Extracapsular lymph node involvement

Extramural tumor deposits (TDs) and extracapsular lymph node involvement (ECLNI) are considered to be poor prognostic factors in patients with T3–4, N0–2, M0 colorectal cancer (CRC). Although TDs are known to have multiple origins and pleomorphic features, the prognostic significances of the different type of TDs have not yet been established.

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The more lymph nodes that contain cancer cells, the more serious the cancer might be. So doctors use the number of involved lymph nodes to help make treatment decisions. Doctors also look at the amount of cancer in the lymph nodes. how much cancer is in each lymph node? You may see these words describing how much cancer is in each lymph node: Microscopic: Only a few cancer cells are in the node. A microscope is needed to find them. Gross: There is a lot of cancer in the node. You can see or feel the cancer without a microscope.

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Because of accessibility and the risk of involvement of bony struc- tures, treatment with radiotherapy can lead to radionecrosis of the mandible or maxilla. Moreover, oral cavity squamous cell carcino- mas may be less sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation, relative to oropharyngeal or laryngeal cancers. Thus, primary treatment for most tumors is surgical. Positive surgical margins, multiple involved lymph nodes, and/or extracapsular tumor extension call for consid- eration of postoperative chemoradiotherapy, to improve local dis- ease control....

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