Từ vụ áp phe thương mại của thương điếm Anh đến chính sách cấm người Đàng trong xuất dương của triều đình Lê- Trịnh năm 1693

TUrVU AP PHE THiniNG MAI CUA THOUNG DIEM ANH<br /> DiN CHiNH SACH C A M mfStsi D A N G TRONG XUAT<br /> DUDNG CUA TRIEU DINH LE-TRjNH NAM 1693<br /> <br /> HOANG ANH TUAN*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Mau dich cua Cong ty Dong An Anh d diem Anh d Bantam va An Do xoay sd de<br /> Dang Ngoai triidc nam 1693 duy tri viec phai thQdng thuyen sang Dang<br /> Ngoai n h i m trao dd'i cac san pham vai da<br /> TQ cudi thap nien 1660, Cdng ty Dong Anh la'y cac thQdng pham Dang Ngoai. Nd<br /> An Anh td chQc trien khai "chien iQdc Ddng iQc hoat ddng nay khdng thu dQdc thanh<br /> A" nhim thiet lap mot he thd'ng cac thQdng cdng nhQ mong ddi do sQ tha't thQdng trong<br /> diem ke't ndi mot sd' trung tam thQdng mai giao dich cung nhQ khung ldi nhuan tha'p,<br /> quan trong nhU Xiem, Cao Mien, Dang them vao dd la nhQng mau thuan ndi bo<br /> Ngoai, Dai Loan va Nhat Ban (1). Trong khdng chi giQa nhan vien thQdng diem Anh<br /> qua trinh thQc hien chie'n iQdc dd, mua he d Ke Chd ma cdn giQa Ban Giam dd'c b<br /> nam 1672, thQdng doan Anh do giam dd'c Luan Ddn vdi cac giam dd'c thQdng diem b<br /> William Gyfford d i n d i u de'n Dang Ngoai Phao dai St. George (Madras, An Do) (3).<br /> va dQdc phep dinh cit buon ban b Phd' Hien.<br /> Tuy nhien, that bai ciia Cdng ty trong viec Can nhie sQ quan ly ye'u kem cua<br /> tai tham nhap Nhat Ban trong nam 1673 thQdng diem Ke Chd cung nhQ nen mau<br /> va cudc chie'n tranh Anh-Ha Lan lan thQ dich ngay cang sa sut vdi Dang Ngoai, Hdi<br /> hai (1672-1674) da khie'n cho thQdng diem ddng giam dd'c cua Phao dai St. George chu<br /> Anh d Dang Ngoai hi cd lap trong sud't thdi trQdng phe trua't giam dd'c William<br /> ky 1672-1676. Mac du vay. Ban Giam dd'c Keeling. Tuy nhien. Ban Giam dd'c d Luan<br /> Cdng ty d Luan Ddn v i n quye't dinh duy tri Ddn lai phan ddi kich liet ke hoach tren.<br /> thQdng diem d Dang Ngoai n h i m cung ca'p Trong chi thi giii Phao dai St. George de<br /> hang hoa Dang Ngoai (lua ta'm, dd sdn...) ngay 9-6-1686, Ban Giam dd'c nhan manh:<br /> cho thi trQdng chau Au, tieu thu san pham "di nhien Id cdc thiicfng diem viing Nam<br /> vai da Anh, ddng thdi hi vong sQ dung Hdi dd vd se tiep tuc ndm diidi sii diiu<br /> Dang Ngoai lam ban dap tham nhap thi hdnh eiia Phdo ddi St. George, tuy nhien<br /> trQdng luc dia Trung Qud'c (2). TQ nam chung toi tuyet doi edm Phdo ddi St. George<br /> 1676 den cudi thap nien 1680, cac thQdng phe truat ong Keeling dDdng Ngodi bdi ong<br /> <br /> <br /> ' TS. Khoa Lich sQ. Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN<br /> 14 Rghien curu Lich si^. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> ta dd song d do gdn hai chuc ndm nay md mgt nen mdu dieh nho thi khong the gdnh<br /> chiing toi chiia bao gid nghi ngd long trung chiu nhiing chi phi qud cao" (7). Do tinh<br /> thdnh eiia ong ta ed" (4). Trong each nhin hinh khd khan hien nay d nQdc Anh cung<br /> cua Ban Giam doc, trong sd' nhQng tram nhQ sQ bao vay cua Phap d vung eo bien,<br /> budn ban cdn lai d vung Ddng A, thQdng Ban Giam doc da nhieu lan phai tri hoan<br /> diem Dang Ngoai van cdn dang de duy tri, viec phai tau sang phQdng Dong. Luan Ddn<br /> nhat la khi Cdng ty dang chiu sQ thua Id cung thdng bao cho Phao dai St. George<br /> ngay cang tram trong cua thQdng diem Dai r i n g Cdng ty se khong the giii tau sang<br /> Loan va tinh trang nd dong chdng cha't cua Dang Ngoai trong hai nam 1690 va 1691,<br /> thQdng diem Ayutthaya (Xiem) (5). Tren ddng thdi de nghi Phao dai St. George chu<br /> tinh t h i n dd, trong chi thi gQi thQdng diem y quan ly thQdng diem Ke Chd bing each<br /> Dang Ngoai thang 11 nam 1687, Ban Giam cit cii mot tau hoat dong giQa sQdn ddng<br /> dd'c d Luan Ddn v i n hoan toan ung ho vien luc dia An Do va Dang Ngoai.<br /> giam doc thQdng diem Ke Chd William<br /> Cung tQ thdi diem nay ve sau. Ban<br /> Keeling, tham chi cdn chap nhan de nghi<br /> Giam dd'c d Luan Don trd nen lo ling ve<br /> cua Keeling ve viec chi tien xay dUng mot<br /> tinh trang tham hut tai chinh cua thQdng<br /> tda nha mdi trong khuon vien thQdng diem<br /> diem Ke Chd, nha't la khi Cdng ty vQa chiu<br /> Anh d Ke Chd: "Cong ty dong y cho thiicfng<br /> thua Id ldn d thQdng diem Ajoitthaya<br /> diem Ke Cho trien khai ke hogch xdy diing<br /> (Xiem) trong thap nien 1680 (8). Thang 2<br /> khu nhd mdi de thudn tien cho sinh hogt,<br /> nam 1692, sau khi da nghien cQu can than<br /> chUa hdng vd hogt dgng kinh doanh tgi<br /> so sach kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Ke<br /> Ddng Ngodi. [Ve chi phi xdy diXng] cdc<br /> Chd va tinh hinh khd khan hien tai cua<br /> gidm dde khong gidi hgn qud chdt che,<br /> nQdc Anh trong cuoc chie'n Anh-Phap, Ban<br /> chiing ndo thiidng diem tinh todn rdng diiu<br /> Giam dd'c d Luan Ddn tra ldi bao cao cua<br /> do Id cdn thiet vd co lOi cho hogt dgng kinh<br /> nhan vien d Dang Ngoai bing mot giong<br /> doanh Idu ddi cda Cong ty d xii do" (6). Ro<br /> kha gay git:<br /> rang la, vao cuo'i thap nien 1680, Ban Giam<br /> dd'c d Luan Don van duy tri mot cai nhin "Cdc Gidm dde nghien eiiu sd sdch kinh<br /> tich cUc ve trien vong ciia nen thQdng mai doanh vd phdt hien ra rdng hien tgi Cong<br /> vdi Dang Ngoai. ty vdn eon mgt so'vdn khd ldn, khong diidi<br /> 30.000 sterling, dang ton dgng d Bdng<br /> Tuy nhien, hi vong cua Ban Giam dd'c ve Ngodi. [...] Cong ty chdng eon dgng liCe ndo<br /> nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai nhanh chdng de tiep tuc phdi tdu sang Bdng Ngodi niia<br /> suy giam. Chuye'n hang ngheo nan thQdng eho den khi dd nhdn du nhiing vd'n ddu tit<br /> diem Ke Chd gQi ve Luan Don mua Ddng hien vdn con ii dgng d Ke Cha [...]. Viee<br /> nam 1689/1690 lam tan bie'n nhQng ky Cong ty khong phdi tdu trite tiep tii Anh<br /> vong ldn lao cua Ban Giam dd'c. Nghien cQu sang Bdng Ngodi Id do chi phi van chuyen<br /> ky luSng tinh trang dinh dd'n ciia nen mau ddt do, cao han 50% so vdi triidc ddy, kem<br /> dich vdi Dang Ngoai, thang 5 nam 1690, theo rui ro trong boi ednh chie'n tranh hien<br /> Ban Giam do'c khuyen cao nhan vien nay, cdng nhii tinh trgng sut gidm gid bdn<br /> thQdng diem Ke Chd r i n g ho nen "tie't kiem cua cdc sdn phdm ta, lua, xg hiiOng diia tii<br /> mgt cdch tuyet ddi trong chi tieu, nhdt Id Bdng Ngodi ve so vdi thdi gian triidc chien<br /> trong thdi diem kho khdn hien nay [...] rdng tranh vdi ngitdiPhdp" (9).<br /> TiJr vu 6p phe thuong mat.. 15<br /> <br /> N h i m thanh tra tinh hinh kinh doanh hien ra chie'c thuyen manh do giam doc<br /> cua thUdng diem Ke Chd, Ban Giam doc thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd la William<br /> ddng thdi quye't dinh cit c^ mot nhan vien Keeling phai di budn ban. TrQdc khi de'n<br /> giau kinh nghiem tQ Hoi ddng cua Phao dai Achin, chie'c thuyen tren da den ban hang d<br /> St. George sang thanh tra va lam giam dd'c Xiem va mot sd hai eang Ddng Nam A khac.<br /> thQdng diem Ke Chd. Ban chi thi cua Luan Hoang sd vi cudc eham tran ba't ngd vdi tau<br /> Ddn yeu cau nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Pearl, William Sams - mot thanh vien cua<br /> Chd phai tuyet ddi tuan thu sQ dieu hanh thQdng diem Dang Ngoai va la ngQdi elm<br /> va cung cap toan bo tai lieu kinh doanh cua dau chuye'n di cua chiec thuyen manh - tim<br /> thQdng diem cho vien thanh tra - ngQdi each chay trd'n. Sau khi da tQ chd'i giao nop<br /> dQdc liy nhiem thay mSt cho Ban Giam dd'c sd' hang hda tri gia khoang 1.000 rial of<br /> toan quyen hanh ddng. Ban Giam dd'c cdn eight (11) budn ban bing tien cdng cua<br /> ban them cho vien thanh tra quyen dQdc bd thQdng diem, Sams cho thuyen lang le rdi<br /> nhiem hoac bai nhiem cac vi tri trong Hdi Achin di Malacca trong bdng dem (12).<br /> ddng dieu hanh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd<br /> NhQng ldi cung khai cua Lamuel<br /> neu ong ta tha'y dieu dd la thiet thQc va cd<br /> Blackmore, phd giam dd'c thQdng diem Ke<br /> ldi cho Cdng ty (10).<br /> Chd va la mot trong nhQng thanh vien chi<br /> Tren cd sd ban chi thi cua Luan Ddn, huy chuye'n budn cua chie'c thuyen manh,<br /> mua he nam 1693, Hdi ddng Phao dai St. cung ca'p cho vien thanh tra Richard Watts<br /> George da phai Richard Watts sang thanh nhQng thdng tin quan trong ve ndi tinh cua<br /> tra thQdng diem Ke Chd - ndi dng phat hien vu ap phe. Theo dd, chie'c thuyen manh ndi<br /> hang loat sai pham trong viec dieu hanh tren la tai san chung cua giam dd'c William<br /> kinh doanh cua cac nhan vien, nhat la vu Keeling, phd giam dde Lamuel Blackmore<br /> ap phe thQdng mai he't sQc nghiem trong va thQdng nhan William Sams. Trong<br /> cua giam do'c thQdng diem William Keeling chuye'n di nam trQdc de'n cac thQdng cang<br /> va ddng sQ. SQ be bdi cua thQdng diem Ke<br /> Ddng Nam A giam dd'c Keeling sd hQu 1/2<br /> Chd khdng chi dan de'n quye't dinh bai bd<br /> cd phin, Sams va Blackmore moi ngQdi sd<br /> thUdng diem duy nhat cua Anh d mien Bic<br /> hQu 1/4. TrQdc khi thQc hien chuye'n di<br /> Dai Viet, ma cdn dQa den lenh "cam bien",<br /> nam nay (1693), giam dd'c Keeling thdng<br /> hay cu the hdn la sic lenh ca'm ngQdi Dang<br /> bao cho Blackmore r i n g dng ta da ban toan<br /> Ngoai xua't dQdng, cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh<br /> bd cd p h i n cho Sams. Tuy nhien,<br /> vao mua Ddng nam 1693.<br /> Blackmore tin r i n g dd chi la am mQu cua<br /> Vu dp phe thuang mqi cua thuang Keeling n h i m tang quyen dieu hanh<br /> diem Anh tqi Ke Cha ndm 1693 chuye'n di cho Sams. Trai vdi ldi cung khai<br /> NhQ da de cap, mua he nam 1693, Hdi cua Blackmore, Sams phu nhan viec chung<br /> ddng Phao dai St. George d Madras (An Do) vd'n, qua quye't r i n g chiec thuyen manh va<br /> quyet dinh cQ Richard Watts di tren tau vo'n kinh doanh la cua mot vi quan ldn<br /> Pearl sang Dang Ngoai de thanh tra, ddng cung vdi vai quy ba ngQdi Dang Ngoai. Ve<br /> thdi tie'p quan vi tri giam dd'c thQdng diem thuy thu doan, ngoai hai ngQdi Anh la<br /> Ke Chd - vd'n da ra't "hdn don" tQ nhieu Sams va Blackmore, cdn cd tdng cdng 20<br /> nam qua. Khi tau Pearl dQng b Achin vao ngQdi Dang Ngoai va Trung Qudc.<br /> cudi thang 5, Richard Watts lap tQc phat Blackmore cung khai r i n g tdng so' vd'n d i u<br /> 16 Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 9.2010<br /> <br /> tQ cho chuye'n budn l l n nay tri gia khoang manh cua Sams. TQ 6 ngay nay chie'c<br /> 5.259 lang bac, trong do cd phan cua dng thuyen hi rd ri nang nen thuy thu doan<br /> vao khoang 1.000 rial of eight. Tuy nhien, phai buong neo d ngoai khdi bd bien Dang<br /> ong lai khong bie't cu the danh muc hang Trong. Quan ngai r i n g chie'c thuyen bi hQ<br /> hda tren thuyen bdi giam dd'c Keeling va hai nang se hi dim trong khi mua bao lai<br /> Sams khong bao gid tie't Id cho dng (13). dang de'n d vung bien Dang Trong, thanh<br /> Nhim dudi kip chiec thuyen manh cua tra Richard Watts va Hoi ddng ham doi ra<br /> Sams tai Malacca, thanh tra Watts va Hoi quye't nghi yeu ciu Sams chuyen toan bd<br /> ddng CO va'n tau Pearl dQ dinh cho ong tai san len tau Pearl. Sang ngay 20 thang<br /> Blackmore - ngQdi bi Sams bd rdi b Achin - 8, trong khi hai ben dang tranh luan nay<br /> dung mot chie'c thuyen nhd de de'n Malacca Ilia thi chiec thuyen manh cua Sams va<br /> trQdc. Tai Malacca, Blackmore se no iQc Blackmore bat ngd bi mot ludng hai iQu<br /> thuye't phuc vi quan trong cang de giQ manh cud'n ve phia nam. Vi vay, tau Pearl<br /> chiec thuyen manh cua Sams chd tau Pearl danh tie'p tuc hanh trinh ve Dang Ngoai,<br /> de'n. Tuy nhien, ke hoach nay ngay lap tQc khong hay bie't gi ve sd phan chie'c thuyen<br /> hi buy bd vi mot sd^ can nhlc sau day. ThU manh cua Sams va Blackmore (15). - ,<br /> nhd't, neu b i t giQ chiec thuyen manh cua Den Dang Ngoai vao dau thang 9, thanh<br /> Sams, thuy thu tren tau Pearl cung kho cd tra Richard Watts va cong sQ ngay lap tQc<br /> the dieu khien nd ve Dang Ngoai bdi ho hi ca quan lai dia phQdng va giam doc<br /> khdng quen vdi loai thuyen dd. ThU hai, do thQdng diem William Keeling thQ thach.<br /> cd ra't nhieu thuy thu tren chie'c thuyen Nghe tin tau Pearl de'n, giam dd'c Keeling<br /> manh la ngQdi Dang Ngoai, ba't ky hanh cho chuyen toan bd tien bac va tai san den<br /> dong mang tinh vu iQc nao vdi ho cung trd ca't gia'u b nha nhan tinh ngQdi Viet.<br /> thanh cai cd de trieu dinh Le-Trinh trQng Keeling cong khai phan ddi vi giam dd'c mdi<br /> phat thQdng diem cua Cong ty d Ke Chd. Watts, nghi ngd tinh phap ly cua cdng van<br /> Thii! ba, sd^ iQdng vang va hang hda cua bd nhiem giam do'c mdi ma Luan Ddn<br /> Blackmore gdp vao chie'c thuyen manh chuyen sang Phao dai St. George. Trong<br /> khong ldn den mQc phai nhd den vi quan d qua trinh thanh tra boat ddng kinh doanh<br /> cang Malacca can thiep (14). cua thQdng diem Ke Chd, Watts phat hien<br /> GiQa thang 7, tau Pearl va chiec thuyen rat nhieu sai pham trong quan ly va chi<br /> manh cua Sams lai gap nhau d Malacca. tieu ciia ban giam dd'c thQdng diem. Tai<br /> Sau khi khong the ep Sams song hanh ve san cua thQdng diem gin nhQ trorig rdng,<br /> Dang Ngoai, tau Pearl rdi Malacca di Dang chi cdn mot vai thung s i t va van go. So<br /> Ngoai vao cuoi thing. Ngay lap tQc, thuyen sach kinh doanh ghi chep lon xdn, dly loi;<br /> cua Sams cung khdi hanh va chi vai ngay cac muc mua va ban chi mdi dQdc cap nhat<br /> sau - nhd kich thUdc nho gon-da vQdt len cho de'n nam 1688, 5 nam trd lai day chQa<br /> trQdc tau Pearl. Den ngay 16 thang 8, phat dQdc tinh toan. Keeling tQ chdi chu ca'p tien<br /> hien mot cha'm den b vung chan trdi va cho an va iQdng cho thuy thu tau Pearl, ndi<br /> ring tau chuan bi di vao vung bien Dang r i n g thQdng diem da he't tien. Ngoai ra, de<br /> Trong, ham doi tau Pearl chuan hi vu khi trdn tranh nguy cd hi trieu hdi ve Anh xet<br /> sin sang tQ ve. Khdng lau sau ho phat hien x^. Keeling cung vdi nhan tinh ngudi Vi§t<br /> ra cha'm den do chinh la chiec thuyen lo hd'i Id cac quan de dUdc phep dinh cQ d<br /> Tir VU ap phe thurcmg mai.. 17<br /> <br /> <br /> Dang Ngoai. Dieu nay dat vi tan giam dd'c Khi vi quan cai tri dao Hai Nam yeu elu<br /> Watts vao tinh the tie'n thoai iQdng nan: khai bio va nop qua bieu, nhQng ke sdng<br /> ne'u cQdng quyet b i t Keeling theo tau Pearl sdt da thanh khan khai bao hoan canh bi<br /> ve Phao dai St. George, thQdng diem Ke dat cua minh, ddng thdi xin vi quan cho<br /> Chd se khdng bao gid thu hdi lai dQdc phep ban sd h i n g sdt lai de siia chQa chie'c<br /> nhQng tai san ma dng ta da tau tan. Ngoai thuyen (18).<br /> ra. Keeling cung doa ring ne'u dng ta da di Nhat ky thQdng diem Ke Chd khdng the<br /> khdi Dang Ngoai, chie'c thuyen manh cung dQa ra dQdc ke't luan cud'i cung ve sd phan<br /> vdi Sams va Blackmore se ching bao gid ciia chie'c thuyen manh ndi tren. TrQdc khi<br /> quay lai (16). cd ldi cung khai cua vien Hoa thQdng ngQdi<br /> Phuc Kie'n, Sams va Blackmore da lam cho<br /> Trong khi nhQng khd khan va mau<br /> ngQdi ta tin r i n g chie'c thuyen manh da bi<br /> thuin noi bd trong thQdng diem chQa dQdc<br /> dim ngoai khdi bd bien xQ Dang Trong bdi<br /> giai quye't thi ngay 12-12-1693, Sams,<br /> tinh trang rd ri tham hai trong khi gid ndm<br /> Blackmore va mot sd' thuy thu ngQdi Dang<br /> da he't nen khdng the di ve hQdng Bic<br /> Ngoai ve de'n Ke Chd, sau khi hi chinh<br /> (Dang Ngoai hoac Trung Qudc). Nay cd<br /> quyen Dang Trong cam tu va tra ta'n sudt<br /> tinh tie't mdi tQ vien thQdng nhan Phuc<br /> gan 3 thang trdi. Theo ldi cung khai cua<br /> Kie'n, nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd mdi<br /> Sams va Blackmore, nhan tha'y khong cdn<br /> lat lai cic ldi khai cua Sams va Blackmore.<br /> cd hoi de cQu van chie'c thuyen manh da bi<br /> ThQc ra, tQ t h i n g 12-1693, mot so'thuy thu<br /> rd ri ra't nang, vao trung t u i n thang 9, bon<br /> Dang Ngoai sd'ng sdt trd ve tQng ndi r i n g<br /> ho (ta't ca gdm 10 ngQdi) quye't dinh bd lai<br /> chiec thuyen manh khdng bi rd ri de'n mQc<br /> chiec thuyen manh de do bo len bd bien xQ<br /> phai tQ bd, r i n g viec bd tau la mQu dd cua<br /> Dang Trong. Ngay sau khi dat chan len bd,<br /> Sams va Blackmore. Do khdng the li'y<br /> ca nhdm hi quan lai dia phQdng b i t giQ va<br /> them ldi khai tQ Keeling va Sams, giim dd'c<br /> giai ve Hue de giam giQ va lly cung; tien<br /> Watts va Hdi ddng thQdng diem Ke Chd<br /> va hang mang len bd deu hi tich thu. Sau<br /> danh de viec dieu tra cho Cdng ty (19).<br /> gan 3 thang hi giam elm va tra khao, cudi<br /> NhQng tai lieu cua Cong ty cdn de'n hien<br /> cung ho dUdc chinh quyen Dang Trong<br /> nay cung khdng phan anh dUdc gi them ve<br /> phdng thi'ch de trd lai Ke Chd (17).<br /> ke't cue thUc sQ cua chie'c thuyen manh.<br /> Sams va Blackmore qua quye't ring Tuy vay, cd it nhat mot sQ thQc: phan Qng<br /> chie'c thuyen manh chic chin da chim ngay manh tQ trieu dinh Le-Trinh dan de'n l$nh<br /> sau khi ho len bd. Tuy nhien, mot nam sau cam ngQdi Viet xua't dQdng, lenh kiem soat<br /> do (thing 11-1694) mot vien thQdng nhan git gao thuyen budn ngoai qud'c va nghiem<br /> ngQdi Phuc Kie'n sang Dang Ngoai budn trong hdn la hdi ket cho mot thdi ky ngoai<br /> ban lai cung cap mot ke't cue hoan toan thQdng cdi md cua vQdng qud'c Dang Ngoai.<br /> khic ve sd' phan cua chie'c thuyen manh.<br /> Theo ldi cua vien Hoa thQdng, sau khi Phdn iing cua triiu dinh Le-Trinh:<br /> Sams, Blackmore va mot sd ngQdi Dang cam nguai Bdng Ngodi xudt duang<br /> Ngoai rdi bd chie'c thuyen, dim thuy thii Phan Qng gian dQ cua Phii Chua va<br /> cdn lai gdm 16 ngUdi (ca ngQdi Hoa va trieu dinh Le-Trinh ndi chung ve vu i p phe<br /> ngQdi Dang Ngoai) xoay sd di ve phia Bic thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh la hoan<br /> va cud^i cung cung de'n dQdc dao Hai Nam. toan tQ nhien, nhi't la x6t de'n viec thuy<br /> IS Rghien curu Lich siir. 56' 9.2010<br /> <br /> thu Dang Ngoai bi chinh quyen Dang nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoii cho de'n khi vien<br /> Trong tra tan va giam cam, trong khi mot quan dQdc giao trong trich giim sat da d p<br /> sd' khic cd the dang iQu lac d mien nam cho mot chie'c the mdn bai (ehaup) chQng<br /> Trung Qud'c. Sau khi ve de'n Ke Chd ngay thQc tau da dQdc luc soit ma khong p h i t<br /> 12-12-1693, Sams va Blackmore lap tQc bi hien ra hang hda cam hay ngQdi dia<br /> trieu hdi de'n cong dQdng de cung khai. Ben phQdng tren boong. Khi ngQdi Anh chuan<br /> canh nghia vu khai bao ve chuyen di dinh hi cho tau Pearl nho neo di An Do vao mua<br /> menh, hai ngQdi cdn bi tra hdi ve tinh hinh ddng n i m 1694, ho gap vd van khd khan tQ<br /> hien tai cua xQ Dang Trong. Ngoai ra, ho vien quan giam s i t tau va tau Pearl chi cd<br /> cung phai than chinh di den trinh dien va the nhd neo sau khi da hi luc tung tQ tren<br /> cung khai trQdc quan tra'n thu Phd' Hien. boong xud'ng dQdi ham tau, dong thdi thuy<br /> Quan tran thu cdn dd hdi giim dd'c Watts thu doan phai nop mot khoan qua bieu hau<br /> lieu thQdng diem cd thanh toin khoan tien hinh. NgQdi Ha Lan cung chiu chung so'<br /> iQdng cho nhQng thuy thu Dang Ngoai da phan khi lam thu tuc cho tau Westbroek rdi<br /> lam thue tren chiec thuyen manh hay Dang Ngoai di Batavia. Trong vai n i m tie'p<br /> khdng. Watts t h i n g thQng tQ chdi trich theo, nhQng khd khan tQ lenh "ca'm bien"<br /> nhiem bdi do hoan toan la hoat ddng tQ cua trieu dinh Dang Ngoai tie'p tuc thil<br /> nhin va trai luat cua Cong ty. thach ldng kien tri vd'n da ngay cang vdi<br /> can cua ngQdi Anh va ngQdi Ha Lan (21).<br /> Hdn mQdi ngay sau khi nhQng ke sd'ng<br /> sdt ve den Ke Chd, Phu Chua ra lenh chi Dien tie'n cua cic sQ kien lien quan de'n<br /> nghiem ca'm ngQdi Dang Ngoai xua't dQdng, vu ap phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem<br /> chi thi cho cac tau budn ngoai quoc tQ nay Anh gdi ra hai nghi vi'n. ThU nhdt, ngQdi<br /> ve sau khong dQdc van chuyen ngQdi dia Anh cd lien ddi de'n dau trong sic lenh ca'm<br /> phQdng ra khoi vQdng qud^c. Nhat ky cua ngQdi Dang Ngoai xuat dQdng qua tau<br /> thQdng diem Anh tai Ke Chd ngay 24-12- budn ngoai qudc cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh.<br /> 1693 ghi rat rd sQ kien tren: Tha hai, ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd cd vd tinh<br /> "Sdng nay, nha mon dem ehieu chi eua trd thanh nan nhan eua chinh sich "cam<br /> Chua [Trinh Cdn] den eho cd ngiidi Hd Lan bien" gay ra bdi ngQdi Anh? Ne'u ddn thuan<br /> vd ngiidi Anh ehung ta. Muc dich cda td dQa vao dien bie'n cua vu ap phe thUdng<br /> chie'u la ban bo'lenh tii nay ve sau chung ta mai, ngQdi ta de dang thQa nhan hai van<br /> khdng duac phep chuyen chd thUdng ddn de tren. Tuy nhien, dien bie'n cua md'i quan<br /> Bdng Ngodi ra khoi vUOng qud'c, dong thdi h^ Ha Lan-Dang Ngoai tQ nhQng n i m diu<br /> td't cd tdu buon se bi luc sodt ky lUdng trUdc thap nien 1690 cho tha'y ngUdi Ha Lan<br /> khi nho neo rdi Bdng Ngodi. Bieu ndy chdc khdng ddn t h u i n "bi va lay". Sau khi nen<br /> chdn se gdy cho chung ta v6 vdn kho khdn mau dich "td lua Dang Ngoai ddi bac Nhat<br /> vd ton kem" (20). Ban" b i t dau chQng lai sau nam 1654 va<br /> Dung nhQ vien thQ ky thQdng diem Anh suy thoii manh trong sud't giai doan 1660-<br /> da dQ doin, lenh chi cua trieu dinh Dang 1680, quan he giQa thUdng diem Ha Lan<br /> Ngoai da thQc sQ thQ thich ca ngQdi Anh vdi trieu dinh ngay cang sa sut, mic du<br /> va ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd. Trong nhQng Toan quyen Ha Lan d Batavia khong<br /> thing nd'i tie'p lenh ci'm cua trieu dinh Le- ngQng nd iQc phuc hdi vi tri thUdng mai<br /> Trinh, thQdng thuyen ngoai qud'c khong the cua Cong ty d Dang Ngoai (22).<br /> TiJr vu ap phe thirong mai... 19<br /> <br /> <br /> Khong chi nen mau dich ma ngay ban ke sau nam 1672. Cuoc xung dot Ding<br /> than mdi bang giao giQa Cdng ty Dong An Trong-Dang Ngoai di vio hQu chie'n, nhu<br /> Ha Lan vdi trieu dinh Le-Trinh cung ngay elu vu khi ngoai khong cdn q u i cap bich<br /> mot xau di. Khdng hai ldng vdi nhQng mdn ddi vdi ho Trinh nhQ trong nhQng t h i p<br /> qua bieu ngay cang It gii tri, Chua Trinh nien trQdc dd. Se khdng q u i khi ndi r i n g<br /> c a n ddn phQdng cha'm dQt le trao ddi thdng thii do ngay cang thieu thien cam cua<br /> thQ hang nam vdi Toan quyen d Batavia - trieu dinh Le-Trinh ddi vdi ngoai thQdng va<br /> mot hanh dong mang bieu tQdng ngoai giao thQdng nhan ngoai qud'c da gdp p h i n dly<br /> than thien giQa Dang Ngoai vdi Cong ty Ha ngQdi Ha Lan va ngQdi Anh ra khdi Dang<br /> Lan trong hdn nQa theky trQdc dd. Mua he Ngoai vao nhQng n i m cud'i cua the ky<br /> nam 1693 - trUdc khi xay ra vu i p phe cua XVn, mac du ca hai Cdng ty Dong An Anh<br /> ngQdi Anh - mdi quan he ngay cang cSng va Ha Lan v i n cd' ging duy tri thQdng diem<br /> thing giQa Chua Trinh Cin va ngQdi Ha d Dang Ngoai de budn b i n va duy tri hi<br /> Lan d Ke Chd len de'n dinh diem khi Chua vong mong manh ve kha ning sii dung<br /> cho td'ng giam Jacob van Loo - giim dd'c Dang Ngoai lam ban dap t h i m n h i p thi<br /> thQdng diem Ha Lan - va vien thuyen trQdng mien nam Trung Qud^c.<br /> trQdng tau Westbroek chi vi Batavia khdng Vi vay, vu i p phe thQdng mai cua<br /> the giii sang Ke Chd nhQng mdn hang thQdng diem Anh 6 Ke Chd n i m 1693<br /> trang sQc bing d i quy Chua yeu ciu n i m khdng phai la "nguyen nhan s i u xa" cua<br /> trQdc. Hai tu nhan Ha Lan chi dQdc phdng viec trieu dinh Le-Trinh ban hanh chinh<br /> thich sau khi thQdng diem da cam ke't khi sach cam ngQdi Viet xuat dQdng. Chinh xic<br /> tau de'n Dang Ngoai lan sau se mang theo hdn, dd dQdng nhQ la mot "nguyen cd hdp<br /> nhQng mdn hang Chua yeu cau. Su bi't thdi diem" de Phu Chua quan ly chat che<br /> man va nhQng cQ xQ ha khic cua Chua hdn boat dong ngoai thQdng cung nhQ van<br /> Trinh Can ddi vdi ngQdi Ha Lan trong de ngQdi ngoai qud'c b Dang Ngoai - vdn da<br /> nhQng nam' tie'p theo khie'n Toan quyen va dQdc ndi long mot cich cd chu dich tQ<br /> Hoi ddng Dong An d Batavia tha't vong, dan nhQng thap nien d i u cua the ky XVH.<br /> den quye't dinh ddng ciia thQdng diem Ke<br /> Chd va cha'm dQt nen mau dich vdi Dang Mdu thudn ngi bg, thua lo va na nan<br /> Ngoai vao nam 1700 (23). chong chdt: nhiing ndm thdng khdn<br /> cdng cua nguai Anh dKe Cha, 1694-1697<br /> Mdi quan he ngay cang cang thing giQa<br /> Phu Chua va thitdng diem Ha Lan trQdc Vu i p phe thQdng mai cua nhan vien<br /> khi xay ra vu i p phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd nam 1693 anh<br /> thQdng diem Anh n i m 1693 cho thay ngQdi hQdng nghiem trong de'n nen mau dich cua<br /> Ha Lan khdng cdn dQdc hQdng cic die Cdng ty Ddng An Anh vdi Dang Ngoai. Ve<br /> quyen thQdng mai nhQ nhQng thap nien ly thuye't, viec trieu dinh Dang Ngoai ban<br /> trQdc do. Vi vay, ngQdi Ha Lan khong hoan hanh lenh cam bien se gay khd khan va<br /> toan la "nan nhan" cua vu i p phe thQdng thiet hai nang cho boat ddng kinh doanh<br /> mai cua thQdng diem Anh. Vi'n de nay trd cua thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd. Trong thQc<br /> nen Idgic hdn khi xet de'n thii do ngay cang te, p h i n ldn nhQng khd khan va ton that<br /> lanh nhat cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh dd'i vdi cua thQdng diem Anh lai de'n tQ nhQng v i n<br /> ngoai thQdng va thQdng nhan ngoai qudc de noi tai cua thQdng diem: mau thuan ndi<br /> 20 Rghien curu Lich sii. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> bo din de'n sQ thiet hai ldn ve tai san, vay doc Keeling va n h i n tinh ngQdi Viet tim<br /> nd vdi lai sua't cao va nghiem trong hdn la cich hdi lo cic quan de xin Chua d p ph6p<br /> cudc so'ng day tui cQc cua nhan vien thQdng iQu tru d Dang Ngoai khi tau Pearl khdi<br /> diem trong khoang ho'n nam cud'i d Dang hanh ve Phio dai St. George. N h i n thay<br /> Ngoai. tinh cha't nghiem trong cua vu viec, quan<br /> lai Dang Ngoai khong dim giup dd Keeling.<br /> Sau khi ke nhiem chQc giam do'c thQdng<br /> TrQdc khi tau Pearl nhd neo rdi Dang<br /> diem Ke Chd tQ William Keeling vao mua<br /> thu nam 1693, tan giim dd'c Richard Watts Ngoai, Keeling tham chi da hi thQdng diem<br /> ngay lap tQc dd'i m i t vdi hang loat nhQng b i t giam sau khi am mQu chay trd'n cua<br /> khd khan va thii thich. Vi'n de nghiem dng bi bai lo. Tuy nhien, ngQdi ddng mQu la<br /> trong nhat la tinh trang mau thuan gay git Sams da kip thdi trd'n thoat trQdc khi tau<br /> trong ndi bo thQdng diem ma dinh diem la Pearl khdi hanh va de'n khi bie't chac tau<br /> sQ cing thing trong quan he giQa Keeling Pearl phai iQu tru d Dang Ngoai them mot<br /> va Watts. Nghi ngd tinh hdp phap ve vi tri nam vi Id ddt gid bac nam do (1693/1694)<br /> cua Watts, Keeling va Sams khong phuc Sams mdi ngang nhien xuat hien trQdc<br /> tung, tham chi tQ chdi hdp tic vdi vi tan thQdng diem. Hai nhan vien nay cdn tie'p tuc<br /> giim dde. Hai thQdng nhan ky cQu khic gay khd khSn cho thQdng diem Anh de'n khi<br /> cua thQdng diem Anh la Lamuel Blackmore Keeling bi budc phai theo tau Pearl ve Phao<br /> va Richard Warren - nhQng ngQdi cung da dai St. George vao t h i n g 1 n i m 1695 (25).<br /> lam viec tai Dang Ngoai sudt nhieu nam - Trong hai nam tie'p theo, giim dd'c Watts<br /> cdn phao tin r i n g Watts da gia mao gia'y td cdn gip rat nhieu th^ thach trong viec ngan<br /> de tiem quyen giim dd'c thQdng diem Ke chan Sams va Blackmore chuyen sang lam<br /> Chd. NhQng ldi ddn thoi ndi tren khie'n thue cho cac thuyen budn ngoai qud'c budn<br /> thQdng diem Ke Chd gap vo van khd khan b i n giQa Dang Ngoai va cac cang Ddng Nam<br /> trong giao dich d nhQng nam sau do. Ching A, nhim buoc ho ve Cdng ty de cung khai<br /> han, mua thu nam 1695, Chua Trinh Cin nhQng viec lam sai trai va tham d cdng quy<br /> tQ chdi cho thudng diem Anh vay 6 trieu trong thdi gian iQu tru tai Ke Chd.<br /> ddng tien chinh (tQdng dQdng 60.000 quan)<br /> Giam do'c Watts ddng thdi hi chinh<br /> de thQdng diem chi tieu cho de'n khi tau<br /> James Howell - thuyen trUdng tau Pearl -<br /> cQu trd cua Cong ty sang Dang Ngoai. Ly<br /> thQ thach: ddi tien iQdng ca nam cho thuy<br /> do cd ban - theo ldi cua vien thong ngdn<br /> thu doan trong bd'i canh ngan sich thQdng<br /> ngQdi Dang Ngoai ten la Chubu - la do<br /> diem kiet que v i tham chi dinh cdng trQdc<br /> Chua hi tic dong bdi "nhQng ldi bdng gid<br /> thdi diem tau Pearl dQ dinh nhd neo rdi<br /> day tai hai" ma Sams va Blackmore tung<br /> Dang Ngoai. Watts cho r i n g thuyen trQdng<br /> ra: Watts khdng phai la giim dd'c hdp phip<br /> Hov/ell la ngQdi phai chiu trich nhiem<br /> bdi dng khong phai do Ban Giam dd'c d<br /> chinh trong viec tau Pearl khong the rdi<br /> Luin Ddn bd nhiem ma ddn t h u i n do Phio<br /> Dang Ngoai vao mua ddng 1693/1694, gay<br /> dai St. George (An Do) chi dinh (24).<br /> ra thiet hai ldn cho Cong ty va ban than<br /> Day chinh la nguyen nhan khie'n phin thQdng diem Ke Chd. Mot n i m sau, giim<br /> ldn cQu nhan vien thQdng diem tay chay doc Watts lai ke't toi thuyen trUdng Howell<br /> tan giim dd'c Watts. Khi bi yeu ciu theo da sQ dung nhQng am mQu "tham doc" va<br /> tau Pearl ve Phao dai St. George, cQu giim "hen ha" de ngan chan tau Pearl rdi Dang<br /> Tir vu ap phe thuong mai. 21<br /> <br /> <br /> Ngoai trong mua ddng 1694/1695. May chinh: mua he nam dd khong cd tau Anh<br /> m i n cho thQdng diem Anh la thuyen nao de'n Dang Ngoai va tinh trang mau<br /> trudng Howell- bd lai ding sau nhQng mau t h u i n ndi bd tram trong giQa dim ngQdi<br /> thuan vdi giam do'c Watts - vin cho tau Anh d Ke Chd. That bai tren buoc giam dd'c<br /> Pearl di An Do t h i n g 1 n i m 1695 (26). Watts quay sang vay nd lai (28). Ti.ih den<br /> thing 12 n i m 1696, thQdng diem Anh b Ke<br /> Tinh trang kiet que tai chinh keo dai Chd da vay lai td'ng cong 1.400 lang bac, ca<br /> cua thQdng diem Anh la hau qua trQc tiep tQ ngQdi Dang Ngoai va tQ thQdng nhan tQ<br /> tQ nhQng mau t h u i n noi bd ndi tren. Hoi do ngQdi Ha Lan, d mQc lai suat trung binh<br /> ddng Phao dai St. George - tin tQdng vao 2,5%/thang (29). Thang 5 nam 1697,<br /> con sd' tinh toan ciia Ban Giam dd'c d Luan thQdng diem Anh tham chi phai vay ndng<br /> Don ve sd' vo'n tdn dong 30.000 bang Anh d 200 lang bac d mQc lai sua't 4%/thang tQ<br /> thQdng diem Ke Chd - nen chi ca'p cho tan vien quan Ungia Thaw (30).<br /> giim do'c Watts mot sd' vd'n rat nhd khi<br /> 6 Luan Ddn, ban than Ban Giim dd'c<br /> cung tau Pearl sang Dang Ngoai vao mua<br /> ngay cang nhan ra that bai day cay ding<br /> he nam 1693. Bdi vay, khi Keeling tQ chdi<br /> trong viec duy tri thQdng diem Ke Chd. Vao<br /> ban giao sd sach va vd'n kinh doanh cdn tdn<br /> thdi diem Phio dai St. George phai Richard<br /> dong cho Watts, vi tan giam do^c ngay lap<br /> Watts sang thanh tra va dieu hanh boat<br /> tQc ddi mat vdi tinh trang khong cdn ngan<br /> ddng kinh doanh d Dang Ngoai (mua he<br /> quy. Van de tai chinh trd nen dac biet<br /> 1693), cic giim dd'c da hoan toan nhan ra<br /> nghiem trong khi tau Pearl budc phai iQu<br /> mot thQc te budn: nhan vien thQdng diem<br /> tru d Dang Ngoai mot nam vi nhd gid ba'c,<br /> Ke Chd da qua m i t ho trong nhieu nam<br /> ddng nghia vdi viec thQdng diem Ke Chd<br /> qua va boat ddng kinb doanh d Dang Ngoai<br /> phai cung d p tien iQdng va iQdng thQc, - tQdng tQ nhQ tinh trang b Xiem thap nien<br /> thQc pham cho thuy thu doan, chQa ke den trQdc dd - ddn thuan phuc vu ldi ich cua<br /> nhQng chi phi bat thQdng khac ludn xay mot nhdm nhan vien. Vi vay, trQdc khi<br /> den khi vai chuc con ngQdi iQu tru sudt mot nhan dQdc bio cio va kien nghi chinh thQc<br /> nim dai d vung cQa sdng (27). tQ doan thanh tra cua Watts ve tinh hinh<br /> Theo nhat ky thQdng diem Anh d Ke hien tai cung nhQ trien vong cua nen mau<br /> Chd, tQ cudi nam 1694, thQdng diem b i t dich vdi Dang Ngoai, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan<br /> dau thie'u tien; cac hang hda cd the ban Don da tQc tdc quye't dinh triet bd thQdng<br /> dQdc (chu ye'u la vai dQa tQ Luan Ddn sang) diem Ke Chd. Trong cdng v i n gQi Phio dai<br /> cung da can. De tdn tai va cung Qng cho St. George vao t h i n g 1 n i m 1694, Ban<br /> thuy thu doan cua tau Pearl, ngQdi Anh b i t Giim do'c thuc giuc ngQdi Anh d Madras<br /> diu vay nang lai. TrQdc khi vay lai tQ "sii dung mgi khd ndng hien eo de thu hoi<br /> thQdng dan Dang Ngoai, thQdng diem vi cho Cong ty todn bg tdi sdn vd vdn lieng<br /> thinh elu Chua Trinh Can cho vay 60.000 con litu citu d thitang diem Ddng Ngodi"<br /> quan tien (sau rut xuo'ng cdn 30.000 quan) (31). Mot n i m sau - du v i n chQa nhan dQdc<br /> de chi tieu cho de'n khi tau cua Cong ty kie'n nghi tQ phQdng Ddng - Ban Giim dd'c<br /> sang Dang Ngoai. Ke hoach khong thanh da hoan toan mat bet kien nhan vdi thQdng<br /> cong du thQdng diem da hoi 16 mot Duckba diem Ke Chd. Trong cdng v i n g^i thuoc d p<br /> (DQc Ba) de nhd chuyen ddn den tan tay cua minb 6 Phio dai St. George de ngay 6<br /> Chua. Chua nghi ngai bdi hai nguyen do thing 3 nam 1695, cac giim do'c qua quyet:<br /> 22 Rghien curu Lich s i , sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> "Cong ty nhdn thd'y nin mdu dich trUc lac gian tiep vdi thQdng die'm Ke Chd: g^i<br /> tiep tii Anh sang Trung Qudc vd ngUac lgi chi thi dong cQa thQdng diem Ke Chd qua<br /> CO ldi nhiiu han viec buon bdn vdi Ddng tau Elizabeth de'n budn b i n 5 Quang Chau<br /> Ngodi, nhdt Id khi xet den chi phi diidng (Trung Qudc) de nhan vien d Ke Chd chuan<br /> ddi vd hgn ehe khd ndng lien lgc ngodi viec hi sin sang trUdc khi tau de'n Dang Ngoai<br /> cdt cit tdu thuyin qua lgi. The nhUng ede vao mua he n i m 1697 (33).<br /> chuyen hdng [Ddng Ngodi] diia ve hiem khi Thing 1 nam 1697, mot vi giio si Phip<br /> sit dung qud 1 j2 tdi trgng trii khi eo' nhoi mdi de'n Dang Ngoai da thong bio cho giim<br /> nhet len tdu nhiing do san mdi re tien, cong dd'c Watts thong tin ong ta nghe dQdc ve ke<br /> kenh trong khi tiin ldi ehdng bit duac 1/2 hoach ddng cQa thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua<br /> chi phi van chuyen. Vi vdy, Ban Gidm doc Cong ty Ddng An Anh. Mot t h i n g sau, chi<br /> de nghi Phdo ddi St. George tim cdch dong thi ddng c^a thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua Phao<br /> ciia thuang diem Ke Cha ngay lap tUc dai St. George dUdc mot ngUdi Hoa dem tQ<br /> nhdm eham dOt cdng sdm cdng tdt sit Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c) sang Ke Chd<br /> phung phi tien bgc cua Cong ty d Bdng theo dudng bd. T h i n g 7, tau Marry Bouyer<br /> Ngodi. Neu co the thi nen eo' gdng bdn de'n Dang Ngoai de thu hdi t i i san va nhan<br /> nhiing tda nhd trong thUOng diem cho vien ve Madras. ThQ cua Chu tich Phio dai<br /> ngUdi Bdng Ngodi, nhuac bdng khong thi St. George gQi Chua va The tii than phien<br /> thd viit bo chung di eon han co' gdng deo ring cudc chie'n tranh khd'c liet vdi ngQdi<br /> bdm dxH do them mgt ngdy ndo niia" (32). P h i p d chau Au da khie'n Cdng ty thie'u hut<br /> tau thuyen va thuy thu nghiem trong nen<br /> Ro rang la, vao thdi diem cong vin cua phai "tam thdi ddng ciia thQdng die'm Ke<br /> Ban Giam dd'c sang den An Do, Phio dai Chd mot thdi gian". Vi Chu tich cung tha<br /> St. George da n i m ro dQdc tinh trang bi dat vao trong thQ vai ldi hQa r i n g Cdng ty se<br /> cua thQdng diem Ke Chd qua thdng tin tau can nhie kha n i n g quay lai Dang Ngoai<br /> Pearl dem ve. Sau khi rdi Dang Ngoai vao budn b i n ne'u tinh hinh trd nen sing sua<br /> thing 1 n i m 1695, tau Pearl trai qua mot hdn trong nhQng n i m tdi (34). Trong sd'vdn<br /> chuye'n di bao t i p ve Madras: than tau hi tri gia 7.849 pagoda (35) Phao dai St.<br /> rd ri va nhQng ddt gid ngQdc tren bien George giii sang Dang Ngoai n i m dd,<br /> khie'n tau Pearl bi hQ hdng ning va dat vao thQdng die'm Ke Chd da phai danh ra mot<br /> Johor - ndi hang hda va thuy thu doan dQdc khoan tri gii 2.000 lang bac de thanh toin<br /> giai cQu len bd. Khi chie'c thuyen manh sd' nd da vay, sd' tien cdn lai dung de thu<br /> buon b i n tQ Johor sang Madras mang theo mua mgt sd' san p h i m ma Phao dai St.<br /> tin tQc ve tau Pearl vao mua he n i m 1695, George yeu elu. Sau khi nhan tha'y khdng<br /> Phio dai St. George da phai tau sang Johor the van hdi nhQng mdn nd ma quan lai va<br /> de giai cQu thuy thu doan va hang hda. thQdng nhan Dang Ngoai cdn chUa thanh<br /> Den thdi diem nay, ca Phio dai St. George toan, toan bd nhan vien thQdng die'm Anh<br /> va Luan Don deu da thd'ng nha't chu trQdng rdi Ke Chd vao ngay 24 thing 11 n i m<br /> ddng cQa thQdng diem duy nhi't d Dang 1697. Nam ngay sau, tau Marry Bouyer<br /> Ngoai. Tuy nhien, do khong trQng dung nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoai, chi'm dQt 25 nam<br /> dQdc tau de sang Dang Ngoai thu hdi quan he thQdng mai va bang giao chinh<br /> thQdng die'm vao mua be nam 1696, Phio thQc giQa Cdng ty Ddng An Anh va trieu<br /> dai St. George danh phai sii dung kenh lien dinh Le-Trinh (36).<br /> Tu vu ap phe thuong mai. 23<br /> <br /> <br /> Ket luan da sQ dung vu ap phe thQdng mai cua<br /> ngQdi Anh nhQ mot nguyen cd hdp thdi de<br /> Den cudi t h i p nien 1680, mic cho nhQng<br /> t h i t chat hdn sQ quan ly ciia trieu dinh ddi<br /> tha't bai lien tiep cua Cong ty d Dong A<br /> vdi nen ngoai thQdng cua Dang Ngoai vdn<br /> (thQdng diem Bantam sup dd nam 1682;<br /> da va dang tren da sa sut nghiem trong.<br /> thQdng dem Dai Loan ket thuc nam 1685,<br /> Ba't luan sQ that nao ding sau chinh sich<br /> chie'n tranh vdi Xiem nd ra nam 1687...)<br /> " d m bien" ciia trieu dinh Le-Trinh n i m<br /> thQdng die'm Ke Chd vin nhan dQdc sQ Qu<br /> 1693, cd mot sQ that la t h i i do h i khic cua<br /> ii die biet va sU hau t h u i n cao do tQ Ban<br /> trieu dinh ddi vdi thQdng nhan ngoai quo'c,<br /> Giim do'c Cong ty d Luan Don. Trong tam<br /> thQdng nhan Ha Lan va Anh ndi rieng, da<br /> nhin chien iQdc cua Cong ty. Dang Ngoai cd<br /> gdp p h i n thdi thuc ho rdi bd Dang Ngoai<br /> the trd thanh ban dap de tham nhap thi<br /> sau nhieu thap nien gin bd budn bin.<br /> trQdng Trung Quo'c luc dia. Vi vay, mic cho<br /> Phio dai St. George nhieu lan de nghi triet Tren phQdng dien hai thQdng qudc te b<br /> tieu thQdng die'm duy nhi't d Ke Chd, Luan khu vQc Dong A tQ cudi the ky XVH-dau<br /> Don vin kien tri ung ho sU tdn tai cua nen the ky XVHI, Trung Quo'c trd t h i n h thi<br /> mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai. Tuy nhien, vien trUdng ly tQdng cua thQdng nhan phQdng<br /> giim do'c thQdng die'm Ke Chd William Tay, nha't l i sau khi nha Thanh bai bd lenh<br /> Keeling va mot sd' nhan vien da ldi dung sU ddng cQa di't nQdc va cho phep Hoa thQdng<br /> ung ho cua Luan Don de buon b i n rieng, di ra budn ban ke tQ sau n i m 1684. Cac<br /> gay ra tinh trang thua 16, tham 6 cong quy thQdng pham nd'i tieng ciia Trung Qud'c<br /> va mau t h u i n noi bo... nhQ gd'm sQ, td lua va nha't la che tran<br /> Vu ap phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh d ngap thi trQdng khien cho cic san pham td<br /> Ke Chd n i m 1693 khdng chi gay ra nhQng lua va gd'm sQ Dang Ngoai khdng cdn chd<br /> ton tha't cho Cdng ty ma cdn din de'n dQng tren thi trQdng qud'c te nQa. Trong bdi<br /> nhQng hau qua tQdng ddi nghiem trong vdi canh dd, trieu dinh Le-Trinh lai cd xu<br /> nen ngoai thQdng cua vQdng quo'c Dang hQdng t h i t chat ngoai thQdng khie'n cho cd<br /> Ngoai. Mac du nhQng phan tich da cho hoi dQ nhap sau va toan dien vdi nen kinh<br /> tha'y vu i p phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh te khu vQc va qud^c te (hay sQ dQ nhap vao<br /> dQdng nhQ chi la nguyen cd cbQ khdng phai qui trinh Toan ciu hda giai doan can dai<br /> la nguyen n h i n sau xa d i n de'n chinh sich sd ky) - vd'n da dien ra trong phan ldn the<br /> "ci'm bien" cua trieu dinh, Chua Trinh Cin ky XVII - hi bd Id mot cich dang tiec.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> * Ghi chu vi tU lieu trong phan Chd thich: Ngoai hifn dang duijc cd't giii tai Luu trii Quo'c gia<br /> Nhiing tU li?u svt dung trong bai vie't bat dau b^ng Ha Lan (La Haye).<br /> E-3 va G/12/17 la tu lieu lUu trii cua Cong ty Dong (1). Cong ty Ddng An Anh (English East India<br /> An Anh lien quan de'n Dang Ngoai, hien dang dUdc Company, vie't tat la EIC), diidc t h a n h lap nam<br /> lUu trii tai ThU vien Qudc gia Anh (Luan Ddn); 1600 tai Luan Don. Cdng ty diidc Nii hoang Anh<br /> nhiing tU lieu bat dau b l n g VOC la tU lieu lUu trfl Elizabeth ban cho doc quyen budn ban d PhUdng<br /> ciia Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan lien quan de'n Dang Ddng (chau A va Thai Binh Dudng). Tai tru sd Luan<br /> 24 Rghien curu Lich si3r. sg 9.2010<br /> <br /> Don, Cong ty dUdc dieu h a n h bdi Ban Giam do'c (6). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 9 November<br /> gom 24 vi. 6 phUdng Dong, Cdng ty duy tri mpt h$ 1687, fo. 225v.<br /> tho'ng cac thUdng die'm buon ban trai dai tii An Do<br /> (7). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 24 May 1690, fo.<br /> sang vung Vien Dong. Ve td chiic va hoat dong ciia<br /> 50r.<br /> Cong ty Dong An Anh, xin xem them tii: K. N.<br /> Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the (8). Ve boat ddng cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh tai<br /> English East India Company, 1660-1760 Xiem trong t h a p nien 1680, xin xem: Dhiravat na<br /> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Pombejra, "The English East India Company in<br /> D. K. Basett, "The Trade of the Enghsh East India Seventeenth Century Ayutthaya: Trading<br /> Company in the Far East, 1623-1684", Journal of Networks and Local Contexts", in Anthony<br /> the Royal Asiatic Society, 1-4,1960, pp. 32-47 & Farrington and Dhiravat na Pombejra, The<br /> 145-157. English Factory in Siam, 1612-1685 (London: The<br /> British Library, 2007), pp. 1-21. Xem them tis<br /> (2). Ngudi Anh bi bupc phai ddng thUdng die'm D.G.E Hall, A History of Southeast Asia (London:<br /> d Phd Hien tix nam 1672 de'n n i m 1683, sau dd Macmillan, 1970), pp. 357-374; Basett, 'The Trade<br /> mdi diidc phep chuyen len Ke Chd. Tuy nhien, tii of the English East India Company".<br /> khi diidc liiu trii va kinh doanh chinh thiic tren<br /> kinh do, nen mau dich cua ngiidi Anh vdi Dang (9). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February<br /> Ngoai khdng cdn dUdc Cdng ty quan tam giam sat 1692, fos. 102v-103r. Chie'n t r a n h Anh-Phap n i m<br /> nfla. Nam 1697, ngUdi Anh rdi bd Dang Ngoai. Ve trong cuoc chie'n t r a n h 9 nam (1688-1697) gifla<br /> hoat ddng cua Cdng ty Dong An Anh d Dang Ngoai Phap va lien minh do Anh cam dau.<br /> cuoi thap nien 1660-dau thap nien 1670, xin xem (10). E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February<br /> tii: A. Farrington, "English East India Company 1692, fos. 102v-103r.<br /> Documents Relating Pho Hien and Tonkin", in:<br /> (11). Rial of eight (hoac reaal van achten trong<br /> Pho Hien - The Centre of International Commerce<br /> tieng Ha Lan): dong tien bac Tay Ban Nha, due tai<br /> in the 17th-18th Centuries (Hanoi: The Gioi<br /> Peru, Mexico, va Sevilla, tri gia 48 stuivers (tnidc<br /> Publishers, 1994), pp. 148-161. Hoang Anh Tua'n,<br /> nam 1662) va 60 stuivers (sau nam 1662).<br /> "Ke hoach Ddng A va tha't bai cua Cong ty Ddng<br /> An Anh d Dang Ngoai thap nien 70 the ky XVH", (12). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-<br /> Tap chf Nghien cdu Lich sit. Ha Ndi, 9-2005, tr. J u n e 1693, fos. 318r-321r.<br /> 28-39.<br /> (13). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-<br /> (3). Hoang Anh Tuan, "From J a p a n to Manila<br /> J u n e 1693, fos. 318r-321r.<br /> and Back to Europe: The English Abortive Trade<br /> with Tonkin in the 1670s", Itinerario: (14). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-<br /> <br /> International Journal on the History of European J u n e 1693, fos. 321v-322v.<br /> <br /> Expansion and Global Interaction, the (15). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-<br /> Netherlands, vol. XXIX, no. 3/2005, pp. 73-92. J u n e 1693, fos. 323v-324r.<br /> (4). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 9 J u n e (16). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24<br /> 1686, fo. 70r.<br /> June-17 July 1693, fos. 321v-322v.<br /> (5). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 9 J u n e (17). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May-<br /> 1686, fo. 70r. December 1693, fos. 318r-341r.<br /> Tir VU ap phe thuong mai... 25<br /> <br /> <br /> (18). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25 he't sflc chi tie't va sinh dpng trong Nhat ky<br /> November 1693, fos. 395v-396r. Thfldng die'm Anh tai Ke Chd, thang 12-1695.<br /> <br /> (19). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25 (27). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record,<br /> November 1693, fos. 395v-396r. December 1 6 9 3 - J a n u a r y 1695, fos. 335r-425v.<br /> <br /> (20). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24 (28). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record,<br /> December 1693, fo. 340r. December 1694-December 1695, fos. 427v-438v.<br /> <br /> (21). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24 (29). G/12/17-9, Tonkin to Madras, 24<br /> December 1694, fo. 417r. Mot sii trung lap ngau November 1696, fo. 459v.<br /> nhien la miia ddng nam 1693 tau Westbroek cua<br /> (30). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 16 May<br /> Cong ty Ddng An Ha Lan d Dang Ngoai cung<br /> 1697, fo. 473v.<br /> khdng the nhd neo de ve Batavia do bi t r i gid miia<br /> ddng bic. Sii kien nay ciing vdi viec triidc dd giam (31). E-3-91, London to Fort St. George, 3<br /> dd'c thiidng die'm Ha Lan tai Ke Chp la Jacob van J a n u a r y 1694, fo. 154v.<br /> Loo va thuyen trudng tau Westbroek bi Phu Chiia (32). E-3-92, London to Fort St. George, 6<br /> bat giam khie'n ngiidi Ha Lan bi thipt hai nang March 1695, fo. 193v.<br /> khong chi ve tai chinh ma ca ve danh dii. Ve<br /> nhflng r i c rdi ciia ngiidi Ha Lan d Ke Chd nam (33). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10<br /> <br /> 1693/1694, xin xem them tfl: VOC 8365, Missive February 1697, fos. 466v-469r (General of Fort St.<br /> <br /> from Jacob van Loo and the Council to Batavia, 23 George to Tonkin, 30 May 1696).<br /> <br /> Nov. 1693, fos. 1-3. (34). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10<br /> February 1697 (Letters of Fort St. George to the<br /> (22). Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver: Dutch-<br /> King and Prince of Tonkin, 30 May 1696), fos.<br /> Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 (Leiden-Boston:<br /> 469r-470v.<br /> Brill, 2007), pp. 103-123.<br /> (35). Pagoda (hoac Pagode): ddn vi tien tp lflu<br /> (23). Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver, pp. 121-<br /> h a n h kha rpng rai d An Dp, dSc biet la vflng<br /> 123.<br /> Coromandel, vdi nhflng hp gia tri ra't khac nhau.<br /> (24). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10 Ban t h a n Cdng ty Ddng An Anh cflng cho due loai<br /> November 1695, fo. 434v. tien Pagoda d Madras, gia tri cao nha't (loai tien<br /> (25). G/12/17-9, Tonkin's General letter to Fort. star pagoda) tfldng dfldng vdi 8 shilling (tfldng<br /> St. George, 21 December 1695, fos. 440r-442r. dfldng 96 pence hoac 0,96 bang Anh).<br /> <br /> (26). Mau t h u i n sau s i c va kdo dai gifla thuyen (36). G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 27<br /> trudng Howell va giam dd'c Watts dfldc ghi chdp July-30 November 1697, fos. 480-501.<br />