Halogen exchange

Ebook "Functionalization of carborane via carboryne intermediates" focuses on the development of new methods of functionalizing carboranes using o-carboryne intermediates. Functional carboranes are now finding a broad range of applications, including organic synthesis, drug design, polymers, catalysis, metal−organic frameworks, electronic devices and more. However, the limited number of efficient synthetic methods for obtaining functional carborane materials has restricted their applications.

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Ebook "Metalation of azines and diazines (Topics in Heterocyclic chemistry, Volume 31)" covers the reactions of pyridines, benzopyridines, and azapyridines with organolithiums and organomagnesiums. In this chapter also fundamental reaction pathways are outlined. The benzofused compounds quinolones and isoquinolines are treated, again their lithiation and magnesiation reactions.

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Ebook "Ocean-atmosphere interactions of gases and particles" leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles.

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We have developed a general method for reverse aromatic Finkelstein reactions. Good reaction yields were obtained when aryl iodides or aryl bromides were treated with copper halide salts as promoters in a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) ionic liquid (IL) solvent at 140 C for 8 h. Preliminary investigation supported that the copper salts were also the halide sources in halogen exchange reactions. The optimized conditions are applicable to a variety of substrates and have excellent functional group tolerance.

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At the open burning sites, some metals were present at concentrations over one hundred times typical background levels for soils, including lead, a highly toxic metal. High levels of other toxic metals, including cadmium and antimony, were also present. Numerous classes of organic chemicals were also present in one or more of the samples, including many halogenated (chlorinated or brominated) chemicals. Many of the compounds identified are intentionally used in electronic devices.

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