Fundus examination

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document Eye examination and diagnosis - Handbook of manual (Ninth edition) has contents: Retinal anatomy, fundus examination, retinal blood vessels, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, vitreous, retinitis pigmentosa, retinopathy of prematurity,.... and other contents. Invite you to refer.

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Gastric (Nonlymphoid) Sarcoma Leiomyosarcomas and GISTs make up 1–3% of gastric neoplasms. They most frequently involve the anterior and posterior walls of the gastric fundus and often ulcerate and bleed. Even those lesions that appear benign on histologic examination may behave in a malignant fashion. These tumors rarely invade adjacent viscera and characteristically do not metastasize to lymph nodes, but they may spread to the liver and lungs. The treatment of choice is surgical resection. Combination chemotherapy should be reserved for patients with metastatic disease.

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Papilledema This connotes bilateral optic disc swelling from raised intracranial pressure (Fig. 29-12). Headache is a frequent, but not invariable, accompaniment. All other forms of optic disc swelling, e.g., from optic neuritis or ischemic optic neuropathy, should be called "optic disc edema." This convention is arbitrary but serves to avoid confusion. Often it is difficult to differentiate papilledema from other forms of optic disc edema by fundus examination alone. Transient visual obscurations are a classic symptom of papilledema.

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