Causal reasoning

Continued part 1, part 2 of ebook "Computing handbook: Computer science and software engineering" provides readers with contents including: natural language processing; understanding spoken language; neural networks; cognitive modeling; graphical models for probabilistic and causal reasoning; network organization and topologies; routing protocols; access control; data compression; localization in underwater acoustic sensor networks; semantic web; thread management for shared-memory multiprocessors;...

1154p hanlinhchi 29-08-2023 6 4   Download

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping is a widely used tool to study the genetics of gene expression. Confounding factors and the burden of multiple testing limit the ability to map distal trans eQTLs, which is important to understand downstream genetic effects on genes and pathways.

13p viaristotle 29-01-2022 12 0   Download

The present study aims to examine the short-run and long-run impact of China’s trade liberalization policies on its energy demand over the period from 1980 to 2018. The results of Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach of co-integration show that energy consumption significantly increases as a result of trade openness and increase in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The results of the granger causality test also confirm the unidirectional causality running from trade openness and real GDP to energy demand.

7p mynguyenha 21-07-2021 18 2   Download

Age-adjusted US total pediatric cancer incidence rates (TPCIR) rose 49% 1975–2015 for unknown reasons. Prenatal cannabis exposure has been linked with several pediatric cancers which together comprise the majority of pediatric cancer types. We investigated whether cannabis use was related spatiotemporally and causally to TPCIR.

33p vianrose2711 27-04-2021 13 1   Download

Recently, more of the greenhouse gases emission has been seen within ASEAN countries. Basically, there are different factors that can cause greenhouse gas emissions. Some of the reasons of greenhouse emission can be industrialization, urbanization, population growth, manufacturing processes, energy consumption etc. In this research paper, the impact of urbanization, industrialization, population growth on greenhouse gases emission has been analyzed.

7p nguaconbaynhay10 22-02-2021 28 3   Download

Inference of active regulatory cascades under specific molecular and environmental perturbations is a recurring task in transcriptional data analysis. Commercial tools based on large, manually curated networks of causal relationships offering such functionality have been used in thousands of articles in the biomedical literature.

15p vioklahoma2711 19-11-2020 12 1   Download

Pundits in the international finance have long puzzled over the lack of an empirical relationship between exchange rates and fundamentals and theoretical exchange rate models are difficult to verify using actual data related to fundamentals. This may be related to the length of the sample period or the choice of bilateral/multilateral exchange rates. This study utilized monthly data to increase the number of samples and construct the multilateral exchange rate models.

11p 035522894 13-04-2020 43 1   Download

Drug-induced cardiac toxicity has been implicated in 31% of drug withdrawals in the USA. The fact that the risk for cardiac-related adverse events goes undetected in preclinical studies for so many drugs underscores the need for better, more predictive in vitro safety screens to be deployed early in the drug discovery process.

12p vienzym2711 03-04-2020 11 3   Download

Pigeon pea is an important drought tolerant pulse crop. Yellow mosaic disease (PYMD) was appeared in the farmers’ field of Chhattisgarh. Present study aimed to record incidence & identify causal agent associated with PYMD and reason for low disease incidence. Survey and symptomatology was recorded in the farmers’ field of Chhattisgarh. PYMD incidence and vector population was recorded in the experimental field of ICARNIBSM, Raipur during summer 2017. Causal agent associated with PYMD was identified by PCR.

5p cothumenhmong1 08-12-2019 9 1   Download

Most of us spend a good part of our days either reading or writing, so it is surprising that the psychological study of these processes is a relative late comer. The investigation of learning processes began with memorizing lists of nonsense syllables and running rats down mazes, not with what we do everyday—reading all kinds of things. The study of thinking started with puzzles of various kinds, not with the kind of inferences that are made in reading. The reason is, of course, obvious: Investigators were put off by the daunting complexity of studying discourse comprehension.

252p namde04 03-05-2013 80 9   Download

A. It is the developed countries that, for whatever reason, take more taxes per dollar of income from their citizens. Now, I would not interpret that evidence to necessarily mean that high taxes (and high government spending) cause prosperity, but it is a troubling fact that the people who say low taxes are the key to prosperity must confront. In fact, the positive correlation is prob- ably largely due to factors, such as education level, that vary across countries and are connected with prosperity as well as facilitate the collection of taxes.

0p trinhcaidat 19-04-2013 49 4   Download

Discourse markers ('cue words') are lexical items that signal the kind of coherence relation holding between adjacent text spans; for example, because, since, and for this reason are different markers for causal relations. Discourse markers are a syntactically quite heterogeneous group of words, many of which are traditionally treated as function words belonging to the realm of grammar rather than to the lexicon.

5p bunrieu_1 18-04-2013 46 3   Download

Perhaps even more important than barriers of physical access and eligibility are barriers of affordability. These issues seem to be particularly important in Latin America and the Caribbean, where 40 percent of non-account-holders report that formal accounts are too expensive. Worldwide, reducing withdrawal charges and balance fees could make formal accounts more attractive to more than 500 million adults who are without one. Again, these statements are meant to be indicative, not causal, and further analysis is required.

80p nhacsihuytuan 13-04-2013 63 4   Download

Conceived of a relation between thought and object, involvement is opposed to aboutness, the alleged distinguishing mark of mental states to concern entities to which they are not causally related (cf. Brentano 1874). Supposedly, aboutness is necessary for explaining how thought can be about non-existent entities, but as Section 3 will make clear, this simply is not true. There are other ways of explaining this, which means that a major reason for assuming aboutness has disappeared.

20p giamdocamnhac 06-04-2013 41 3   Download

More importantly, the handbook is meant to be practical, and usable at various levels of distance education systems. What immediately comes to mind is the Virtual University of the Small States of the Commonwealth (VUSSC). The VUSSC is a developing and vibrant institution, and the present volume serves as a contribution to the commonwealth of knowledge that the VUSSC epitomises. Readers are urged to consult other readings to augment their insights. This will result in a considerable depth and sophistication in the use of project management skills and techniques.

71p tainhacmienphi 25-02-2013 53 6   Download

This short text is the output of a desire to produce a helpful additional source for my students and from that, perhaps be of use to other similar students and managers of this subject area. After several years of working with classes on Management Decision Making, the need for a short and focused integrative text was clear to me. There are many excellent texts on both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of decision making, but few which address both.

236p tuanloc_do 04-12-2012 82 10   Download

Our econometric investigation is based on two different complementary (weekly and monthly) datasets, respectively from 7 June 2005 to 21 October 2008, and from January 1996 to December 2007. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, we think that weekly data may adequately capture the interaction of oil and stock prices in the region better than any other data frequency. However, our weekly data set, which deals with all the six GCC countries, only includes less than four years of data, which can be considered as too short to test for causality....

11p quaivattim 04-12-2012 48 3   Download

Some of the most useful applications of evolution often do not use evolutionary theory directly; instead they use technologies developed by evolutionary biologists. In par- ticular, methods for reconstructing phylogenies are being applied to genetic data with very practical results. HIV is especially susceptible to such methods because its fast- accumulating mutations create finely detailed phylogenies. For instance, certain cases of HIV could be traced back to a specific Florida dentist (Ciesielski et al. 1992).

23p thangbienthai 17-11-2012 31 1   Download

Once at the center of philosophy, the philosophy of concepts has now been marginalized, maybe because for a few years now, it has been stalled. The contrast with the psychology of concepts is stark. Psychologists working on categorization, induction, and reasoning have continued developing and refining their theories of concepts, discovering along the way a dazzling amount of phenomena.

296p maket1311 16-10-2012 47 4   Download