Vấn đề “toàn vẹn lãnh thổ” của Liên bang Malaysia giai đoạn sau độc lập (1957-1963)

VAN OE "TOAN YEN LANH THO" CLIA LIEN BANC<br /> MALAYSIA CIAIOOAN SAU DOC LAP (19571965)<br /> <br /> <br /> PHAN VAN RAN*<br /> TRINH THI HOA"<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> chinh quyin tfl tri tai day" (3). Tuy nhien,<br /> T rai qua qufi trinh dfiu tranh chdng<br /> fich thd'ng tri ciia thflc dfin Anh,<br /> ngfiy 31-8-1957, Lidn bang Malaya (1)<br /> do nhflng can trd tfl mdt so" bang vfi sfl can<br /> thiep tfl phfa nhfi nridc Xidm (Thai Lan) liic<br /> tuydn bd' thfinh lfip qudc gia ddc lfip. Nhfi dd dfin dgh tuyen bd' thfinh lfip Lidn bang<br /> nridc doc lfip mdi vfin gifl nguyen ten cu lfi Malaya ngfiy 1-7-1896 da khdng bao gom<br /> Lien bang Malaya vdi 11 bang (2). Cac tfit ea "miin dfi't cua ngfldi Melayu". Sau<br /> thfinh vien ciia Lien bang vfin duy tri tinh khi Malaya gianh ddc lfip nfim 1957, vfin d^<br /> ddc lfip tfldng ddi cua minh. Mdt so' bang nfiy dflpc d i cfip lai trd lai. Dridi gde dd vfin<br /> cdn lai lfi Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah vfi hda, nd lfi nhu cfiu tri thfin ciia nhfliig cfl<br /> Brunei vfin cdn nfim dridi sri kiem sofit eiia dfin thudc "miin dfit eua ngridi Melayu".<br /> thrie dan Anh. Do dd, cuoc dfiu tranh eiing Dridi gdc dp chinh tri - xa hdi, day lfi ndi<br /> CO ddc lfip dan tde cua Lidn bang Malaya dung ndng bdng trong cfic chridng trinh<br /> sau ddc lfip vfin phai tiep tuc vdi nhflng nghi sri eiia chinh quyin Malaya. Ngflcli<br /> nhidm vu vd cflng phfle tap, trong do "vfiii khdi xfldng y tfldng nfiy lfi Thu tfldng<br /> de tofin ven lanh tho" nhfim dam bao tinh Tunku Abdul Rahman. Ong dfi xfiy dring<br /> thdng nhfit trong tofin bd Lidn bang lfi mdt nen "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia" vdi chridng<br /> ndi dung dflpc chinh quyin Malaya dfic bidt trtnh sfip nhfip cfic bang edn lai trong h^<br /> quan tam.<br /> thd'ng thupc dia Anh d qufin dao Ma lai<br /> "i tridng lidn kfit cac vung dfit tren thfinh thanh mdt td' chfle hfinh chinh thd'ng nhfit -<br /> mdt td' ehflc hfinh chinh thdng nhfi't vd'n da "Lien bang Malaysia".<br /> tflng dflpc ngridi Anh di cfip nfim 1887.<br /> Thdi diem dd, ngridi Anh dfit ra vfin di hdp Vi sdp nhgp Sabah vd Sarawak vdo<br /> nhfit efie bang nfiy 'lfi nham bao ve lpi ich Lien bang Malaysia<br /> cua ngfldi Anh d vflng Vien Ddng chfl Ddi vdi Sabah va Sarawak, hpp tfic gi^B<br /> khdng phai dap flng khfit vpng ciia eac chfnh quyin Malaya vdi hai bang nfiy da<br /> <br /> ' PGS. TS. Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh<br /> •• NCS. Hpc vidn Chfnh tri - Hfinh chfnh QuSc gia Hd Chi Minh<br /> Von d^ 'loan ven lanh Hid'..<br /> <br /> dflpc thiet lfip sau khi Malaya tuyen bd* ddc dien mdt hd thdng nhfi nfldc do dfin bfiu cii.<br /> lap nfim 1957. Cfic cupc ti^p xue, dfim phfin Trfii lai, ndi day vfin nfim dfldi m^t bd may<br /> thridng mai tri do gifla hai phfa da dripc eai tri gia trfldng vfi ddc tfii eiia Cdng ty<br /> tiin hfinh. Tuy nhien, chfnh quyin Malaya Bfic Borneo. Viec bfiu c^ d dfiy mdi chi dijfng<br /> nhfin thfiy rfing, "nhflng hidu qua tfch cflc lai d mflc dp hinh thflc. Gidi cfim quyin d<br /> trong thdi diem nfiy rfit ban ehe bdi Bfic efie bang nfiy dfiy vfin cdn nghi ngai v i vfin<br /> Borneo nhri mdt bi$p hpi khdp kin chiu de sfip nhfip. Nd'u nhri Thing ddc Bfic<br /> "anh hfldng" vfi dang cd nguy cd hi cfic nridc Borneo nghi ngai v i mdt vien canh khi cfic<br /> lfing giing chinh phuc" (4). Cd sd di Thu bang nfiy sfip nhfip vfio Lien bang<br /> tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman dfla ra "Ki Malaysia: do lfi sri tut h^u so vdi Singapore<br /> hoach Dai Malaysia", dd lfi dng dfi rfit tin vfi nin chfnh tri Lidn bang, thi d Sabah,<br /> tfldng vao moi quan he tri nhidn gifla cfic nhiiu ngridi lai lo ngai v i "Dai Malaysia<br /> viing lanh tho Borneo vfi Malaya tfl trflde thdng nhfit dang che gifiu mdt k i hoach<br /> din nay. Ong hy vpng day se lfi diiu kien tiep quan cua ngridi Melayu". Hp cho rfing,<br /> thufin lpi v i mfit dia ly, nhfin chiing dl vi$c "de tham gia Malaya, trong khi chflng ta<br /> sap nhfip thfinh cdng. Hdn nfla, vi^c sfip vfin cdn lfi thuoc dia, diiu nay chi cd nghia<br /> n h | p se khae phue dflpc tinh trang mfit cfin lfi chflng ta khdng con lfi thupc dia eua Anh<br /> ddi v i nhfin ehiing trong Lien bang khi vfi trd thfinh thude dia cua Ma Lai..." (6) vfi<br /> ngfldi Hoa dang chiim sd' ddng d Singapore. nhri v^y hp se bi mfi't di nhflng quyin lpi<br /> 6ng tin rfing, khi thdng nhfi't dflpc cd cfiu to vd'n cd eua minh khi gia nhfip Lien bang;<br /> chfle Lien bang, thi "Lidn bang Malaysia se "hp se phai ehfip nhfin chju thidt thdi v i lpi<br /> dem de'n mdt tfldng lai tSt nhfit cho cfic fch vfi hi nam dridi quyen kiem sofit eua<br /> vflng lanh thd' Borneo" (5). Kuala Lumpur" (7). Do dd, "hp chua thuc<br /> sri sfin sang cho mdt sfing kien chfnh tri<br /> Thang 5-1961, Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul ldn" (8) la thay the e h i dp cai tri thude dia<br /> Rahman cdng bo k i hoaeh "Dai Malaysia". eiia ngridi Anh bfing c h i dd ciia Nhfi nridc<br /> Tuydn bd cua dng dfi lfim khufiy ddng Malaysia.<br /> khdng khi chinh tri cfic vflng lanh th^ Bfic<br /> Borneo. Cac dang, nhdm chfnh tri tai dfiy Ben canh sd phan dra eiia ngfldi dfin d<br /> da bfin thao rfit sdi noi cd nen sfip nhfip vfio Sabah vfi Sarawak, chfnh quyin Malaya<br /> Lien bang Malaysia bay khdng. Hp rfit cung khdng phai dl dfing thoa thu^n dripc<br /> quan tfim de'n tfldng lai ciia Bfic Borneo khi vdi ngridi Anh v i vfin d i nfiy. Ngridi Anh coi<br /> gia nhfip Lien bang. Thfing 6 nfim 1961, day la muc tieu dfii han ciia chfnh quyin<br /> dai di^n eua bang Sarawak, Sabah (thude Malaya. Hp chfla muon rdi bd cfic lpi fch<br /> Bfic Borneo) da tham dfl hdi nghi cflng dgi thupc dia von da dflpc thiet lfip tfl trridc.<br /> didn eiia ehinh quyen Malaya vfi Cfic Thong dd'c ngridi Anh d dfiy diu cho<br /> Singapore, d i bfin v i vfin d i thfinh lfip Lidn rfing, efie vung Ifinh t h i Borneo cfin thiit<br /> bang mdi. Trdn thflc ti, hai vflng dfi't Sabah l|lp quan he chfit che vdi ngridi Anh hdn,<br /> vfi Sarawak vdn dfi hi Nhfit tfin phfi nfing<br /> trfldc khi hp gia nhfip Lien bang. Chfnh<br /> n i trong Chien tranb t h i gidi thfl Hai. Do<br /> quyin Anh lo ngai vi$c bude phai trao tra<br /> dd, nhu cfiu bfle thiit ciia ca hai bang lfi<br /> ddc lfip cho hai bang nfiy ddng nghta vdi<br /> khdi phuc phfit triin n i n kinh t i . Vfio thdi<br /> vide hp phai ra di khdi dfiy, khi dd "ea hai<br /> diim nfiy, Sabah vfi Sarawak khdng ed<br /> viing Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak se khd duy<br /> nhieu dang phfii chfnh tri hay ed sri hien<br /> tri trang thai yen d'n eiia rieng minh mfi<br />  Rghien curu Lich si. s6 6.2013<br /> <br /> thay vfio dd lfi mdt khdng khf chinh tri mdi tdi td ddi vdi ngfldi Anh" (13). Diing trfldc<br /> se tao cd hdi cho cfic thi^ Iflc mdi can thi$p" hai lfla chpn, hofie ung hO chinh quyin cfic<br /> (9). Do dd, trong qua trinh dfim phfin vdi bang Sabah vfi Sarawak vfi kdo dfii thdi<br /> phia chfnh quyin Malaya, cac thfinh vidn gian trao tra ddc lfip, tri hoan vi$c thfinh.<br /> Anh d i nghi: "giai doan chuyen tiip t£S lfip Lidn bang Malaysia; hofie di mfit<br /> thiiu la 3 nfim hofie tdi da lfi 7 nfim k i tfl Singapore, thi ngridi Anh da Iria chpn giai<br /> ngfiy thfinh lfip Lidn bang mdi... Giai doan phfip thfl nhfit cd lpi nhfit cho hp. Ngfiy 24-<br /> chuyen tiip nfiy dripc khuyin cao nhfl lfi 7-1961, Hpi nghi "KhSi Thinh vflpng<br /> each di dgt dfldc mdt thda thufin chung ddi chung" dflpc tri$u tfip d Singapore cung cfic<br /> vdi dai di$n giiia chinh phii lidn bang vfi dai dien eiia Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei vfi<br /> chinh phii tiiu bang" (10). Malaya. "Khoi Thinh vfldng chung" da bfiy<br /> Ddi vdi ehinh quyin Malaya, Thii tridng to sri ung hd kd' hoach "Dai Malaysia" vfi ra<br /> Tunku Abdul Rahman nhfin thfiy dfiy lfi Thdng cfio nhfin dinh: "sri cfin thiit vfi<br /> thdi diem cfin cd sri quyit tfim ddi vdi muc khdng the trfinh khdi cua cfic tiiu bang<br /> tieu "tofin vpn lanh th^'. Bdi le, viec sap trong sri thdng nhfi't cda Lien bang<br /> nhfip cac viing nfiy se lfi cd sd dam bao cho Malaysia" (14). Ngridi dflng dfiu Bic<br /> chridng trinh sap nhfip Singapore sau dd Borneo da ddng tinh rfing; "Malaysia cfin<br /> dripc thfinh edng: "khdng cd viing lanh t h i dripc tao nen bdi tfit ca cac thanh vidn, diu<br /> Borneo, tdi sd khd thfiy cd the hinh dung cd lien quan nhri lfi mdt hiep hdi ciia cac<br /> dflpc sfl hdi nhfip ciia Singapore vfi Lidn ddi tac, k i t hpp vi lpi ich chung d i tao ra<br /> bang, hofie thuyet phue cfic ddng nghiep mdt qudc gia mdi, nhring phai gifl lai<br /> chfnh tri eiia tdi vfi dfit nridc chfip nhfin nhiing quyin lpi rieng cua hp" (15). Ban<br /> diiu nfiy" (11). Hdn nfla, vdi Ong, nguy cd than chfnh quyin Bfic Borneo cung da k^<br /> mot "Singapore cpng san" cung nhri fip Iric ke't vdi chfnh quyin Malaya mot vfin ban c6<br /> tfl vfin d i nhan chung trong Lidn bang se tdn la "Sabah - Bidn ban ghi nhd 20 diem"<br /> de dpa din quyin Iflc eua chfnh quyin (16), trong dd de cfip tdi nhflng v & di cd<br /> Malaya. Vi vfiy, trong qufi trinh dfim phfin ban lidn quan din sri ^n dinh chfnh tri lfiu<br /> vdi ngridi Anh, dng da eridng quyit "khdng dai cua Lidn bang Malaysia dd lfi: ngridi<br /> dong tinh vdi thdi gian qua dfii cua qufi dftng dfiu nhfi nridc, tinh trang cua ii6i<br /> trinh chuyin doi vfi duy tri hi$n trang cua giao, ngdn ngfl, quyen cdng dfin vfi di cfl,<br /> cac bang"; "Sarawak vfi B^c Borneo nen dich vu dfin sri vfi tfii chfnh, kinh ti... vdi<br /> thfla nhfin lfi quSc gia trong Lien bang cfing mong mud'n dam bao d'n dinh mdi quan h^<br /> sdm cfing td't trong vong 12 thfing tdi" (12). gifla Lidn bang vfi tieu bang. Vi phfa<br /> Malaya, chfnh phii Lien bang cam kit sau<br /> Trude quan dilm cutng rfin vfi quye't tam<br /> khi sap nh$p se thflc hi$n eac diiu ki§n<br /> ciia Thii tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman,<br /> tren, ddng thdi chfnh quyin Lien bang phai<br /> ngudi Anh cung nhfin thfi'y rang: "nd'u<br /> cd trfich nhidm trp cfip cho si^ phfit triln<br /> khdng the sfip nhfip eac vflng lanh tho vfio<br /> kinh t i cua Sabah va Sarawak cung nhfl<br /> Lidn bang, thi vide sap nhfip Singapore coi<br /> phai cd bidn phfip kilm sofit vipc nhfip cfl,<br /> nhri khong thfinh. Khdng sfip nhfip, chfnh<br /> dfic biet Ifi ngridi Hoa vfio cfic vflng dfit<br /> quyin Singapore se khdng tru vflng, diiu<br /> trdn.<br /> nfiy dfin^den hfiu qua ngridi Anh mfit se<br /> mfi't quyen sii dung cac cd sd vdn da dflpc Thfing 8 nfim 1962, IJy ban thfim dd dfl<br /> thiit lfip tfl trfldc. Dfiy se la mdt kich ban<br /> lufin d Bfic Borneo (g6m dgi dien chinh<br /> V6n de toan vgn lanh ttid'...<br /> <br /> quyin Anh vfi Malaya) da dria ra kit qua: dang trflc tiep de doa tdi vi tri Ifinh dao eiia<br /> "khoang 1/3 dan sS" trong ea hai vflng lanh chfnh quyin Malaya. Ngofii vide cd lfip vfi<br /> tho Bfic Borneo vfi Sarawak da nhanh tridt tidu Dang Cpng san d Malaya, chinh<br /> chdng iing hd vide sfip nhfip Lien bang quyin Malaya cdn phai ddi di^n vdi kha<br /> Malaysia mfi khdng quan tfim qufi nhiiu v i nfing Iflc Iflpng cdng san dang gianh quyin<br /> cfic diiu khoan vfi diiu kidn. 1/3 s i dfin kilm sofit d Singapore. Lric Iripng cdng san<br /> khfie eung ting hp dfl fin Malaysia vfi yen d Singapore se lfi "nguy cd" d ^ vdi chinh<br /> cfiu efie diiu kidn vfi bidn phfip bao vd ldi quyin Malaya. Do dd, vdi Thu tridng<br /> leb vin cd ciia hp vdi mflc dd khfic nhau ... Tunku Abdul Rahman, "cfich duy nhfit dl<br /> S i cdn lai bi phan tan gifla nhiing ngfldi ddi ong ed the kiem sofit dripc tinh hinh lfi dl<br /> quyin ddc lfip trflde khi sfip nhfip vfio Singapore sap nh^p vao Lidn bang vfi khi<br /> Malaysia vfi nhflng ngridi iing hd vide tid'p dd v i ^ ddi phd vdi lric Iripng cdng san lfi chi<br /> tuc thi^c hidn cfic lufit Id eua chfnh quyin cdn lfi vfi'n d i an ninh ndi bd cua Kuala<br /> Anh trong mdt so nam tdi... Vfin edn mdt so<br /> Lumpur" (18); ngripc lai, niu "gifl<br /> nhfi hoat dong chfnh tri phan dm viec gia<br /> Singapore bfing cfich ngfin chfin vfi de Igi<br /> nhfip vfio Malaysia vdi bfit k^ diiu kidn<br /> long thfldng xdt doi vdi nhflng ngridi cdng<br /> nfio, trfl khi dripc ddc lfip vfi thfinh lfip dflpc<br /> san se la mdt ehinh sach nguy hilm" (19)<br /> chfnh quyen tri tri. Sd'ngridi cd quan dilm<br /> d& vdi chfnh quyin Lidn bang. Tfit nhidn,<br /> nfiy len den gfin 20% dfin sd' cua Sarawak<br /> Thii tudng Tunku Abdul Rahman eung<br /> vfi mpt phfin d Bfic Borneo" (17). Nhri vfiy<br /> c6 khoang 80% cii tri d dfiy da sfin sfing gia nhfin thflc mdt thflc te cd the xay ra, dd lfi<br /> nhip Lien bang vdi diiu kidn: hp vfin dflde khi sfip nhfip Singapre vfio Lidn bang ddng<br /> quyin sii dung ngdn ngfl vfi tdn giao eiia nghia vdi vide bo sung 1,3 tridu ngridi Hoa<br /> minh, cd ngridi dflng dfiu Nhfi nflde rieng tren bfin dao. Ddi vdi dng, sri hidn didn eiia<br /> vfi cd quyin thflc hidn chfnh sfich nhfip cfl; ngridi Hoa ciing se lfi nguy cd "phfi vd si^<br /> Sabah se cd 16 ghe vfi Sarawak cd 24 g h i can bfing ?hiing tde d Lidn bang" vfi "buy<br /> trong Qudc Hdi Lien bang; Dan ban dia hoai bfiu khong khf chfnh tri on dinh" (20)<br /> dflpc hfldng dfic quyen nhfl ngfldi Melayu tai dfiy.<br /> theo Hiin phap 1957. Dl cd t h i thric hidn dflpc "Ki hogch Dgi<br /> Malaysia", Thu tridng Tunku Abdul<br /> Sau khi efie ben da dat dfldc thda thufin Rahman cho rfing: cfin phai fip dung quy<br /> chung, ca Malaya vfi Sabah, Sarawak diu dinh ti le bfit budc d ^ vdi dai didn cua<br /> tfch efle chufin hi cho vi$e thfinh lfip Lidn Singapore trong Quoc h^i Lidn bang it hdn<br /> bang Malaysia, dri dinh vfio ngfiy 31-8- so vdi eac bang khfic, chfl khdng phai cfin<br /> 1963. Vide sfip nhfip nfiy nhri lfi bride cfin cfl vfio ti Id dfin cfl dl bfiu ra dai didn nhfl<br /> thid't de tang eridng vi thd' chinh tri cua cfic bang khfic: "Singapore sd phai chfip<br /> chlnb phii Lidn bang trridc khi tiin hfinh nh^n mdt dai di$n vdi ty Id tridng flng ft<br /> sfip nhfip ca Singaopre vfio Lidn bang.<br /> hdn d Qud'c hdi Lidn bang chfl khdng phai<br /> Vi sdp nhdp bang Singapore vdo Liin dfla tren cd cfiu ty le dan s&' (21). Diiu nfiy<br /> bang Malaysia "nhfim duy t n quyin lfle cua chinh phu<br /> Vfio thdi diem sau dpe lfip, chfnh quyin Lien bang- rdng ldn hdn nhiiu so vdi cfic<br /> Malaya nhfin thfiy rfing, nhiing diin biin thfinh vien khac trong he thd'ng Lidn bang.<br /> an ninh - chfnh trj phfle tap d Singapore Dfing sau cfic diiu ki$n cu t h i vdi<br />  Rghian ciJru Lich SIS', stf 6.2013<br /> <br /> Singapore la nhfim bao ve tofin bd Lidn Singapore: "Hp lfi nhiing ngfldi mdi nhfip cri<br /> bang khdng bi anh hridng bdi kha nfing vfi diu cd trinh dp"; "Trong cfic bfio cfio eua<br /> thd'ng tri eua ngridi Hoa - Dieu mfi cfic chinh phii Malaya d i u d i cfip din kha<br /> chinh tri gia Umno va ngridi Melayu rfit nfing ngfldi Hoa se ludn ludn trung thfinh<br /> quan tam" (22). Trong mdt bfii phfit bilu vdi Trung Qudc vfi it cd tri tridng v i mdt<br /> trridc Qudc Hdi Lien bang (16-10-1961) v i dfin tpc Malay" (29). Tuy vfiy, trridc ldi keu<br /> chu de sfip nhfip, Thu tridng Tunku Abdul gpi ciia Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman,<br /> Rahman giai thfch rang: "Chung ta khdng Thli tridng Ly Quang Di^u da hoan nghdnh<br /> the khdng thfla nhfin vide hofin tfit sfip gpi y nfiy vfi cho rfing, "Logic nghidm ngfit<br /> nhfip Singapore la ke hoach tuyet vdi cd the v i dia ly vfi sfic manh cua cfic lric Iripng lich<br /> ddi phd dflpc vdi nhflng khd khfin eua svi, dfin tde vfi kinh t i fit phai thfing the^<br /> ehung ta"; "Chfnh phu Lien bang vfi (3D). Ong phe phfin hfiu qua cua chinh sach<br /> Singapore da ciing nhau thid't lfip cd c h i thric dfin Anh trong quan h^ Singapore -<br /> lfim vide nhfim nghidn cflu vfin de nfiy. Malaya; "ranh gidi gifla Singapore vfi Lien<br /> Dieu khoan tham chiiu cua nd lfi di nhin bang lfi "mpt con quai vfit" dripc tao ra bdi<br /> vfio tfi't ca cfic khia canh cua viec sfip nhfip cfic nhfi quy hogch vfi san xufit ban do b<br /> bao gdm ea qudc phdng, hfinh hfinh chfnh, Lufin Ddn" (31). Trdn thric t i , ly do dia 1^ lfi<br /> tai chfnh va kinh td'vdi quyin ban rdng cho diiu ngridi ta de cam nhfin dripc, song quan<br /> Singapore mfi khdng anh hridng de'n trong hdn lfi quan diem chfnh tri eiia cfic<br /> nguydn tfic cua chfnh phu trung fldng dang vi§n trong "Dang Nhfin dfin hfinh<br /> manh me..." (23). Ong khfing dinh, ddng" - PAP. Da sd" thfinh vidn trong Dang<br /> Singapore lfi mdt phan cua Lien bang vfi tri PAP diu eho rfing: "thd'ng nhfil vdi bfin dao<br /> tri trong Lien bang, nhfl "doi tfic trong mdt lfi tuy$t ddi quan trpng dd'i vdi sri sd'ng edn<br /> ban sfic" (24), "Singapore cd t h i phfit triln cua mdt qudc gia thinh vflpng, khdng cdng<br /> thinh vridng nhri New York eua Malaysia" san". Dfiy von lfi mdt chii d i thridng xuyen<br /> (25). Singapore se dripc coi "nhri la mot nhfi dripc trao dd'i trong cac chfldng trtnh nghi<br /> nfldc tfl tri ed quyin tuydt dra trong eac Sri ciia Dang PAP ke tfl khi Singapore<br /> cdng viec npi bd cua minh, ngoai trfl cac tuydn bd' tach ra khdi lien bang Malaya<br /> vfi'n de qudc phong, ddi ngoai, an ninh ndi nfim 1946: sfip nhfip trd lai hay lfi tdn tai<br /> bd" (26); "Cd cfiu hfinh chinh tai Singapore ddc lfip vdi Malaya?. Trong Dang PAP,<br /> se dflpc gifl nguyen vfi nhfi nflde se duy tri khuynh hfldng cua nhflng ngridi edng san<br /> dieh vu dfin sfl cua nd" (27). V i vfin de sfl Singapore thi mud'n tiep tue thric hi$n quy<br /> dung can cfl qufin sri d Singapore, Tunku che ridng bidt eua Singapore, hridng tdi xay<br /> Abdul Rahman d i nghi rang, "cfic can cfl dring mdt "phao dfii cdng san d Ddng Nam<br /> ciia Anh tgi Singapore khdng nen sfl dung A". Trong khi dd, da so'cdn lai thi ding tinh<br /> cho muc dich cua SEATO, nhring cd the vdi vide gia nhfip trd lai vao hen bang<br /> duy tri cho Khdi thinh vfldng chung" (28). Malaya. Nfim 1959, Bd trridng tfii chfnh<br /> Singapore da dria ra ldi d i nghi thfinh l^p<br /> Vi phfa Singapore, Thii tridng L:y Quang mpt thi trridng chung vdi Lien bang Malaya<br /> Didu cung nhfin thflc dripc nguyen nhan thdng qua vi$c khdi ddng "Chridng trtnh<br /> sau xa sfl thieu tin cfiy eua phia chinh hda hpp vdi LiCn bang". Tuy nhien, nhflng<br /> quyen Malaya ddi vdi viec sfip nhfip cudc dfim thogi sd bd diin ra trong nfim<br /> Singapore chinh lfi vfin d i ngridi Hoa d 1960 dfi bi bd Iflng bdi sri khdng thdng nhfit<br /> V&i di loan ven lanh ttid'...<br /> <br /> gifla hai khuynh hridng tren chria thong Nhieu cdng ty d dia phridng nhri cfic cdng ty<br /> nhfit trong npi bd chinh quyin Singapore: san xufit gifiy ddp cao su dia phridng da<br /> "khuynh hridng Malaya" vfi "khuynh hridng ehuyin ra ngoai vi chi phi d do re hdn d<br /> Trung Qudc". Trong diiu kidn dd, Singapore" (34). Ve xfi hdi, nan nhfip cri d<br /> Singapore khd cd t h i khdi ddng dripc at, dfic biet lfi ngridi Hoa dang lfim cho<br /> "Chridng trinh hda hpp vdi Lien bang". vflng dfit nhd bd nfiy ngfiy cfing ddng dfin<br /> hdn; tlnh trgng thfit nghidp gia tfing.<br /> Thdi dilm dfiu thfip nidn 60 cua t h i 1^<br /> XX, chfnh phii Singapore nhfin thiic dripc Niu gia nhfip Lidn bang Malaysia,<br /> nhflng khd khfin mfi hp dang phai dSi mfit. Singapore se giai quyit dripc khd khfin<br /> Trfldc tidn phai k l din Ifi sfl gfin kit hiiu cd trdn. Dfic bidt, trong linh vric kinh te,<br /> v i mfit dia 1^ gifla Singapore vdi Lidn bang Singapore hy vpng se thie't lfip dflpc mpt thi<br /> Malaya. Tiip dd, v i chfnh tri, Singapore se trudng ehung vdi Lien bang, khdi phue lai<br /> khd gifinh dflpc ddc lfip thric sri niu ngay nin kinh t i bi dinh trd sau chiin tranh,<br /> lfip tflc hofin tofin d^c Ifhp vdi Lien bang thu hut cac Iudng vd'n dfiu tri tfl bdn ngofii.<br /> Malaya. Niu Singapore khdng sfip nhfip Nen kinh t i cua Singapore se khdng bi mfi't<br /> vdi Malaya thi "khd cd kha nfing ngridi Anh ehii ddng khi gia nhfip mdt thi trfldng<br /> cdng nh&n nen ddc lfip ciia Singapore" (32); ehung trong Lien btuig. Thfle te, niu so<br /> "ddc lfip cho Singapore lfle nfiy Ifi mdt ao sanh vdi Lien hang Malaya, thu nh^p cua<br /> tridng nguy hilm, dao quic nfiy se tri hiiy Lien bang Malaya trridc vfi sau khi ddc lfip<br /> di^t minh niu nd tfl chdi hpp nhfit trong chu yiu lfi phu thudc vfio t h u i hai quan vfi<br /> Malaysia" (33). V i kinh te', Singapore dang nin kinh t i ndng nghidp lae hfiu, trong khi<br /> phai ddi mfit vdi thfich thflc ldn, dd lfi tinh dd thu nhfip cua bang Singapore lai Ifi tfl<br /> hinh thfldng mai - ngfinh kinh te mui nhpn vide thflc hidn chfnh sfich thfldng mai tfl do<br /> cua Singapore dang sa sut nghiem trpng, vfi tu do hda eang hien. Vi v|y, khi sap<br /> nhu cfiu dfiu tfl von nflde ngofii gia tfing. nhfip, Singapore vfin dam bao dflpc sU dpe<br /> Mfit khfic. Lien bang Malaya dang lfi thi lfip trong cae chinh sach kinh t i cua minh<br /> trfldng tidu thu tfl nhien, cfic du an xfiy ddi vdi Lien bang. Vi chinh tri, neu khdng<br /> dflng khu cdng nghidp Idn tai Penang, gia nhfip Lidn bang thi khd ed kha nfing<br /> Kualalumpur... vdi nhiing liu dfii, bao ho Singapore gifinh dflpc doe lfip.<br /> t h u i quan lfi thach thflc ddi vdi nin kinh t i<br /> eiia Singapore. Bd trfldng Tai chinh Goh Nhri vfiy, chridng trinh "hda hpp" din lue<br /> Keng Swee da nhin thfiy diiu nfiy rfit rd nfiy khdng phai lfi "cd the" nfla mfi thi^c sri<br /> rfing vfi nhfin xdt rfing "bfit cfl diiu ^ dfi trd nen can thiit ddi vdi Singapore.<br /> chflng ta nhfim thay doi n i n kinh t i chi cd Trong cudc trflng cfiu dan y td ehflc 6<br /> thi cd dflpc ne'u Singapore va Lien bang Singapore vao thang 9-1961, cd tdi 90% cfl<br /> tich hpp nhfl lfi mdt nen kinh ti", "niu tri di bd phieu, 71% trong sd phiiu dflpc<br /> khdng cd mdt sd' hinh thflc cua hoi nhfip trflng cfiu da tfin thanh chu trridng gia<br /> kinh t i hofie thi trfldng chung, efie nin kinh nhfip Lien bang Malaya.<br /> t i Singapore vfi Malaya se tnie tiip canh Ngfiy 16-11-1961, tgi KualaLumpur vfi<br /> tranh vdi nhau, dfic bidt lfi trong viec thu Singapore, trridc sri chflng kiin ciia chfnh<br /> hut cfic nhfi dfiu tfl nfldc ngofii. Singapore quyin Anh, cfic chinh phu da cdng bo dat<br /> vdi Iflc Iripng cdng nhfin it hdn, chi phf san dripc cfic thda thufin "hda hpp" nhu sau:<br /> xufit cao hdn da gfiy ra bfit ldi eho chfnh nd. Sau khi sfip nhfip, chinh phii trung Udng se<br /> dam nhfin cfic vfi'n de dd'i ngogi, qudc phdng<br />  Rghian curu iJch siSr. stf 6.2013<br /> <br /> <br /> vfi an ninh ndi bd. Singgapore vfin se dam Malaysia, theo thda thufin, viec tuyen b i<br /> nh^n cac vfin d i thupc tfii chfnh, nhfin lric thfinh lfip nha nridc mdi di? dinh se dripc tiin<br /> vfi giao due. Singapore vfin lfi hai cang tri hfinh ngfiy 31-8-1963. Tuy nhien, do bfit ddng<br /> do, cd chfnh phii, ed quan lfip phap vfi vdi cfic qudc gia lfing giing vi vSh d i tranh<br /> ngfldi dflng dfiu nha nfldc ridng. Singapore ch£p lanh \h6 vflng B^c Borneo da lfim chflm<br /> dflpc chi dinh 2 nghi si vfio Thridng vidn va dri dinh tuydn bo ddc lfip ciia lidn bang<br /> 15 nghi si vao Hg vipn. Cdng dfin ciia Malaysia. Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng<br /> Singapore vfin gifl nguyen tfi't ca mpi quyin kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh<br /> chfnh tri cua minh; cfic quyin lpi v i gifio quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd<br /> due, lufit phfip, chfnh sfich cfl tru, t h u i thu chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia".<br /> eiia Lien bang dflpc ap dung binh dang. V i Nhri vfiy, miic tieu "tofin ven lanh tho"<br /> vfiii d i cfin cfl qufin sri, ehinh phii cua chfnh quyin Malaya v i cd ban da<br /> Singapore da dgt dripc thda thufin vdi thfinh cdng (ngogi trfl sri va vfip trong quan<br /> Malaya: cfic cfin cfl qufin sfl tai day vfin se he vdi cfic nridc lang giing hen quan din<br /> do Anh kilm sofit de "bao ve hda binh d vi$c sfip nhfip vung lanh tho Bfic Borneo).<br /> Ddng Nam A". Nhri vfiy, sfl hidn dien cua Lien bang Malaysia dripc thanh Ifip vdi cd<br /> ngridi Anh tai Singapore vfin dripc dam bao cfiu to chfle hfinh ehinh 14 bang thong<br /> cho Singapore khai thac dich vu kinh t i , nhfit. Cfic bang nfiy da dang v i cfic dfin tpc,<br /> giai quyet nan thfit nghidp vfi cung lfi dl sfic tde, khdng thufin nhfit v i the c h i chinh<br /> dam bao an ninh cho Singapore. tri vfi khfic biet sau sfic ve trinh dd kinh t i<br /> Ngfiy 9-7-1963, dai didn lidn bang - xa hdi. Dfiy vfla lfi thufin lpi vfi eiing vfla<br /> Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak vfi ehinh lfi thfich thfle ddi vdi chinh quyin Lien<br /> phii Anh da ky kit dripc thda thufin v i viec bang Malaysia trong sfl nghidp cung co nin<br /> thfinh Ifip mdt qudc gia mdi lfi lidn bang ddc lfip dan tpc sau nfiy.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). T§n ciia lign bang Malaysia tnidc n i m 1963. (6), (7), (10), (12), (15), (16), (17). Regina Lim,<br /> (2). Bao gom: Johor, Selangor, Negeri- sdd, p. 41, 5, 44, 45, 44, 45, 43.<br /> Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, PerUs, Kedah, (23). Tau Tai Yong, sdd, p.69 (Tunku'a Speech<br /> Terengganu vk Kelautan, Penang, Malacca. in Parliament, 16 October 1961).<br /> (3). Regina l i m . Federal • State Relations in (24), (25), (26), (27), (28). Tan Tai Yong, sdd, p.<br /> Sabah, Malaysia, Institute of SouthEast Asian 70, 193, 68, 68, 68-69.<br /> Studies, Singapore, 2008, p.41. (29). Lee Kuan Yew. The Singapore Story:<br /> (4). Tan Tai Yong. Creating "Greater Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore: Federal<br /> Malaysia": Decolonization and the Politics of Pubhcations, 2000, p . 362<br /> Merger, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008, p.l52. (30). D.G.E. Hall. Lich sH Bdng Nam A, Nxb.<br /> (5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (14), (18). (19), (20). (21), Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi N§i. 1997, tr. 1255.<br /> (22). Tan Tai Yong, sdd, tr. 158, 154, 152, 68, 151- (31), (32), (33), (34). Tan Tai Yong add, p. 37,<br /> 152, 71, 67, 31, 68-69, 68, 68. 40, 37. 37-38.<br />