Childhood tuberculosis

Ebook "Hot topics in infection and immunity in children V" e was scheduled for 23–25 June 2008 with another exciting programme and renowned speakers and we expect to produce a sixth edition of this book based on that course. Paediatric infectious diseases continue to grow and flourish in Europe with centres now being accredited for training by the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases on behalf of the European Academy of Paediatrics.

267p tracanhphuonghoa1007 22-04-2024 4 2   Download

The only licensed live Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine used to prevent severe childhood tuberculosis comprises genetically divergent strains with variable protective efficacy and rates of BCG-induced adverse events.

12p vijeeni2711 30-06-2021 13 1   Download

Though the declaration by the WHO of a ‘global TB emergency’ was in 1993, the emphasis has been more on adult disease. Pediatric TB was neglected, mainly due to greater challenges in diagnosis and the lower priority traditionally afforded to children by TB control programmes. As a result both research and surveillance data in the field of childhood TB have been greatly limited.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. One of the main difficulties is obtaining adequate specimens for bacteriological confirmation of the disease in children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for the diagnosis of TB.

4p vivalanbo2711 19-03-2020 14 0   Download

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem leading to high morbidity and mortality both in adults and children. Reports on childhood TB and its treatment outcome are limited. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the epidemiology and treatment outcomes of TB among children in Addis Ababa.

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To gain insight into the transmission of tuberculosis (TB) in peri-urban Kampala-Uganda, we performed a household contact study using children as a surrogate for recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

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Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a public health concern causing considerable mortality. However, control of childhood TB receives little attention. The control efforts could be inadequate because of challenges associated with difficulties in diagnosing the disease in children.

10p vichengna2711 25-02-2020 13 0   Download

Exposure to tobacco smoke both prenatally and after birth is associated with measurable harmful effects including a greater risk of developing asthma-like symptoms in early childhood. However, evidence of increased risk of allergic diseases is uncertain77, 78. Distinguishing the independent contributions of prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking is problematic79. However, studies of lung function immediately after birth have shown that maternal smoking during pregnancy has an influence on lung development37.

98p dacotaikhoan 26-04-2013 28 1   Download

Much of what is known about asthma risk factors comes from studies of young children. Risk factors for the development of asthma in adults, particularly de novo in adults who did not have asthma in childhood, are less well defined. The lack of a clear definition for asthma presents a significant problem in studying the role of different risk factors in the development of this complex disease, because the characteristics that define asthma (e.g.

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Special challenges that must be taken into account in managing asthma in children in the first 5 years of life include difficulties with diagnosis, the efficacy and safety of drugs and drug delivery systems, and the lack of data on new therapies. Patients in this age group are often managed by pediatricians who are routinely faced with a wide variety of issues related to childhood diseases. Therefore, for the convenience of readers this Executive Summary extracts sections of the report that pertain to diagnosis and management of asthma in children 5 years and younger.

36p dacotaikhoan 26-04-2013 59 1   Download

There are two main types of brain cancer. Primary brain cancer starts in the brain. Metastatic brain cancer starts somewhere else in the body and moves to the brain. According to the American Brain Tumor Association, brain tumors are the most common of the solid tumors in children, and the second most frequent malignancy of childhood. Brain tumors are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in males under 40 and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females under age 20.

17p yasuyidol 02-04-2013 44 4   Download

Childhood malnutrition is another measure for existing inequalities. Prevalence of malnutrition in children under three is 41% in rural areas, compared to 26% in urban areas. It is 43% for children whose mothers have no education, compared to 12% for children whose mothers have secondary or higher education. The analysis illustrates that underlying social and economic factors contribute to 70% of the existing inequality in childhood malnutrition. The three largest contributors in this category are source of drinking water (18%), household wealth (17%) and mother’s occupation (13%). ...

41p nhamnhiqa 01-03-2013 43 2   Download

Infancy, child and mother care: Improved care during infancy includes attention to a variety of home and community interventions aimed at preventing common childhood infections and ensuring better health for the mother.

170p nhamnhiqa 01-03-2013 50 2   Download

Many factors can influence the dynamic balance that exists between the host and the pathogen (M. tuberculosis), but the host immune response seems to be the most important. This is illustrated by the vulnerability of immune-compromised individuals to develop tuberculosis and by the age-related spectrum of disease witnessed in immune-competent children. This age-related spectrum of disease reflects the ontogeny of the host immune response towards M. tuberculosis.

8p taisaocothedung 12-01-2013 48 2   Download

About one million children develop tuberculosis (TB) annually worldwide, accounting for about 11% of all TB cases. Children with TB differ from adults in their immunological and pathophysiological response in ways that may have important implications for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of TB in children. There is an urgent need to improve the diagnosis and management of children with TB, and the prevention of TB in children, by ensuring their inclusion under the implementation of the Stop TB strategy by National TB Programmes.

7p taisaocothedung 12-01-2013 57 3   Download

They observed that the use of well defined symptoms as diagnostic tool, even in resource limited settings, may improve the chances of diagnosing childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Fourie et al observed some clinical criteria thought to be most relevant as predictors of tuberculosis in children . These criteria include history of contact with a case of tuberculosis, positive skin test, persistent cough, low weight for age, and unexplained/ prolonged fever.

6p taisaocothedung 12-01-2013 43 1   Download

In the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India, the target of 85 per cent cure rate has been attained. A recent report indicates a success rate of 87 per cent in 200915. This, however, is a mean of results achieved throughout the country with a HIV prevalence of 0.29 per cent16. The distribution of HIV infection is uneven and there are six States which have HIV prevalence over 1 per cent. In such areas, the prevalence of HIV infection in TB patients may be high, which could in turn affect the efficacy of the RNTCP regimen. In the TB...

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Congress has recognized the importance of respiratory health and has em- barked on programs to make a difference. From 1998–2003, Congress doubled the budget of the National Institutes of Health. We have strengthened the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, granted the Food and Drug Administration the ability to regulate tobacco, improved pollution control through the Environmental Protection Agency, and funded tuberculosis programs throughout the world because we realize that in order to control tuberculosis at home, we need to control it worldwide.

0p le_minh_nha 12-12-2012 62 3   Download

The need to identify patterns of illness and disease is not uncommonin public health, for example the identification of disease clusters and tendencies toward clustering, such as outbreaks of communicable disease (e.g., tuberculosis), and higher than expected prevalence=incidence of diseases (e.g., childhood leukemia). The basic building blocks or units for such patterns may be individuals or geographical units, but the key factor is the association between units in terms of time, space, or other complex links.

18p gaucon_ngoan 25-12-2011 42 4   Download