Common bacterial illnesses

Purpura fulminans (PF) is a rarely encountered rapidly evolving dermatological manifestation of ischemia, particularly in critically ill patients. Considered one of the very few dermatological emergencies, it has high mortality rate where patients often succumb to the illness. It can manifest in three forms: neonatal, idiopathic, and the more commonly infectious variety, which can be secondary to mostly bacterial and rarely viral etiology.

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Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, caused by infectious agents not present or incubating at the time mechanical ventilation started. While critically ill patients experience a life-threatening illness, they commonly contract ventilator-associated pneumonia. This nosocomial infection increases morbidity and likely mortality as well as the cost of health care.

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Acute pharyngitis is a very common illness that can be caused by different viruses and bacteria, Group A streptococci (GAS) being the most common bacterial cause. However, clinical examination cannot be used to differentiate viral and group A strep pharyngitis, even for experienced clinicians. Objectives of the study is to determine the impact of rapid antigen detection testing (RADT) to identify group A beta haemolytic Streptococcus in acute pharyngitis and to compare the RADT with throat swab culture in diagnosing acute GAS pharyngitis.

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Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common bacterial childhood infection. However, caregivers with children having mild episodes often do not seek healthcare services, which may lead to an under-appreciation of the disease experienced by the community.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial illnesses and hence one of the most important indications for antibiotic treatment. Current knowledge of the common organisms implicated in causing UTI in the local community and surveillance to monitor the changes in susceptibility of uropathogens are imperative to ensure appropriate therapy.

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Respiratory tract infections are very common in critically ill patients in hospital settings. Endotracheal aspiration is a simple and easy method to perform especially in ICU patients for obtaining samples from lower respiratory tract. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the microbiological spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Endotracheal aspirates among patients admitted in our institute. The present study was conducted on 348 ETT aspirate samples received in the Department of Microbiology, GMC, Jammu for a period of 1 year i.e. April 2017- 2018.

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Children commonly present to Emergency Departments (ED) with a non-blanching rash in the context of a feverish illness. While most have a self-limiting viral illness, this combination of features potentially represents invasive serious bacterial infection, including meningococcal septicaemia.

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Metritis and endometritis are the very common postpartum uterine infections that results into infertility in dairy cattle, production loss and economical losses to the farmer. As postpartum uterus favors bacterial growth so it is frequently found in almost of unhygienic environment reared animals. Breaching of birth canal during dystocia, retention of placenta, wet environment during winter season and immunosuppression due to many reasons are the risk factors for the bacteria invasion to uterus.

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Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is an infection of pulmonary parenchyma. Despite availability of potent antibiotics, CAP remains a common and serious illness with significant morbidity and mortality. Objective of the study is to identify the bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia and risk factors associated with it. 100 clinically diagnosed CAP patients attending medical out-patient and admitted in Upgraded Osmania General Hospital selected. Study was conducted during Sept 2016 to Oct 2017. Sputum samples were cultured and organism identified by standard biochemical tests.

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Only about 0.5% to 2.0% of VRS episodes are complicated by bacterial infection. 48 Although ABRS is often considered a transition from a preceding viral URI, bacterial infection can develop at any time during the course of illness. The concept of a transition, however, is useful for management decisions, especially when considering the time course of VRS and which disease patterns are most likely to be associated with bacterial infection.

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Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted directly or indirectly to humans from infected animals, predominantly domesticated ruminants and swine. The disease is known colloquially as undulant fever because of its remittent character. Its distribution is worldwide apart from the few countries where it has been eradicated from the animal reservoir. Although brucellosis commonly presents as an acute febrile illness, its clinical manifestations vary widely, and definitive signs indicative of the diagnosis may be lacking.

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Ranging from mild annoyances during vacations to devastating dehydrating illnesses that can kill within hours, acute gastrointestinal illnesses rank second only to acute upper respiratory illnesses as the most common diseases worldwide. In children 50% of childhood deaths are directly attributable to acute diarrheal illnesses.

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The enormous consumption of antibiotics for these illnesses has contributed to the rise in antibiotic resistance among common community-acquired pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae—a trend that in itself has had an enormous influence on public health. Although most URIs are caused by viruses, distinguishing patients with primary viral infection from those with primary bacterial infection is difficult. Signs and symptoms of bacterial and viral URIs are, in fact, indistinguishable.

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Meningitis L. monocytogenes causes ~5–10% of all cases of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults in the United States. Case-fatality rates are reported to be 15–26% and do not appear to have changed over time. This diagnosis should be considered in all older or chronically ill adults with "aseptic" meningitis. The presentation is more frequently subacute (with illness developing over several days) than in meningitis of other bacterial etiologies, and nuchal rigidity and meningeal signs are less common. Photophobia is infrequent.

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Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 122. Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning: Introduction Ranging from mild annoyances during vacations to devastating dehydrating illnesses that can kill within hours, acute gastrointestinal illnesses rank second only to acute upper respiratory illnesses as the most common diseases worldwide.

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Adjunctive treatments may reduce morbidity and mortality and include dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis; intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for TSS and necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A Streptococcus; low-dose hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone for septic shock; and drotrecogin alfa (activated), also known as recombinant human activated protein C, for meningococcemia and severe sepsis.

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Disordered gut sensorimotor function also commonly causes nausea and vomiting. Gastroparesis is defined as a delay in emptying of food from the stomach and occurs after vagotomy, with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with mesenteric vascular insufficiency, or in systemic diseases such as diabetes, scleroderma, and amyloidosis. Idiopathic gastroparesis occurring in the absence of systemic illness may follow a viral prodrome, suggesting an infectious etiology.

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