VfIN DE XflY DQNG BQ MAY NHfl NaOC HIpN 0^1<br />
d NH6T BAN oacfl CHINH QCIYEN MINH TR|<br />
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DANG XUAN KHANG*<br />
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vd si, duy tri Nhat Ban dUdi che dp phong<br />
C dng cupc cai each trong 30 nam cudi<br />
eua the ky XIX d Nhat Ban dUdi sU<br />
lanh dao ciia Thien hoang Minh Tri dUdc<br />
kiln, chinh quyln da dUdc chuyen giao trd<br />
lai cho thien hoang vdi nhflng mue tieu<br />
coi la mpt trong nhflng eudc cai each ndi mdi: cham dflt tinh trang tU ed lap vdi the<br />
tieng n h i t trong lich sii nhan loai. Nd da gidi ben ngoai, dUa nUdc Nhat tien theo lan<br />
dem lai nhflng thanh cdng to ldn tren tat ea sdng van minh va tien bp xa hoi.<br />
cac linh vUe, bien Nhat Ban trd thanh qud'e Sau khi chip nhan viec tU bo quyen lUc<br />
gia phUdng Ddng duy n h i t "sanh vai cung eua Mac Phu, cd quan thUe quyen dilu<br />
vdi cac eUdng qud'e phUdng Tay". Va mpt hanh d i t nude tU nam 1185, Thien hoang<br />
trong nhflng thanh cdng dd la viee Nhat Mutsuhito tam thdi lap ra chinh phii mdi cl<br />
Ban da xay dflng dUdc mpt bd may nha Osaka dl dieu hanh eong vipe. Dd la mpt<br />
nUdc hien dai, dap Ung sU phat trien nhU chfnh phii dUde cd ciu theo md hinh truyen<br />
vu bao cua tinh hinh chfnh tri, kinh te - xa thdng do mpt Sosai (Td'ng tai) dflng diu.<br />
hpi eua Nhat Ban luc nay. Tuy nhien, de ed<br />
Ngay 14/3/1868, Thien hoang Minh Tri<br />
dUdc thanh cdng nay, mdt eudc diu tranh<br />
lam le long trpng, te eao vdi trdi dit, to tiln<br />
gay g i t va phUe tap cung da dien ra gifla<br />
va tuyen dpc Nam ldi thi, chfnh thfle cdng<br />
cac Iflc lUdng, gifla cac ludng tU tudng trong<br />
bd phUdng cham hanh dpng cua chfnh<br />
xa hpi Nhat Ban.<br />
quyen mdi.<br />
I. MOT SO QUAN DIEM VE N H A N U 6 C<br />
Ngay 21/4/1868, sau hpi nghi gifla cac<br />
VA CUOC DAU TRANH DE X A Y D I / N G<br />
daimyo (dai danh) va dai dipn gidi vo si b<br />
B O M A Y N H A N U 6 C HIEN DAI 6 NHAT<br />
cae han (phien), mpt van ban mang tfnh<br />
BAN T H d l MINH TRI<br />
chit ciia mpt ban hie'n phap tam thdi la<br />
Ngay 14/10/1867, tUdng quan Tokugawa seitaisho (Chfnh the thU) dUdc cdng bo",<br />
Yoshinobu (Dflc Xuyen Khanh Hy) ehinh hinh thanh the ehe d i u tien ciia chfnh<br />
thfle dang bieu xin trao tra toan bd quyen quyen Minh Tri.<br />
hanh cho Thien hoang Mutsuhito (9/1868<br />
cai hieu thanh Meiji - Minh Tri). Sau gin Tuy nhien, bp may nha nUde d i u ti6n<br />
700 nam quyen lUc n i m trong tay eiia gidi nay eiia chfnh quyln Minh Tri edn chUa<br />
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<br />
"TS. TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN<br />
Van d^ xay dung t>^ m6Y nha nif6c. 81<br />
<br />
hoan ehinh. Ve td ehflc, bd may dUde cd ciu trong cdng eudc Minh Tri Duy tan b Nhat<br />
theo hinh thUe tam quyln phan lap. Ban, mac du trong sud't cude ddi, khdng lue<br />
Dajokan (Thai chinh quan) dflng d i u ed nao ong tham gia chinh quyen. Trong cudn<br />
quan hanh phap (tUdng dUdng chinh phii). hdi ky cd ten "Phdc Ong tU truyen",<br />
Day la chUe quan tUng tdn tai dUdi thdi Fukuzawa giai thfch ve thai dp nay la do<br />
Nara (the ky VII) dUdc phuc hdi lai. Mac du lue dau dng nghi r i n g chinh quyen mdi vin<br />
chinh quyen mdi sii dung mpt so' ten gpi eu theo dudi k h i u hipu bai ngoai Tdn VUcfng<br />
nhUng khdng ed nghia chinh quyen Minh nhUdng di ma dng eho ring dd la quan<br />
Tri quay trd lai vdi ehe dp ngay xUa. Cung diem thu eUu va sai lim. Vi vay, khi chfnh<br />
quyen mdi mdi dng ra lam vipe, ong da tfl<br />
vdi Dajokan edn cd Jokyoku (Thupng cue)<br />
chdi. Theo dng, con dUdng duy n h i t dung<br />
va Gekyoku (Ha cue) cd vai trd nhU ThUdng<br />
luc nay eua Nhat Ban la md eiia, tiep thu<br />
vien va Ha vipn. Dd la t h i ehe niia phong<br />
van minh phUdng Tay. Chi ed nhu t h i Nhat<br />
kiln, niia dan chii va ve cd ban chfnh<br />
Ban mdi trd nen hung cUdng va ehi ed hung<br />
quyen nay dUdc duy tri cho den nam 1877.<br />
eUdng thi Nhat Ban mdi gifl vflng dUdc nen<br />
Hdn nfla, mpt trong Ndm ldi thi mk Thien<br />
dpc lap dan tpc.<br />
hoang Minh Tri cdng bd trUde dd la chfnh<br />
quyln mdi se tdn trpng nguyen t i c dan chu: Fukuzawa cho r i n g nhan loai tien hda<br />
"Nghi hgi phdi dUOc md rdng vd qudc sii theo 3 giai doan: da man, ban khai va van<br />
phdi do cdng ludn quyi't dinh". NhUng ve minh. Cac nUde Au My dang trong xa hpi<br />
thUc chit, chfnh quyln luc nay v i n n i m van minh va "ngUdi Nhat Ban thdi Minh<br />
trong tay eiia gidi vo si ldp dUdi thupe 4 han Tri" cung phai di vao con dUdng van minh<br />
Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa vk Hizen (gpi t i t la iy. Ong cho ring: nha nUde Minh Tri dUde<br />
Satchodohi) da ed cdng lat dd ehinh quyen xay dung phai la nha nUde van minh, nha<br />
Mac Phu. Vi vay, ngUdi ta gpi chfnh quyen nUdc dUdc xay dung tren cd sd hiln phap va<br />
ciia Thien hoang Minh Tri lue nay la chinh phap luat. Vi vay, mpt trong nhflng vin dl<br />
quyen hanbatsu (Phien phipt). dng quan tam dd la ban chit eua nha nfldc<br />
mdi. Theo dng, "nhd nUdc dgi dien cho<br />
Day cung la ly do khien cude dau tranh<br />
nhdn ddn. Nhd nUdc diiu hdnh mgi cdng<br />
xung quanh viec xay dUng bp may nha<br />
viic cua nhdn ddn. Phdn sii cua nhd nUdc<br />
nUde theo hudng dan ehu va hien dai tU dd<br />
la bdt nhiing ai pham tgi dc vd bdo ve<br />
diln ra mpt each quyet lipt.<br />
nhiing ai vd tdi. Neu mue dich ndy dUOc<br />
Ddng vai trd quan trpng n h i t vao vipe thiic hiin thi nhd nUdc se phuc vu nhdn<br />
dan chii hoa, hipn dai boa bp may nha nUdc ddn td't" (1). 6ng khuyen eao chinh quyen<br />
thdi Minh Tri chinh la nhdm Meirokusha mdi nen tU bo ldi cai tri theo quan niem da<br />
(Minh luc xa) do Fukuzawa Yukichi (Phuc loi thdi cua Nho giao dl cai trj theo dUdng<br />
Trach Du Cat) dUng d i u va phong trao TU ldi dan chu eiia xa hdi van minh. Vi vay,<br />
do ddn quyin do Itagaki Taisuke (Ban Vien dng khdng ngdt td cao ehinh quyen Minh<br />
Thoai Trd) va (}oto Shojiro (Hau Ding Tri "mieng ndi cdng bdng md tay thi ddn<br />
Tupng Nhi Lang) phat dpng tU nam 1874. dp. Quan chdc thi hu bgi nhUng cdm ddn<br />
gian khdng duac ndi den nhihig viec ldm hu<br />
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) \k nhk<br />
bgi dy. Ddi vdi nhiing nhdn vgt cd tin<br />
cai each ndi tieng, ngUdi di tien phdng<br />
82 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br />
<br />
nhiem trong ddn gian, hi khi ndo thdy hg 1870, Kato cho cdng bd' tae p h i m Chdn<br />
vi tiin dd qudc gia md nhdc nhd din ban Chinh Dgi y, trong dd dng phan tfch, so<br />
hdnh hien phdp, thiic thi tii do dan quyinsanh xa hpi phong kiln vdi xa hdi tU ban va<br />
thi lgi tim ldi hda hdo, tri hodn, keo ddikiln nghi gidi cim quyln Minh Tri xay<br />
thdi gian cho phe cdnh minh vdn cd cd hdi dUng mpt ehinh the lap hien va mpt xa hpi<br />
tiip tuc chinh sdch hu bgi" (2). tu do, dan ehu dUde dam bao bing hiln<br />
phap. Den nam 1874, dng lai cdng hd Qudc<br />
Trong cic bai viet eua minh, dng the The Tdn Luan vk eho ring: "the chi' qudc<br />
hipn rat ro tU tUdng nhd nUdc cua ddn, do gia la vi ddn chd khdng vi thiiu sd cdm<br />
ddn va vi ddn. Ong viet: "Chinh phu hiin quyin". Theo dng: "Qudc gia la cua nhdn<br />
tgi cua chdng ta (chfnh phu Minh Tri - ddn. Cd nhdn ddn rdi mdi cd vua vd chinh<br />
DXK), nhd todn thdng cua cdch mgng md phu la de ldm viic cho nhdn ddn". "Lanh<br />
lin cdm quyin". "Khdng cd cd nhdn ndo tii thd qudc gia la cua nhdn ddn. Lanh tho dy<br />
minh qudn ly dUOc cdng viic cda qudc gia, khdng phdi la bd coi riing cua dng vua".<br />
viic dd dd dUdc giao cho nhd nUdc tdc Id "Vua la ngudi thi ddn cung la ngUdi". "Gida<br />
dgi dien cho nhdn ddn di phuc vu ddn. Cho ngUdi vd ngUdi md ngUdi cdm quyin thi<br />
nen, nhdn ddn mdi la dng thdy vd dng chu hdnh bao phdp thi ngUdi ldm ddn cd vung<br />
thiic sii. Nhd nUdc Id ngUdi dgi dien vd lin di khdng, du cung la cai quyin cua<br />
ngudi qudn ly hg" (3). ngUdi ddn" (6).<br />
Fukuzawa nhan manh: "Nhd nUdc<br />
Dac biet, trong boi canh chfnh quyen<br />
nhan nhiim vu tii nhdn ddn... Niu nhd<br />
trung Udng van cdn dang chin ehU lUa chpn<br />
nUdc khdng the ldm trdn dUOc cdc nguyin<br />
mpt md hinh chfnh quyen mdi thi quyln Iflc<br />
tdc cua ludt phdp qudc gia vd gdy ra nhiing<br />
tiep tue n i m trong tay nhdm vo si ldp dUdi<br />
thiet hgi vi tdi chinh cho nhdn ddn, nhd<br />
x u i t than tU Satchodohi. Vi vky, b Nhat<br />
nUdc phdi den bu, bdt ki so tien vd tudi tdc"<br />
Ban da x u i t hipn mpt phong trao diu<br />
(4). Mat khae, "vi nhdn ddn dd Id chu cua<br />
tranh chfnh tri ddi quyen tU do, dan chii<br />
ddt nUdc rdi thi nhiim vu chu yiu cua hg la<br />
cila nhan dan thdng qua vipe thanh lap<br />
phdi chi trd mgi chi phi di bdo vi ddt nUdc"<br />
Qud'e hpi va ban hanh hie'n p h i p .<br />
(5) va "nhdn ddn phdi tudn theo lugt<br />
phdp". Phong trao dUde khdi xUdng vao nam<br />
1874 vdi viec Itagaki Taisuke (Ban Vien<br />
Cung nhu nhilu nha lanh dao khae thdi<br />
Thoai Trd, 1837-1919), Goto Shojiro (Hau<br />
Minh Tri, sau khi tilp xuc vdi xa hdi<br />
ding Tupng Nhi Lang, 1838-1897) va Eto<br />
phUdng Tay, Fukuzawa ung hp viec xay<br />
Shimpei (Giang D i n g Tan Binh, 1834-<br />
dUng nha nUdc Nhat Ban theo kieu eiia<br />
1874) dUa ban kien nghi yeu ciu chinh phii<br />
nha nUde Dflc thd'ng nhat, bdi dng t h i y<br />
Minh Tri chim dUt chfnh sich phien phipt<br />
nUde Dflc dang tien rat nhanh sau khi rut<br />
va thanh lap Viin ddn bieu (Ha vipn).<br />
kinh nghiem tU cupc each mang cdng<br />
Phong trao dien ra d k h i p cae dia phUdng<br />
nghipp d nUde Anh.<br />
tren toan qud'e, ldi cud'n nhilu t i n g ldp<br />
Kato Hiroyuki (Gia Ding Hoing Chi, trong xa hpi tham gia. Lan d i u tien, cac<br />
1836-1916) la thanh vien lanh dao nhdm dang phai chfnh tri x u i t hien d Nhat Ban<br />
Minh Luc xd cung ed nhflng quan niem ve va trd thanh nhflng td ehflc lanh dac phong<br />
nha nUde nhU Fukuzawa Yukichi. Nam trao khien cho mau t h u i n trong xa hpi<br />
Van