Bone shape

Osteoarthritis(OA) is a major source of pain, disability, and socioeconomic cost in worldwide. However, there is no effective means for the early diagnosis of OA, nor can it accurately predict the progress of OA.

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The irregular anatomical shape and complex structures of irregular bones make it more difficult to repair and reconstruct bone defects in irregular bones than in the long bones of the extremities. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can help to overcome the technical limitations of irregular bone repair by generating simulations that enable structural integration of the lesion area and bone structure of the donor site in all directions and at multiple angles.

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In this study, a hydroxyapatite (HA) based scaffold was used together with human adipose stem cells (hASCs), human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) and gingival epithelial cells to mimic human tooth dentin-pulp-enamel tissue complexes and model an immature tooth at the late bell stage in vitro. Characteristics of the scaffold were determined via SEM, FTIR, pore size and density measurements. Changes in gene expression, protein secretions and tissue histology resulting from cross-interactions of different dental tissues grown in the system were shown.

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Despite improvements in shape, material, and coating for hip stem, both stress shielding and aseptic loosening have been the major drawbacks of stemmed hip arthroplasty. Some nonstemmed systems were developed to avoid rasping off the intramedullary canal and evacuating the bone marrow due to stem insertion.

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Bone-tendon interface (enthesis) plays a pivotal role in relaxing load transfer between otherwise structurally and functionally distinct tissue types. Currently, decellularized extracellular matrix (DEM) from enthesis provide a natural three-dimensional scaffold with tissue-specific orientations of extracellular matrix molecules for enthesis regeneration.

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Major abnormalities of tarsal bone shape after surgical clubfoot treatment are well known from the literature. The Ponseti method has gained widespread acceptance in primary treatment of congenital clubfeet. Despite the longtime experience, data regarding the development of tarsal bones after this treatment are still rare.

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Treatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in young individuals remains controversial. We developed a lantern-shaped screw, which was designed to provide mechanical support for the femoral head to prevent its collapse, for the treatment of ONFH.

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Knee bone shape differs between men and women and the incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women than in men. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the observed difference in the incidence of knee radiographic OA (ROA) between men and women is mediated by bone shape.

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To evaluate synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (SR-FTIR) as a tool for quantitative mapping of the content and distribution of the extracellular matrix in decellularized fibrocartilage bioscaffolds, and to provide a new platform for quantitatively characterizing bioscaffolds for tissue engineering.

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Present study was conducted on the humerus bones of five adult Indian tigers. The shaft was a four sided structure upto the one third of its length, after which it became three sided because of merging of the anterior surface distally. Olecranon fossa was heart shaped and had several foramina. Greatest length of humerus was (33.62 cm) approximately three times than mid-shaft diameter of the humerus (10.88 cm).

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Mandible was the largest bone of the skull. It was a single bone and consisted of two halves that articulated cranially at intermandibular symphysis. The mandible lodged all the lower teeth. The body was concave dorsoventrally and presented three alveoli for incisors and a large alveolus for canine in each half of the mandible. The labial surface was more extensive than lingual surface. The symphaseal surface faced each other and formed intemandibular symphysis. It was rough and irregular. The rami were right and left and were symmetrical. Each ramus was flattened from side to side.

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This developed multiplicative formulation is considered to optimize the Austin-Moore model. The resulting model is called Optimized Austin-Moore (OAM). Considering several daily loading cases, the results show a more uniform stress distribution comparing with the classical solid stem. In addition, a significant increase of the stress levels around the metal/bone interface is obtained, that leads to favorable remodeling process.

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A study was conducted on the gross features of the splenchnocranium of an aged great Indian horned owl and its morphological peculiarities were correlated with its possible functions. The horizontal plate of ethmoid was wide and well developed. The lacrimal was very large and the lower orbital ring was incomplete. The external nares were oval in shape. The premaxilla was steeply curved down and had a hooked tip. The maxilla was highly reduced and formed a movable articulation with the palatine and zygomatic bone.

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The os-coxae of flamingo and great Indian horned owl it consists of three bones namely ilium, ischium and pubis. In flamingo and great Indian horned owl, the ilium was elongated in shape and consisted of preacetabular and post acetabular parts. The preacetabular part of the ilium in both the species of the present study was quadrilateral in shape. The ischium was flat, almost triangular in outline and was situated ventral to the post acetabular part of the ilium in both species.

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The earliest stone tools were crude, being little more than a fractured rock. In the Acheulian era, beginning approximately 1.65 million years ago, methods of working these stone into specific shapes, such as hand axes emerged. The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.

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The maxillary sinuses are one of the four paired sets of the paranasal sinuses and the first to develop. In the second month of fetal life, an invagination forms in the lateral wall of the nasal fossa in the middle meatus (1). By the third to fourth months of fetal life, the sinus develops into a pouch and extends into the maxillary bone. At birth, it remains little more than a small sac, no more than 8 mm in length anteriorposteriorly (1, 2). Over time, these air-filled pyramid-shaped cavities extend further laterally and inferiorly as the maxilla becomes more pneumatized...

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Fat tissue may increase toward the centre of the body, including around the abdominal organs. The loss of muscle mass in the legs and changes in body shape can affect her balance, leading to falls. A woman may appear shorter as she ages. This height loss is related to aging changes in the bones, muscles, and joints. Women typically lose about 1 cm (0.4 inches) every 10 years after age 40. Height loss is even greater after 70 years old. In total, she may lose 1 to 3 inches in height in rest of her life. Women usually gain weight...

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The earliest stone tools were crude, being little more than a fractured rock. In the Acheulian era, beginning approximately 1.65 million years ago, methods of working these stone into specific shapes, such as hand axes emerged. The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone.

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In this very heavily illustrated project, you focus on capturing Spot’s striped pattern and the textures of her eyes, nose, ears, mane, and fur while rendering the basic exterior forms and shapes which characterize simple bone and muscular structures. Suggested drawing supplies include good quality white drawing paper, graphite pencils, kneaded and vinyl erasers, and a pencil sharpener.

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In this lesson, you first choose one of three compositional options, then outline the proportions and shapes, and finally use graduated hatching to define the three dimensional forms, textures, and patterns of an adorable young giraffe named Dandy. While the understructures of the anatomy of a giraffe are very complex, this project focuses on only the exterior forms and shapes which characterize the primary bone and muscular structures.

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