Alternate alleles

The serotonin 2A receptor is widely implicated in genetic association studies and remains an important drug target for psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular conditions. RNA sequencing redefined the architecture of the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A), revealing novel mRNA transcript isoforms utilizing unannotated untranslated regions of the gene.

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Wet direct-seeded rice is a possible alternative to conventional puddled transplanted rice; the former uses less water and reduces labor requirements. Improving seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE) is a key factor in facilitating the application of this technology.

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Two individuals with a first-degree relationship share about 50 percent of their alleles. Parent–offspring relationships cannot be homozygous for alternative alleles (genetic exclusion). Methods: Applying the concept of genetic exclusion to HD arrays typed in animals for experimental purposes or genomic selection allows estimation of the rate of rejection of first-degree relationships as the rate at which two individuals typed for a large number of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) do not share at least one allele.

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There is growing interest in using genetic variants to augment the reference genome into a graph genome, with alternative sequences, to improve read alignment accuracy and reduce allelic bias. While adding a variant has the positive effect of removing an undesirable alignment score penalty, it also increases both the ambiguity of the reference genome and the cost of storing and querying the genome index.

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The non-reference sequences (NRS) represent structure variations in human genome with potential functional significance. However, besides the known insertions, it is currently unknown whether other types of structure variations with NRS exist.

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Maternal effects contribute to adaptive significance for shaping various phenotypes of many traits. Potential implications of maternal effects are the cause of expression diversity, but these effects on mRNA expression and alternative splicing (AS) have not been fully elucidated in hybrid animals.

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DNA pooling constitutes a cost effective alternative in genome wide association studies. In DNA pooling, equimolar amounts of DNA from different individuals are mixed into one sample and the frequency of each allele in each position is observed in a single genotype experiment.

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Allelic specific expression (ASE) increases our understanding of the genetic control of gene expression and its links to phenotypic variation. ASE testing is implemented through binomial or beta-binomial tests of sequence read counts of alternative alleles at a cSNP of interest in heterozygous individuals.

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Hybrid breeding technology is one of the most feasible options to meet the future food challenges and sustainable agriculture. Large number of cross combinations are attempted and evaluated in hybrid breeding programs, but a few are selected. This is labour intensive, time consuming and costly; despite of it selection efficiency is too low. Therefore, it is important to explore alternate approaches to enhance the selection efficiency to predict hybrid performance. Pedigree data of the parental lines and molecular marker have been effectively employed to predict field performance of hybrids.

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This experiment examines a human Alu dimorphism at the PV92 locus. A sample of human cells is obtained by saline mouthwash (alternatively DNA may be isolated from hair sheaths). DNA is extracted by boiling with Chelex® resin, which binds contaminating metal ions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is then used to amplify a chromosome region that contains the PV92 Alu dimorphism. The Alu insertion allele (+) is 300 nucleotides longer than the non-insertion allele (–), so the two alleles are readily separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.

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Population Genetics In population genetics, the focus changes from alterations in an individual's genome to the distribution pattern of different genotypes in the population. In a case where there are only two alleles, A and a, the frequency of the genotypes will be p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, with p2 corresponding to the frequency of AA, 2pq to the frequency of Aa, and q2 to aa. When the frequency of an allele is known, the frequency of the genotype can be calculated. Alternatively, one can determine an allele frequency, if the genotype frequency has been determined. Allele frequencies vary...

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