Chomsky hierarchy

Chapter 3 - Lexical and syntactic analysis. A study of language syntax raises many questions. How does a compiler analyze the syntax of a program? How are syntax errors detected? How does a context-free grammar facilitate the development of a syntactic analyzer? These deeper questions about syntax are addressed in Chapter 3. Chapter 3a provide knowledge of chomsky hierarchy.

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A new class of formal languages will be defined the Distributed Index Languages (DI-languages). The grammar-formalism generating the new class - the DI-grammars - cover unbound dependencies in a rather natural way. The place of DI-languages in the Chomsky-hierarchy will be determined: Like Aho's indexed Languages, DI-languages represent a proper subclass of Type 1 (contextsensitive languages) and properly include Type 2 (context-free languages), but the DI-class is neither a subclass nor a superclass of Aho's indexed class. ...

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Strictly Piecewise (SP) languages are a subclass of regular languages which encode certain kinds of long-distance dependencies that are found in natural languages. Like the classes in the Chomsky and Subregular hierarchies, there are many independently converging characterizations of the SP class (Rogers et al., to appear). Here we define SP distributions and show that they can be efficiently estimated from positive data.

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