Carbapenem antibiotic

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are considered by WHO as “critical” priority pathogens for which novel antibiotics are urgently needed. The dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) in the community is a major public health concern. However, the global molecular epidemiology of CP-Ec isolates remains largely unknown as well as factors contributing to the acquisition of carbapenemase genes.

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Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) are an urgent global health threat. Inferring the dynamics of local CRE dissemination is currently limited by our inability to confidently trace the spread of resistance determinants to unrelated bacterial hosts.

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Part 1 of ebook "Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine (Fifth edition)" presents the following content: general principles of antimicrobial therapy; classes of antimicrobial agents; antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and interpretation of results; principles of antimicrobial drug selection and use; other beta-lactam antibiotics - beta-lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems, and monobactams;...

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Carbapenems are one of the β-Lactam antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Inappropriate use of this antibiotic can produce resistance strains by production of carbapenemases enzyme. The Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is the most important mechanism of enzymatic resistance seen in Enterobacteriaceae isolated especially Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aim and objectives of this study was isolation and detection of the Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella species strains with phenotypic methods. Out of 11248 samples, 602 Klebsiella species (33.

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Staphylococcus aureus recently shows resistance to many Beta lactam antibiotics and Carbapenems. This study is focused on the incidence of MRSA in NICUs. Using Gram staining, blood culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests, MRSA can be identified. Septicemia is diagnosed not only by the isolation of the organism in blood culture. It should be correlated with total count, CRP like lab investigations and clinical features. Sometimes repeated blood culture is needed to confirm the diagnosis and to assess the prognosis.

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The study was carried out in an urban tertiary care centre. Samples were collected from patients of acute wards and relevant clinical history was collected. Imipenem resistance detection and antibiotic susceptibility was done. A multiplex PCR was done on imipenem resistant isolates for detection of resistant genes.

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Enterobacteriaceae are inhabitants of the intestinal flora. Emergence of Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a serious threat to public health. They rapidly acquire and transfer drug resistance genes through plasmids and transposons and spread to community via faeco-oral route. Hence the present study was done to know the magnitude of Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in our hospital. This study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, SIMS and RH, Tumkuru during a period from May 2016 to October 2016.

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Acinetobacter causes a wide variety of illness in debilitated and hospitalized patients. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter is an emerging problem and is a cause of concern as many nosocomial infections with Acinetobacter are resistant to most other antibiotics. The present study was aimed to study metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production in Acinetobacter species. During one year study (Sep.2010 to Aug.2011), all isolates of Acinetobacter obtained from various clinical samples like respiratory, pus, blood and others were included.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common organism causing bronchopneumonia and is a known pathogen in non-healing diabetic foot infections. KPC strains of Klebsiella pneumonia from Pus and Sputum samples were isolated in Thanjavur Medical College from March to April 2018 which show resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, beta lactamase inhibitors and Carbapenems and confirmed the responsible blaKPC gene by PCR. The study signifies the importance of rational usage of antibiotics.

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The worldwide spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has become a major challenge in healthcare settings. This study aimed to screen the susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem, among 49 Klebsiella and 7 Proteus vulgaris clinical isolates from Egypt. The combinations of carbapenems with ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, amikacin and colistin were tested against CRE. Attempts to cure plasmids mediating carbapenem resistance using menthol, as a natural curing agent, as well as to test its efficacy when combined with other antibiotics against CRE, were done.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant pathogen in health care settings, where it causes a multitude of infections that include bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis and urinary tract and wound infections. The increasing importance of infections caused by Acinetobacter spp., and the multi-drug resistance of the strains render studies of epidemiology and antibiotic resistance necessary for the prevention of further infections with this organism.

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Non fermenter Gram negative bacilli were considered as contaminants or commensals of little significance1. However, recent literature review shows that these organisms are now associated with life-threatening infections such as Septicemia, Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infection, Meningitis, Surgical Site Infection, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, Wound Infection, Osteomyelitis etc. Carbapenemases are diverse enzymes that vary in their ability to hydrolyze Carbapenems and other beta lactams.

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Meropenem is a carbapenem antibiotic commonly used in critically ill patients to treat severe infections. The available pharmacokinetic (PK) data has been mostly obtained from healthy volunteers as well as from clinical studies addressing selected populations, often excluding the elderly and also patients with renal failure. Our aim was to study PK of meropenem in a broader population of septic critically ill patients.

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Critical care populations are at high risk for Multi drug resistant organisms (MDRO) colonization because of rampant use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leading to colonization with resistant strains, Screening for MDR organisms is one of the many approaches needed to deal with the very major clinical problem concerning drug resistance.

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Carbapenamases producing Klebsiella pneumoniae subspp pneumoniae strains are increasing worldwide and pose a major threat to patient care. Hence, the present study was undertaken to detect the incidence of Carbapenamases producing Klebsiella pneumoniae subspp pneumoniae strains isolated from different clinical specimens in the department of Microbiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies pneumoniae strains. The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC). The type of study was cross sectional observational study.

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This study was done to evaluate the performance of Carba NP test for the detection of carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacilli. In total, 330 Gram negative bacilli isolates were subjected to Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, Epsilometer test, Modified Hodge test with meropenem to determine the presence of resistance among carbapenem group of drugs. 44/ 330(13.3%) showed resistance pattern.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii are aerobic non fermenting gram negative opportunistic pathogens that are major causes of nosocomial infections. Both these microorganisms thrive well in nutrient-deprived conditions and are responsible for a wide spectrum of infections. They show a higher predilection for infection in patients with diminished host defenses. Intensive care units are considered the epicenter of antibiotic resistant infections.

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Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis refers to a brief case of antibiotic given during post surgery. Surgical site infections increase the hospital stay and prophylaxis has the potential to shorten the hospital stay. Surgical site infection is one of the most common post operative complication and causes significant post- operative morbidity and mortality. The objective of our study was to study the various microorganisms causing surgical site infection, to study their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.

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Antibiotic resistance has risen perilously in all parts of the world. The lack of appropriate therapeutics to encounter resistant pathogens has enhanced the urge for the development of either new antibiotics or different therapeutic combinations.

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Infection of sterile body fluid can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Periodic surveillance and monitoring programmers are helpful for framing the antibiotic policy. The present study was undertaken to evaluate aerobic bacteriological profile along with their antibiogram from various sterile fluids over a period of five years. A total of 1708 body fluid samples were processed according to Standard guidelines and analysed in order to assess the changing trends in bacteriological profile and antibiogram.

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