Naturally occurring antibiotics

Microorganisms produce certain commercially important secondary metabolites like antibiotics, carotenoid pigments, toxins and so on, some of which are of commercial importance. Carotenoid is a group of pigment and its production is a natural phenomenon in case of certain microorganisms. Yeast is a unicellular eukaryotic organism occurring in soil, air, feed and fodder of dairy farm environment. Among yeast, Rhodotorula sp. produces both extra and intracellular carotenoid pigments.

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Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. Feeding infected fish with antibiotic- medicated food is a general practice but has led to antibiotic resistance development in bacterial pathogen, resulting in a higher dose requirement for effective control, a matter of increasing public concern. Resistance of pathogens to antibiotics occurs due to the presence of β-lactamase enzyme, thereby resulting in Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR). These enzymes are present in Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli.

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Diarrhoea is the most common health concern and cause of death during the preweaning period. Ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in the European Union since January 1, 2006 (EC 2001) alternative prebiotic come in existence. Prebiotic supplementation improves gastrointestinal health and immune function in livestock. Inulin type prebiotics occupies top position in the list of prebiotics because of their availability from a wide resources with minimum cost involvement and includes a group of biomolecules viz.

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Acinetobacter baumanii can cause serious healthcare associated infections (HAI) and the incidence is increasing with many strains showing resistant to multiple antibiotics. Acinetobacter spp. are associated with various clinical cases which sometimes is often fatal. Their abundant occurrence in nature and minimal nutritional requirements make them a potent pathogen to cause well-formed infection. They occur mostly in the ICUs as most of the patients are on ventilator. MDR strains are associated with critically ill patients.

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Petroleum-based products are the major source of energy for industry and daily life. Leaks and accidental spills occur regularly during the exploration, production, refining, transport, and storage of petroleum and petroleum products. Crude oil-impacted tropical soil and natural water samples (0 - 30cm depth) were obtained from the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of twenty seven bacterial species of relevance in bioremediation were isolated and characterized using standard and conventional methods. The predominant species belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Proteus.

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Microorganisms are of particular interest because of their ability to synthesize high-value secondary compounds and provide us with novel and diverse chemical structures. The most common source of antibiotics is Actinomycetes which provide around two-third of naturally occurring antibiotics, including many of medical importance. In this study, 81 strains of actinomycetes were isolated from 145 samples including: sediments, sponges, soft corals, echinoderms and starfish collected from three sea areas of Vietnam: Hue, Da Nang and Quang Nam.

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Cationic antimicrobial peptides are naturally occurring antibiotics that are actively being explored as a new class of anti-infective agents. We recently identified three cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides from chicken, which have potent and broad-spectrum antibacterial activitiesin vitro (Xiao Y, Cai Y, Bommineni YR, Fernando SC, Prakash O, Gilliland SE & Zhang G (2006)J Biol Chem281, 2858–2867).

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C. difficile is an obligately anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus whose spores are found widely in nature, particularly in the environment of hospitals and chronic-care facilities. CDAD occurs most frequently in hospitals and nursing homes where the level of antimicrobial use is high and the environment is contaminated by C. difficile spores. Clindamycin, ampicillin, and cephalosporins were the first antibiotics associated with CDAD.

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Chapter 123. Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis (Part 1) Harrison's Internal Medicine Chapter 123. Clostridium difficile– Associated Disease, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis Etiology and Epidemiology C. difficile is an obligately anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus whose spores are found widely in nature, particularly in the environment of hospitals and chronic-care facilities. CDAD occurs most frequently in hospitals and nursing homes where the level of antimicrobial use is high and the environment is contaminated by C.

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Antibacterial Drugs can be classified according to their respective primary mode of action (color tone in 2 and 3). When bacterial growth remains unaffected by an antibacterial drug, bacterial resistance is present. This may occur because of certain metabolic characteristics that confer a natural insensitivity to the drug on a particular strain of bacteria (natural resistance). Depending on whether a drug affects only a few or numerous types of bacteria, the terms narrow-spectrum (e.g., penicillin G) or broad-spectrum (e.g., tetracyclines) antibiotic are applied.

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Introduction: β-Lactum antibiotics constitute an important class of antibacterial agents being used extensively for both humans and food-producing animals to treat or prevent infections. The drugs occasionally cause human deaths due to anaphylactic shock during medical treatments, especially when they are parenterally administered without their prior intracutaneous tests. These cases are usually handled as medical accidents (malpractice), and subjected to autopsies and analysis of the drugs used. These antibiotics are composed of cephems ( Table 10.1) and penicillins ( Table 10.

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