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Ứng dụng tiền xử lý ảnh và hậu xử lý trong quá trình nhận dạng chữ quang học: Nghiên cứu áp dụng cho danh thiếp tiếng Việt

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Bài viết trình bày đề xuất phương pháp tiền xử lý ảnh và hậu xử lý tiếng Việt áp dụng cho quá trình nhận dạng ký tự quang học bằng thư viện mã nguồn mở Tesseract. Xây dựng một ứng dụng trên hệ điều hành Android và áp dụng kết quả nghiên cứu cho các danh thiếp tiếng Việt. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo!

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Nội dung Text: Ứng dụng tiền xử lý ảnh và hậu xử lý trong quá trình nhận dạng chữ quang học: Nghiên cứu áp dụng cho danh thiếp tiếng Việt

  1. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 APPLYING IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING AND POST-PROCESSING TO OCR: A CASE STUDY FOR VIETNAMESE BUSINESS CARDS Thai Duy Quya*, Vo Phương Binha, Tran Nhat Quanga, Phan Thi Thanh Ngaa a The Faculty of Information Technology, Dalat University, Lamdong, Vietnam *Corresponding author: Email: quytd@dlu.edu.vn Abstract This paper presents a proposal image pre-processing and Vietnamese post-processing algorithms efficiently adopt the Tesseract open source Optical Character Recognition (OCR) library. We built a mobile application (Android) and applied the result for Vietnamese business cards. The experimental results show that the proposed method implemented as an Android application achieved more accuracy than the original OCR library. Keywords: Android; OCR; Image pre-processing; Post-processing; Vietnamese Business Card. 90
  2. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 ỨNG DỤNG TIỀN XỬ LÝ ẢNH VÀ HẬU XỬ LÝ TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH NHẬN DẠNG CHỮ QUANG HỌC: NGHIÊN CỨU ÁP DỤNG CHO DANH THIẾP TIẾNG VIỆT Thái Duy Quýa*, Võ Phương Bìnha, Trần Nhật Quanga, Phan Thị Thanh Ngaa a Khoa Công nghệ Thông tin, Trường Đại học Đà Lạt, Lâm Đồng, Việt Nam *Tác giả liên hệ: Email: quytd@dlu.edu.vn Tóm tắt Bài báo trình bày đề xuất phương pháp tiền xử lý ảnh và hậu xử lý tiếng Việt áp dụng cho quá trình nhận dạng ký tự quang học bằng thư viện mã nguồn mở Tesseract. Chúng tôi xây dựng một ứng dụng trên hệ điều hành Android và áp dụng kết quả nghiên cứu cho các danh thiếp tiếng Việt. Kết quả cho thấy phương pháp đề xuất khi thực thi cho kết quả chính xác hơn các ứng dụng hiện hành. Từ khoá: Android; Danh thiếp tiếng Việt; Hậu xử lý; Nhận dạng ký tự quang học; Tiền xử lý ảnh. 91
  3. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 1. INTRODUCTION In daily work, we usually receive business cards from our friends or partners. The business cards regularly have some information, such as name, address, phone number, etc. In the contact list of a smartphone, the user can also store the same contact information as a business card. Therefore, our goal is to build an application to extract the text of the business card and save the contact information into a smart phone. The Android application can directly input an image of the contact information using the phone’s camera. Noise in the business card image is then eliminated. The image is then provided to the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engine to extract the necessary information and to save it to the contact list. To improve the efficiency of the extraction process, we developed improved algorithms for image pre-processing and post- processing. Our application is implemented on an Android device and tested with Vietnamese business cards. The OCR engine used in this paper is the Tesseract open source library. 2. RELATED WORK OCR systems have been under development in research and industry since the 1950s using knowledge-based and statistical pattern recognition techniques to transform scanned or photographed images of text into machine-editable text files (Eason, Noble, & Sneddon, 1955). Shalin, Chopra, Ghadge, and Onkar (2014) developed an early OCR system. Techniques of pre-processing images, used as an initial step in character recognition systems, were presented, of which the feature extraction step of optical character recognition is the most important. In order to improve the accuracy of image recognition, Mande and Hansheng (2015) and Matteo, Ratko, Matija, and Tihomir (2017) have proposed an efficient method to remove background noise and enhance low-quality images, respectively. In addition, Nirmala and Nagabhushan (2009) proposed an approach which can handle document images with varying backgrounds of multiple colors. Bhaskar, Lavassar, and Green (2015); Pal, Rajani, Poojary, and Prasad (2017); and Yorozu, Hirano, Oka, and Tagawa (1987) presented a tutorial to improve the accuracy of the OCR method when converting printed words into digital text. Although there are many applications of OCR which were high accurate for the English language (Badla, 2014; Chang, & Steven, 2009; Kulkarni, Jadhav, Kalpe, & Kurkut, 2014; Palan, Bhatt, Mehta, Shavdia, & Kambli, 2014; Phan, Nguyen, Nguyen, Thai, & Vo, 2017; & Trần, 2013), OCR systems for non-English languages may have several problems. Vietnamese is a language with tones and single syllables (Phan & et al., 2017). We were not successful in finding any relevant studies that have a 100% recognition rate for Vietnamese, but some applications have been implemented, such as in Trần (2013). Among commercial versions, another popular application is CamCard, but it does not offer much support for Vietnamese language business cards. An application available for Vietnamese language in Google Store is Business Card Reader Free, but the experimental accuracy is not high. 92
  4. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 3. OCR AND TESSERACT OCR is the technical process which converts scanned images, typewritten, or printed text into machine encoded text. OCR has been in development for almost 80 years, as the first patent for an OCR machine was filed in 1929 by a German named Gustav Tauschek and an American patent was filed subsequently in 1935. OCR has many applications, including use in the postal service, language translation, and digital libraries. Currently, OCR is even in the hands of the general public in the form of mobile applications. The OCR system input images include text which cannot be edited. The output of the OCR process is editable text from the input images. The OCR process is illustrated in Fig. 1. Figure 1. OCR process There are a few stages within the OCR process used to convert an image to text. To simplify these steps, we use an open source software called Tesseract as the kernel for our project. Tesseract was first built in 1985 by Hewlett Packard. The project later changed hands and was further developed by the University of Nevada-Las Vegas from 1996 to 2006 (Matteo & et al., 2017). From 2007, Google has sponsored this project under the Apache 2.0 license as open source software. Today, Tesseract is considered the most accurate free OCR engine in existence and is one of the most widely used in the world. Tesseract now provides support for 139 languages (Mande & Hansheng, 2015). The Tesseract OCR process can be represented by the flow chart in Figure 2, in this system, there are eight stages, as follows (Bhaskar & et al., 2017):  A Gray-scale or color image is provided as input: The input data should ideally be a “flat” image from a flatbed scanner or a near parallel image capture.  Adaptive threshold: Performs the reduction of a gray-scale image to a binary image using Otsu’s method (Bhaskar & et al., 2017). The algorithm assumes that in an image there are foreground (black) pixels and background (white) pixels. It then calculates the optimal threshold that separates the two pixel classes so that the variance between the two is minimal;  Connected-component labeling: Through the binary image, Tesseract will identify the foreground pixels and then mark the potential characters; 93
  5. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018  Line finding algorithm: Lines of text are found by analyzing the image space adjacent to potential characters.  Baseline fitting algorithm: Finding baselines for each of the lines. After each line of text is found, Tesseract examines the lines of text to find the approximate text height across the line.  Fixed pitch detection: The other step of setting up character detection is finding the approximate character width. This allows the correct incremental extraction of characters as Tesseract progresses down a line;  Non-fixed pitch spacing delimiting: Characters that are not of uniform width, or not of a width that agrees with the surrounding neighbourhood, are reclassified to be processed in an alternate manner;  Word recognition: After finding all of the possible character “blobs” in the document, Tesseract performs word recognition on a word-by-word, line-by- line basis. Words are then passed through a contextual and syntactical analyzer, which ensures accurate recognition. Figure 2. Tesseract flow chart 94
  6. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 4. PROPOSED METHOD 4.1. Pre-processing The Tesseract engine is the kernel of the OCR system in our project. To improve the accuracy of the process, we use some pre-processing techniques for the input images. The first technique is to fix a frame after taking pictures with a camera and converting to gray-scale images. After that, we used the methods proposed by Mande and Hansheng (2015); Matteo and et al. (2017); and Shivananda and Nagabhushan (2009). When the user finishes taking the images, the program automatically identifies the frame for the picture, which is the outline of the business card. It can change the size and shape of the frame as suitable for recognizing text. This action not only helps increase the accuracy of the captured image, but also removes unnecessary parts of the business card. Figure 3 shows an example of the frame selection for a photographed business card. We used the OpenCV open source library, which is an efficient tool for image processing. OpenCV tool can also convert a color picture to a gray-scale picture, which is very convenient in the next step of our OCR process. Figure 3. A frame after taking a picture On the other hand, the images can be processed before input to Tesseract. Therefore, we have applied some methods proposed by previous authors. First, the original colored image is converted into a gray-scale image using the formula proposed by Li, Jia-bing, and Shan-shan (2010) shown in Equation (1) Y = 0.2999R + 0.587G + 0.114B (1) where R, G, and B are the normalized red, green, and blue pixel values, respectively. Second, we applied the methods proposed by Badla (2014) to convert the color images to gray-scale by two techniques: Luminosity and DPI Enhancement. Both of these techniques used the OpenCV library to perform the conversion. Luminosity is a method for converting an image into gray-scale while preserving some of the color intensities (Badla, 2014). The algorithm code below describes the image luminosity process: 95
  7. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 // Get buffered image from input file; iterate all the pixels in the image with width=w and height=h for int w=0 to w=width { for int h=0 to h=height { // call BufferedImage.getRGB() saves the color of the pixel // call Color(int) to grab the RGB value in pixel Color= new color(); // now use red, green, and black components to calculator average. int luminosity = (int)(0.2126 * red + 0.7152 *green + 0.0722 *blue; // now create new values Color lum = new ColorLum Image.set(lum) // set the pixel in the new formed object } } To get the best results out of the image, we need to fix the DPI as 300 DPI is the minimum acceptable for Tesseract (Badla, 2014). The algorithm for DPI enhancement is as follows: start edge extract (low, high){ // define edge Edge edge; // form image matrix Int imgx[3][3]={} Int imgy[3][3]={} Img height; Img width; //Get diff in dpi on X edge // get diff in dpi on y edge diffx= height* width; diffy=r_Height*r_Width; img magnitude= sizeof(int)* r_Height*r_Width); memset(diffx, 0, sizeof(int)* r_Height*r_Width); memset(diffy, 0, sizeof(int)* r_Height*r_Width); memset(mag, 0, sizeof(int)* r_Height*r_Width); // this computes the angles // and magnitude in input img For ( int y=0 to y=height) For (int x=0 to x=width) Result_xside +=pixel*x[dy][dx]; Result_yside=pixel*y[dy][dx]; // return recreated image result=new Image(edge, r_Height, r_Width) return result; } Finally, we use the methods proposed by Mande and Hansheng (2015) and Matteo & et al. (2017) with low-quality or background images. Tesseract requires a minimum text size for reasonable accuracy. If the x-height of images is below 20px, the accuracy drops off. The first pre-processing method proposed of Matteo and et al. (2017) is image resizing so that the image height is 100px. Resizing is only applied if the height of the original image is below 100px. The second pre-processing method of Matteo and et al. (2017) is an image sharpening method. The main reason for using it is to enhance the contrast between edges, i.e. to enhance contrast between text and background. The image sharpening is achieved using unsharp masking, represented by Equation (2). g(i,j) = f(i,j) - fsmooth(i, j) (2) 96
  8. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 A smoothed image fsmooth is subtracted from the original image f. The third proposed method of Matteo and et al. (2017) is image blurring to reduce high frequency information and remove noise from the images, which can possibly cause a lower OCR accuracy rate. This method is achieved by applying a low-pass filter to the analyzed image f such that each pixel is replaced by the average of all the values in the local neighborhood of size 9x9 pixels, as in Equation (3). (3) Mande and Hansheng (2015) proposed some methods in cases where the image has a background. The methods are based on a color model in RGB space (Figure 4). We applied this method using the parameter of brightness distortion (αi) and chromaticity (CD ) to enhance a document image and make it easier to remove background. The i brightness distortion αi is obtained by Equation (4). (i) = (pi - iEi)2 (4) Where αi represents the pixel’s brightness. To minimize the object function (4), αi must be 1 if the brightness of the given pixel in the current image is the same as in the reference image. Similarly, αi < 1 means the pixel is dimmer than the expected brightness; and αi >1 means it is brighter. When αi are determined, the value of CDi can be solved by Equation (5): CDi = || pi - iEi|| (5) Figure 4. Color model in RGB space. Ei represents the expected color of pixel pi in the current image. The difference between pi and Ei is decomposed into brightness i and chromaticity (CDi) Source: Mande and Hansheng (2015). 4.2. Post-Processing OCR (including Tesseract) is used for many applications these days. In this project, we only researched and applied OCR to business cards. Therefore, we were only concerned with four items: i) Name or organization; ii) Telephone number; iii) Email; and iv) Address of organization. Actually, there are two techniques for extracting textual 97
  9. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 information from images: i) Regular expression (can own defined rules) or ii) Machine learning statistics (Trần, 2013). In this study, we used regular expression, or methods dependent on Vietnamese language rules, to obtain the necessary information. The editable text received from the OCR process includes multiple lines. The information on the business card usually is short and the first letters indicate the contents of the line. Overall, the telephone number and email address use regular expressions, whereas name and address are based on Vietnamese language conventions. For email address and phone number, we used the regular expression provided by Kipalog (2018). The regular expression for the email address is Expression (6): /[A-Z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Z0-9-]+.+.[A-Z]{2,4}/igm (6) Similarly, the phone number is expressied as Expression (7): (\\(\\d+\\)+[\\s-.]*)*(\\d+[\\s-.]*)+ (7) In addition, when the algorithm scans a phone number, it also categorizes the number as a mobile number or a home number. On most business cards, the phone numbers are usually a sequence of numbers, or are separated by special characters such as white spaces, dots, dashes…. Thus, in the algorithm we included some special exceptions to improve the post-processing. With the Vietnamese name, the algorithm will check whether the line contains the family name or not. The family name is stored and a comparison is made to determine if the information stream contains a family name. If not, the algorithm will get all the words in the line and save them as the organization name. With address, the algorithm will check if the input stream contains headings with such Vietnamese phrases as “Đc:” or “Đ ịa chỉ:” or English phrases such as "Add:", “Address:”, or these words in uppercase format. If it exists, this line is the address, otherwise the algorithm checks to find the name of the provinces in Vietnam, which are stored in a list similar to family name. 4.3. Proposed model Figure 5 shows the basic steps involved in recognition in our project. Images taken by a phone’s camera of a business card are pre-processed (see in 4.1) and then inputted to the Tesseract engine. After receiving text results, we use Vietnamese language conventions for names and addresses to extract information from the card (post- processing, see in 4.2) and then save the information to the list of contacts in the Android device. 98
  10. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 Figure 5. Proposed structural model 5. RESULTS We have successfully implemented an application called Vietnamese Card Scan (VnCS) on the Android OS. The experiment was deployed on the Samsung Galaxy Tab E tablet with Android 4.4.4. The size of the APK file is 26.5MB. The program runs on the Android OS shown in Figure 6. The test data include 250 Vietnamese business cards of three types, as presented in Table 1. Figure 6. ScanVnCard program in Samsung Galaxy Tab E 99
  11. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 Table 1. Business card collected data Type Features Quantum No. 1 Distinctive background and text, no wallpaper 135 No. 2 Distinctive background and letters, with wallpaper 75 No. 3 Have the same color, logo, picture or characters that are difficult to identify 40 Four types of information are extracted, as follows: i) Name or organization; ii) Phone numbers; iii) Email; and iv) Address. The results with the accuracy of each extraction type are shown in Table 2. Figure 7 presents an original Vietnamese business card, after pre-processing, and editable text after OCR processing. Table 2. Results for four types of information extracted from business cards No. 1(%) No. 2(%) No. 3(%) Name or organization 90 70 60 Phone numbers 90 80 70 Email 80 60 50 Address 70 60 60 (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 7. An example for our OCR process in Vietnamese business card Note: a) Original business card; b) Pre-processing; c) Editable text; and d) Saving to contact list. 100
  12. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 6. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides a detailed discussion about a mobile image to text recognition system implemented through an Android application for Vietnamese business cards. The image is taken with a camera and pre-processed by various techniques. The image is then processed with an OCR technique to produce editable text on screen. Finally, the necessary information is extracted by post-processing and saved to the contact list. The results show that the proposed method achieves more efficiency and accuracy than the original software. In the future, we will improve the program to run faster and deploy on many operating systems. REFERENCES Badla, S. (2014). Improving the efficiency of Tesserct OCR engine. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.c om/&httpsredir=1&article=1416&context=etd_projects. Bhaskar, S., Lavassar, N., & Green, S. (2015). Implementing optical character recognition on the Android operating system for business cards. Retrieved from https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:rz261ds9725/Bhaskar_Lavassar_Green_Bu sinessCardRecognition.pdf. Chang, L. Z., & Steven, Z. Z. (2009). Robust pre-processing techniques for OCR applications on mobile devices. Paper presented at The International Conference on Mobile Technology, Application & Systems, France. Eason, G., Noble, B., & Sneddon, I. N. (1955). On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., A247, 529- 551. Kipalog. (2018). 30 đoạn biểu thức chính quy mà lập trình viên Web nên biết. Được truy lục từ ttps://kipalog.com/posts/30-doan-bieu-thuc-chinh-quy-ma-lap-trinh-vien- web-nen-biet. Koistinen, M., Kettunen, K., & Kervinen, J. (2017). How to improve optical character recognition of historical Finnish newspapers using open source Tesseract OCR engine. Paper presented at The Language & Technology Conference: Human Language Technologies as a Challenge for Computer Science and Linguistics, Poland. Kulkarni, S. S., Jadhav, V., Kalpe, A., & Kurkut, V. (2014). Android card reader application using OCR. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3, 5238-5239. Li, J., Jia-Bing, H. D., & Shan-shan, Z. (2010). A novel algorithm for color space conversion model from CMYK to LAB. Journal of Multimedia, 5(2), 159-166. Mande, S., & Hansheng, L. (2015). Improving OCR performance with background image elimination. Paper presented at The International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, China. 101
  13. KỶ YẾU HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC THƯỜNG NIÊN TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ LẠT NĂM 2018 Matteo, B., Ratko, G., Matija, P., & Tihomir, M. (2017). Improving optical character recognition performance for low quality images. Paper presented at The International Symposium ELMAR, Croatia. Pal, I., Rajani, M., Poojary, A., & Prasad, P. (2017). Implementation of image to text conversion using Android app. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, 6, 2291-2297. Palan, D. R., Bhatt, G. B., Mehta, K. J., Shavdia, K. J., & Kambli, M. (2014). OCR on Android-travelmate. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3, 5810-5812. Phan, T. T. N., Nguyen, T. H. T., Nguyen, V. P., Thai, D. Q., & Vo, P. B. (2017). Vietnamese text extraction from book covers. Dalat University Journal of Science, 7(2), 142-152. Shalin, Chopra, A., Ghadge, A. A., & Onkar, A. P. (2014). Optical character recognition. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3, 214-219. Shivananda, N., & Nagabhushan, P. (2009). Separation of foreground text from complex background in color document images. Paper presented at The Seventh International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition, India. Trần, Đ. H., (2013). Ứng dụng nhận dạng danh thiếp tiếng việt và cập nhật thông tin danh bạ trên Android. Được truy lục từ https://text.123doc.org/document/ 2558917-ung-dung-nhan-dang-danh-thiep-tieng-viet-va-cap-nhat-thong-tin-danh -ba-tren-android-full-soure-code.htm Yorozu, Y., Hirano, M., Oka, K., & Tagawa, Y. (1987). Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface. IEEE Transl. J. Magn., 2, 740-741. Zhou, S. Z., Gilani, S. O., & Winkler, S. (2016). Open source OCR framework using mobile devices. SPIE-IS&T, 6821, 1-6. 102
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