). Guyane fran9aise: thu6c dia Phkp d Nam (4). Trung tSm Liiu trQ Quoc gia 2 • KH;<br /> Phi. Tii 1946 Ik mot ddn vj h&nh chinh cua niidc IA. 1/084 (1)<br /> Phap hai ngo?!; 96% di^n tfch lfl riing T&m nhi§t (5). Trung tam LUu trQ QuS'c gia 2 - KH:<br /> dai. Thii d6: Cayenne. Nfim 1964 th&nh l§p b§<br /> IA.2/101 (3).<br /> ph6ng V? tinh (thay thfi b | ph6ng d Sahara).<br /> (6). "Les bagnes des Annamites a Montsinery"-<br /> (2). Xin t h a m khao: "Cuoc noi d§y ciia tii nhfin Ngufin Internet "Montsindry Tonn^grande".<br /> C6n Dao tai Hon Bay Cgnh (8-1883)". Tap chf<br /> (7). lies du Salut: Ifi m6t ci?m dao ckcYi xa bcl<br /> Nghiin cdu Lich sU, so 261 (thang 3, 4-1992).<br /> biln, dSi di§n vdi ECourou, thuoc t h i n h phfi<br /> (3). Nhfl t P Cayenne t h a n h l§p nfim 1863 vdi Cayenne, g^m 3 hon dao (lie du Diable, He Royale<br /> ba khu giam rieng bi^t (Au, Phi, A) gom 8 tr^i vfi He Saint-Jopseph), c6 m6t n h i tii xfiy dpng<br /> giam v i 77 ngfin hfim. nfim 1854, vt(a la ndi d6n nhlln tii kho sai Vi$t<br />  Rghian ciju Ljch sfr. stf S.gQia<br /> <br /> Nam tnidc khi chuydn vfio cAc nhii til trong dfit (10). Nhfl til Crique Anguille (bagne des<br /> lifin. Annamites): thflnh l^p nflm 1930, dfing thdi vdt<br /> nhfl til Foreetiflre vfl nhfl til S a u t Tigre. Tii kh^<br /> (8). Til nhfln d\i()c tflip trung fl phflo dfii Ho do<br /> sai Vifit Nam cua nhfl tfl nfly khai phfl viing<br /> Inini, bfit dfiu bfing vi$c Iflm b ^ tbfi'ng diifing<br /> (9). Inini: ch^y d^c bd bi^n Guyane. Sau vp xuyfin khu rflng r$m. Sau nflm 1945, tfl Vi^t<br /> bilu Unh Idn b Paris phfin dfii vi$c d&n fip d&m N a m dU0c "phfing thfch" c h u y i n v l Cayenne Ifp<br /> m&u cude khdi nghia Y3n Bfii, ngiy 26-5-1930, mfit Iflng mdi, diipc m^nh d a n h lfl "Iflng Tflu"<br /> theo quy^t djnh ciia B$ tnidng T h u ^ dia Phflp, (village chinois) (!).<br /> viing dfit Inini dK0c bifin thfinh tr^i td Idn Iviu dfiy<br /> ( I I ) . "Uu d i l m " ciia til khfi sai Dfing Dtldng<br /> tfl khfi sai Vivt Nam: "mufi^n khai th6c vdng nfiy<br /> dii^c Tofln q u y l n G u y a n e hfit ldi khen ng^i nSn<br /> thi til nhfln k h i sai Ddng Diidng sfi lfl ngudn nhfln<br /> dif(^ fing t u y l n d p n g hflng d l phpc vp gia dinb<br /> lpc tdt nhfl't; v^y cfin thifit Iflp ngay mfit khu nhii<br /> "mfl khfing phfii tra cho hp mfit xu nhfi nflo".<br /> til dflc bi^t d Inini".<br /> Ngofli ra fing cfin "aii d p n g tfl k h i sai Iflm hf<br /> Ph6i ta trong Nghj vi$n Phfip phan dfii quyfit thfing dtidng sfl ngang d^c trong khu vpc Phii<br /> djnh nfiy, Ifiy cd khfing d i i ^ bifin tii chfnh trj tofln q u y l n , cifa xd gd lfim vfln sfln cho dinh thp,<br /> thflnh til k h i sai. Doi phfi vdi phan flng nfly ciia k l c^ m9i vi$c hfiu h ? cflc q u a n cai trj" (Danielle<br /> phfli ta, B6 Thufic dja cfln cil mfit difiu lu^t ban D.Vincent, sddJ.<br /> hflnh tii nflm 1890 quy djnh "nhiing ngiidi Dfing (12). Hfii dfiu thfi ky XX, thpc dfln Phflp thufl<br /> Diidng (Bfic Ky, Trung Kf, Nam Ky vfl Cao Mifin) tflu "La Calfldonie" (cung thufic Cfing ty La<br /> cfi the b} lifu dfly ra khdi Dfing Diidng", nSn vfin Nantaise) chd tii tit Vift N a m sang Guyane. Sau<br /> chuyen tii khfi sai Vi$t Nam sang Guyane vfl nhiing chuyfin chS tii, tflu nfly dfin Sfli Gdn chd<br /> thflnh Iflp mfit "khu t r ^ tk dflc bi§t"; "Vfly thi cfi g9o, dfin J a v a chd dudng vfl dfin An Dfi chd I9C.<br /> t h i thflnh Iflp a Inini nhOng "nhfl til dflc bi§t" d l<br /> Nflm 1939, tflu "La Martiniflre" diTpc bfln Ifi<br /> liiu dfly tii n h a n gSc An Nam, hofln tofln tflch bi^t<br /> cho Hai qufln Phflp, bifin thflnh mfit "xudng nli" dl<br /> vfl dfic lfip vdi bfi may quan ly nhfl tk, chi chiu Bp<br /> Bita chOa tflu ngfim.<br /> giam sat trpc tiep ciia Tofln quyln Guyane".<br /> (13). Nhfl tii Buzare d U ^ xfiy dpng trong nfii<br /> Dfi lfl If do xufi't hi§n nhQng "tr^i tii dflc bi^t" thflnh St Martin-de-R^, TCt 1673 dfin 1938, dfly lfl<br /> dflnh rifing giam giQ t a khfi sai Vi$t Nam t^i ndi tflp trung tii kh^ sai tnidc khi cbuyin di'n nhfl<br /> Guyane (Tham khao Danielle D.Vincent Histoin tii Marini d Cayenne, v l sau vfin lfl mfit nhfl tii lfin<br /> des Imgnes de Guyane, Paris, 2003).<br /> vdi hdn 400 tii nh&n t h p fln Iflu nflm.<br /> Tfl 1930-1946, Inini tflch khdi Guyane thflnh (14). Danielle D. Vincent lfl Tiln si sijt hpc,<br /> mfit ddn vj hflnh chfnh riSng, thii phii lfl St £lie. chuyin gia n g h i l n cflu ljch siJI v l til nhfln d cflc<br /> Vdi di$n tfch 90.000km', Inini cfi r^t nhieu mo qu^ thufic dja Phfip, trong dfi cfi tflc phfim 'Histoire des<br /> (dflc bi^t lfl mo vfing) ch^y dfli hflng ngfln km. bagnes de Guyane' Paris, 2003.<br />