Diabetes and cancer.

Methylglyoxal is the most important intracellular glycation agent, formed nonenzymatically from triose phosphates during glycolysis in eukaryotic cells. Methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-products are involved in neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and familial amy-loidotic polyneurophathy) and in the clinical complications of diabetes.

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Thrombin generation increases in several pathological conditions, including cancer, thromboembolism, diabetes and myeloproliferative syndromes. During tumor development, thrombin levels increase along with several other molecules, including cytokines and angiogenic factors. Under such conditions, it is reasonable to predict that thrombin may recognize new low-affinity substrates that usually are not recognized under low-expression levels conditions.

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Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ made up of adipocytes, various stro-mal cells, resident and infiltrating immune cells, and an extensive endo-thelial network. Adipose secretory products, collectively referred to as adipokines, have been identified as contributors to the negative conse-quences of adipose tissue expansion that include cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer.

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Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672. †National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. ‡Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA. Correspondence: Sheue-yann Cheng. E-mail: sycheng@helix.nih.gov

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