Flowering seed and fruit formation

Phosphorus and micronutrients (zinc, copper, iron and manganese) are the essential nutrients which are required for normal plant growth. Phosphorus and all micronutrient cations are mutually antagonistic in certain circumstances which can cause yield reductions in many crops due to their deficiencies. Deficiencies typically happen when a nutrient is available in small amounts.

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Papaya is one of the few important fruits which flowers and yield throughout the year. Though a polygamous species with three basic types viz., staminate, pistillate and bisexual, its cultivation with seed propagation is hindered by problems due to vide variability in sex expression and fruit characters. In such point of view, propagation through asexual method could be a better alternative. The micropropagation will substitute method of propagation by cutting or grafting would be of great boon to papaya industry. The procedure for in vitro propagation of papaya (Carica papaya) cv.

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Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and occur in extremely low concentrations. Phytohormones determine the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, shedding of leaves, and development and ripening of fruits. They shape the plant, affecting seed growth, time of flowering, sex of flowers, senescence of leaves and fruits. Hormones are vital for plant growth and lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells. Plant growth regulators include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, growth retardants and growth inhibitors.

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