Xuất khẩu thủy sản: vượt khó để phát triển bền vững

NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> XIAT IfflAl THIY m<br /> luM MiA di fthM trim Imi luMq^<br /> • NGUYEN HONG HOA Mac du c a c<br /> cd q u a n q u a n<br /> ly c h a t lifdng<br /> huy s a n trd t h a n h m d t thufc p h a m d<br /> <br /> T trong 12 n h d m m a t<br /> h a n g XK chii life ciia<br /> ca nifdc ed kim ngach XK vifdt 1<br /> cac nufdc n a y<br /> da xac n h a n<br /> chat lufdng<br /> ty USD. Tuy n h i e n tif n a m 2 0 0 8 san pham<br /> • ^ * , •. « ^<br /> <br /> ldi nay, khiing h o a n g tai chinh - thuy s a n Viet<br /> lien te the gidi da lam n h u cdu Nam la td't<br /> lieu thu d cac thj trifdng, nha't la nhifng da<br /> nhifng thj tru'dng NK h a n g ddu m u o n , khie'n<br /> ciia the' gidi bj giam siit d a n g k e . cho lifdng ca<br /> Tinh t r a n g thie'u vd'n d c a c thj cd xua't xuf<br /> trifdng NK la p h d bie'n, khie'n Viet Nam NK<br /> cho nhidu n h a NK c h u y e n vao cac thi trifdng n a y bj giam n a n g mdi d c a c khu vufc Ddng<br /> nghiep da p h a i huy h d p ddng. sut. Rieng NK vdo Italy va Tay Au, Nam My vd chau A. Mot so<br /> XK thuy s a n n a m 2 0 0 9 d a t 4,25 Ban Nha trong 10 t h a n g d a u nuide nhif Anh, T a y Ban Nha,<br /> ty USD. Trong dd, ca tra va ca n a m 2 0 0 9 giam 6,7% vd kim Cdldmbia d a cdng n h a n s d n<br /> b a s a chie'm 5 0 , 4 % ve lu'dng va n g a c h so vdi cung ky n a m 2 0 0 8 . p h a m thuy s d n ciia Viet Nam<br /> 32,7% vd kim ngach, tdm chie'm Tai thj tnfdng Nhat Bdn, XK s a n d a p ling cac tieu c h u a n an toan<br /> 15,9% va 36,9% tifdng iing, cdn p h a m thuy s a n cua Viet Nam ve sinh ciia EU, khie'n cho XK<br /> lai la ea ngif, miic, b a c h tudc va cdn giam m a n h h d n , trong 10 thuy s a n ciia Viet Nam vao<br /> cac loai khdc. t h a n g ddu n a m 2 0 0 9 gidm n h i i n g thj trifdng n a y cd t r i e n<br /> 2 1 , 2 % vd lifdng va 12,3% ve gid vong td't. G d n d a y , m o t so thj<br /> Cho de'n nay, s a n p h a m thuy<br /> trj so vd'i Cling ky n a m 2 0 0 8 . trufdng chau Phi d a n g nd'i len la<br /> sdn Viet Nam d a n g difdc XK<br /> sang 155 thj tru'dng k h a c n h a u EU vdn la thi trifdng ldn nha't nhiing thj trifdng b a n le k h a<br /> tren the' gidi, nhifng chi 3 thj tieu thu s a n p h a m thuy s a n cua tiem n a n g dd'i vdi n h i e u s a n<br /> trifdng ldn nha't la EU, My va Viet Nam vdi thj p h d n 2 5 , 3 5 % p h a m thuy s a n ciia Viet Nam.<br /> Nhat B a n da chie'm ty trong td'ng kim n g a c h XK, Nhat Bdn Mat h a n g cd ngif ddng l a n h (bd<br /> 60,6% XK thuy s a n ciia ca nifdc. chie'm 18,67% va My chie'm ddu va ndi tang), t h a n ca ngif, ca<br /> Tuy nhien, trong n a m 2 0 0 7 , XK 1 6 , 2 1 % kim n g a c h . C a c thj ngif ddng h o p va ca nguf tifdi<br /> vao EU va Nhat B a n d e u giam trifdng tieu thu tidm n a n g k h d c d a n g cd xu hifdng chuye'n trong<br /> Slit cd vd lu'dng va gia trj. Viec p h a i ke' de'n H a n Qud'c, Nga, t a m tieu thu tii thi trufdng Nhat<br /> giam silt XK vao EU, n h a t la m a t Ucraina, Trung Ddng, Nam My, Bdn s a n g thj trufdng My do n h u<br /> h a n g ca tra va ca b a s a la he luy chau Phi... vdi cac s a n p h a m cd cdu d My tang ldn. Nhifng do k h a<br /> ciia chie'n djch bdi x a u c h a t dud'i, cd bd, mu'c, ghe, b a c h n a n g d a n h b d t giam n e n cac DN<br /> ludng s a n p h a m thuy s a n Viet tudc... Tif vai t h a n g qua, cd t h e m trong nifdc thie'u nguyen lieu de<br /> Nam tren cac phifdng tien t h d n g mdt sd tin hieu t h u a n ldi cho XK che' bie'n p h u c vu XK, khie'n cho<br /> tin dai chiing d mot so nufdc nhif thuy s a n Viet Nam di ddi vdi viec viec t a n dung k h a n a n g XK<br /> Italy, Tay Ban Nha, Ai C a p . . . xuat hien m o t sd thj trufdng tidm s a n g My giam. C^<br /> <br /> THUOHGMfllS6 8/2010| 3<br />  Khi XK vdo EU, n g a n h bdt tii nhidu vung k h a c n h a u d Mac du cd nhidu ldi the' vd<br /> thuy s d n Viet Nam chiu nhidu trong nufdc, vi the' viec chufng p h a t trie'n n g a n h thuy san do tuf<br /> sifc dp tif cdc thj trifdng NK tru'dc minh ngudn gd'c s a n p h a m la r a t n h i e n m a n g lai, nhufng nhin<br /> nhifng qui djnh nhuf "an l o a n khd k h a n va m a t nhidu thdi chung cdng nghe khai thac, bao<br /> thufc p h a m thuy sdn", "an l o a n gian. Hien nay, EU vdn la thi q u a n vd che bie'n thuy san ciia<br /> dich b d n h thuy san", "an l o a n trifdng XK thuy s a n ldn nha't cua Viet Nam cdn lac h a u . Cd tdi<br /> mdi tru'dng vd mdi sinh". Ngoai Viet Nam, chie'm ty trong 3 0 % . 4 0 % so cd s6 che bie'n thuy san<br /> ra, cdn bj nhidu rdo c a n chd'ng EU cung la thj trifdng NK thuy trong nifdc cd qui md nhd. thie't<br /> b a n phd gia va nhidu sii'c dp s a n ldn nha't the' gidi vdi kim bi va cdng nghd lac hau, khdng<br /> c a n h t r a n h t r e n thj tru'dng the' ngach gan 21 ty U S D / n a m . d a p ling cac tieu chuan ve ve<br /> gidi, lam cho b o a t ddng XK thuy s i n h a n t o a n thiic p h a m , trong<br /> Ben c a n h nhufng lhi trufdng<br /> s a n chju nhidu nii ro. Trd ngai khi yeu cau n a y ngay cang difo'c<br /> XK truydn thd'ng va nhifng thj<br /> ldn n h a t cho XK thuy s d n cua dd cao d cac thj tnfdng the' gidi.<br /> trufdng mdi k h a tidm n a n g , thj<br /> Viet Nam vao thdi dic'm hien nay Nha't la trong thdi diem hien<br /> trifdng cae nifdc Hdi giao d a n g<br /> la EU difa ra Luat IUU a p dung nay. khi m a van de an loan thufc<br /> dufdc xem la m d t "kenh" tieu thu<br /> dd'i vdi tat ca cac Id h a n g thuy p h a m d a n g dufdc dac biet quan<br /> td't, giiip cac DN da d a n g boa thj<br /> s a n NK vao EU tuf moi xua't xii t a m vdi phufdng cham "tif ao nudi<br /> trifdng tieu thu. Dan so Hdi giao<br /> kc' tuf 1 / 1 / 2 0 1 0 . Theo qui djnh tdi b a n an". Phdn ldn ngudn ldi<br /> t r e n the' gidi h i e n n a y vao<br /> nay, tat ca h a n g thuy sdn NK thuy s a n tif n h i e n ven bd va<br /> k h o a n g 1,8 ty ngufdi sd'ng d 112<br /> vao EU phdi cd giay chifng n h a n didn tich m a t nufdc nudi trdng<br /> nufdc k h a c nhau, chie'm gdn 2 5 %<br /> ten tau, ten \aing bie'n khai t h a c thuy s a n dang dufdc khai thac d<br /> d a n so toan the' gidi. Trung binh<br /> va cd giay chiing n h a n d a n h bdt. mifc td'i da. Nguyen lieu cho che<br /> h a n g n a m thd' gidi chi k h o a n g<br /> Cd quan chifc n a n g cua nifdc cd bid'n thuy s a n d trong nu'dc cd<br /> 442 ty USD de' mua thufc p h a m ,<br /> tau d a n h bdt p h a i xac n h a n khi "khung h o a n g thufa" lai de'n<br /> thi rieng cac nufdc Hdi giao chi<br /> rdng thuy sdn d a n h bdt du'dc "khiing hodng thie'u". Tinh trang<br /> 150 ty USD. Khi XK thuy s a n<br /> tren tau la phii hdp vdi qui djnh luan q u a n n a y cif lap lai nhieu<br /> sang cac thj trifdng Hdi gido, DN<br /> ciia p h a p luat nufdc dd va qui n a m , m a m a u chd't la md'i lien<br /> c a n hdp t a c vdi dd'i t a c d cac<br /> dinh qud'c Id ve quan ly va b a o kd't giifa ngifdi nudi va d a n h bat<br /> nufdc ddng ngu'di Hdi giao h o a c<br /> tdn ngudn ldi thuy s a n . Trong vdi DN che bie'n va DN XK. Do<br /> nhifng nifdc cd chifng n h a n<br /> trifdng hdp s a n p h a m cd vi p h a t trien tif nhien khdng theo<br /> Halal, ma ndi b a t nha't la<br /> p h a m se bj xii' p h a t d mufc td'i qui h o a c h , khi gia ban ca lang,<br /> Malaixia. H a n g n a m , Malaixia<br /> thie'u gap 5 ldn gia trj cua s d n ngufdi d a n do xd nudi ca d at ma<br /> NK k h o a n g 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 t a n thuy<br /> p h a m XK vi p h a m va bj thu hdi k h d n g bie't rdi khi thu hoach se<br /> sdn cac loai, bdi t h d n g qua thj<br /> san p h a m . Ngoai ra cd the tie'n b a n ca di dau, de'n khi ca thu<br /> trifdng nay, s a n p h a m difdc tai<br /> h a n h cac bien p h a p xu p h a t h o a c h thifa, khd tieu thu thi lai<br /> xua't di nhidu ndi tren the' gidi cd<br /> k h a c kem theo nhu' tjch thu tau bd n g h e (tham chi cd thdi diem<br /> ngifdi Hdi giao sinh sd'ng. Cong<br /> d a n h bdt, tam dufng hoac thu hdi cd tdi 6 0 % so ao nudi bj bd<br /> ddng ngu'di Hdi giao trdn the' gidi<br /> giay p h e p d a n h bdt. hoang). Thdi gian qua. nhidu DN<br /> deu c h a p n h a n nhiing sdn p h a m<br /> k h d k h a n vd ddu vao ciia san<br /> Theo VASEP, vice a p d u n g cd chiing n h a n Halal dufdc s a n<br /> p h a m . cu the la thie'u nguyen<br /> Luat IUU la m o t khd k h a n cho xua't, che bie'n h d a c trung<br /> lieu de' che bie'n. Dd'i vdi ngudn<br /> XK Ihuy san cua Viet Nam, bdi vi chuyen qua Malaixia. Hien<br /> thuy s a n d d n h bdt, n a n g life<br /> theo qui djnh ciia IUU thi tat ca Malaixia difdc xem nhif m d t<br /> d a n h b a t b a n chd', lai them vice<br /> moi Id h a n g thuy s a n mud'n vao "trung tam" cung cap thufc p h a m<br /> Trung Qud'c b a n h d n h lenh cam<br /> du'dc thj tru'dng EU ddu phdi Halal cho the gidi. Vi t h e , cac<br /> d a n h bdt d bien Ddng tuf thang 7<br /> chifng minh difdc ngudn gd'c khai DN Vict Nam cd the' h d p t a c vdi<br /> - 9 / 2 0 0 9 , cang thie'u nguyen lieu<br /> t h a c , trong khi trdn thufc le, Malaixia trong cac k h a u s a n<br /> de che' bie'n. Dd'i vdi thuy san<br /> ngoai mot ty trong nudi trdng xua't, che bie'n va XK thuy s a n ,<br /> nudi trdng, m a chii ye'u la ca tra<br /> nhd, cdn da sd' thuy s a n XK ciia cd the' cung cap nguyen lieu de<br /> va ca b a s a , gia b a n ca sut giam<br /> Viet Nam ddu do cac DN che che bie'n d Malaixia rdi XK di cac<br /> bidn mua gom tif ngif d a n d a n h nifdc khdc.<br /> (Xem tie'p trang 7)<br /> 4 I THUOHGMAI So 8/2010<br />  NGHIEN cuu-TRAODOI<br /> <br /> Ngifdc lai, ngufdi s a n xual ciing trifdng k i n h d o a n h , b a o d a m luf()'ng cao d a p ufng c a c quy djnh<br /> p h a i chu d d n g khai t h a c thj didu k i e n cho suf p h a t trien b d n c a n h t r a n h qud'c td'. Cac DN chu<br /> tru'dng, lien ke't vdi cac cd sd vifng cua c a c n d n k i n h td. De d g n g ddu lif h o a c lidn ke't ddu<br /> budn b a n de dn dinh thj tru'dng. chie'm linh thj tru'dng ndi dia tif ddi mdi c d n g n g h d . t a n g<br /> Ben c a n h dd Chinh phii, cac bd ddi hdi p h a i cd n h a n thii'c ddy n a n g sua'l lao d d n g , t a n g hieu<br /> n g a n h , cac hiep hdi n g a n h du va sif nd lu'c ciia l o a n xa hdi qua ddu tuf vd'n, cdi t h i e n h a n g<br /> nghd... cd the' hd trd ngufdi s a n k h d n g chi la cac DN m a cdn cd h d a ca vd gia trj su' dung lan gia<br /> xuat tim kie'm, tie'p c a n n h u n g sif Iham gia tich cufc cua cac cd tri n h d m n a n g d d n su'c c a n h<br /> cdng nghe mdi n h d m n a n g cao quan q u a n ly Nha nufdc, cac bd t r a n h ciia h a n g ndi. Ddng thdi<br /> chat lu'dng san p h a m h a n g hda, n g a n h \'a cd ngu'di lieu d u n g . k h d n g coi n h e c d n g t a c tuyen<br /> tang n a n g s u a t cay trdng, vat Day la cdng vide p h a i dufdc thu'c truyen, qudng ba san p h a m<br /> nudi... Day la viec cdn ddu tuf de hien thu'dng xuyen. lien tuc va n h d m xay difng lai uy tin cua<br /> giiip ngu'di s a n xua't va hd trd trong thd'i gian dai. Trufdc mdt, h a n g h d a va ciia DN vd'n d a n g<br /> ngu'di tieu dung, ddng thdi dd trong dieu k i e n t a p trung k h d c bi giam suit trong suy nghi ciia<br /> cuing la m d t trong nhiing giai p h u c khiing h o a n g kinh Id' va ngu'di lieu d u n g . Cac DN p h a i la<br /> p h a p k h a di giiip h a n g Viet cd lai c(J cau kinh Id' hidn nay, Nha ngu'di di tien p h o n g trong viec<br /> the chie'm linh thi trufdng Viet nu'dc cd t h e va cdn hd trd DN quan t a m b a o ve quydn ldi cho<br /> mot each bdn xofng. trong nu'd'c dau tif chuyen dich ngufdi tieu diing, tdn t r g n g va<br /> Tdm lai, chie'm linh lhi cd cau n g a n h h a n g , m a t h a n g b a o d a m b i n h d a n g vd ldi ich<br /> tru'dng ndi dia la van dd cd linh l a o ra c a c loai s a n p h a m md'i cho c a c dd'i t d c t r o n g lidn kd't<br /> nguydn t a c n h d m dn djnh mdi m a n g n h a n hieu Vict cd cha't kinh doanh •<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> h d n . nhif vay se giup lam giam mai. Van dc d a t ra la DfJ p h a i<br /> XUAT KHAU THUY SAN... gici t h a n h s a n xuat va lam tang hieu rd luat p h a p d thi trifdng<br /> n a n g life c a n h t r a n h cho s a n NK, bie't lien kd't vdi n h a u trong<br /> (Tiep ilieo trang 4) p h a m XK. xii ly t r a n h c h a p , chii ddng dieu<br /> m a n h khie'n ngifdi nudi bi thua Id Theo VASEP. cac DN thuy s a n tie't thj tru'dng XK, td chiic md<br /> nang (trong khi gid thiic a n cho ciia Viet Nam cdn c h a m cap hinh s a n xual phu h d p , da dang<br /> ca lai tang). Thud' NK nguyen lieu n h a t , didu chinh va du'a vao dp hoa s a n p h a m XK. DN cdn nd lu'c<br /> Ihuy s a n d Viet Nam hidn n a y d u n g cac lieu c h u a n va qui djnh giai quye't nhufng a c h tdc. k h a i<br /> \'a() k h o a n g 10 - 20%, so n h a cua WTO va eiia cac thj tru'd'ng t h d n g cho b o a t ddng cua n g a n h<br /> may che' bid'n thuy sdn XK d NK. Tinh t r a n g c a n h t r a n h giiia thuy s a n trong nu'dc n h a t la XTCC<br /> Irong nifdc dang tang lien luc cac DN trong nu'd'c d a n de'n p h a kiem s o a t c h a t c h a t lufdng va gia<br /> trong khi kha n a n g cung u'ng gia lan n h a u , gay khd k h a n va ca dau vao. t a n g cufdng ufng dung<br /> nguyen lieu lai b a n chd'. De thu'c lam m a t vj the' cua thuy s a n Viol k h o a h g c ky t h u a t mdi... Theo<br /> hien du'dc cac ddn h a n g da ky. Nam trdn thi trifdng the'gidi. Tdm VASEP, cac DN c a n quan t a m md<br /> nhidu DN phdi chju phifdng dn va ca tra, ca b a s a nudi la 2 n h d m rdng thj tru'dng XK, theo dd t a p<br /> NK nguyen lieu. Cac DN che'bie'n s a n p h a m thuy s a n chie'm hdn trung vao cac thj trufdng md'i nhu'<br /> thuy san dang de nghj ha thud' 60% tdng kim ngach XK thuy s a n Nam My, Trung Ddng. Bdc Phi...<br /> NK nguyen lieu xud'ng 0 - 0,5%, xn cua ca nifdc, nhifng cdn ye'u k e m Chinh phu cdn cd chinh s a c h hd<br /> trong luc nay nhidu dd'i thii c a n h ve ky t h u a t nudi, md hinh s a n trg' DN t h d n g qua lai s u a t vay vd'n<br /> t r a n h vdi thuy s a n XK ciia Viet xua't, n d n chifa khai thac: du'dc tin d u n g , giam thud' NK nguyen<br /> Nam nhufTrung Qud'c va cac nifdc tidm niing vd'n cd. Vu kien b a n lieu, d a y n h a n h viec xay du'ng<br /> ASEAN dang a p d u n g m u c thuc p h a gia ca tra, ca b a s a va tdm cac kho dif tru thuy s a n . DN cdn<br /> s u a t NK tu 0 - 0,2'K,. Nhieu DN XK vifa qua d m d t so thj trifdng tich cifc tie'p thj t r e n cac thi<br /> cho rdng, khi thuc NK nguyen eho thay, khi t h a m gia thj tru'dng trufdng XK, n h a n h c h d n g xay<br /> lieu ha xud'ng thi thu luc hai quan th