Obstetric prognosis

Granulosa tumor is a rare tumor that arises from the mesenchyme and the sexual cord of the ovary. The prognosis is generally excellent, and treatment is mainly based on surgery, followed by chemotherapy depending on the extension of the disease. However, “the obstetrical prognosis” is compromised.

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Fertility sparing surgery has been extensively performed among patients with borderline ovarian tumors due to their age and favorable prognosis. Nevertheless, the prognosis and obstetric outcomes in these patients remain uncertain.

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This book is intended to present current concepts in molecular biology with the emphasis on the application to animal, plant and human pathology, in various aspects such as etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and prevention of diseases as well as the use of these methodologies in understanding the pathophysiology of various diseases that affect living beings.

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Over 90% of pancreatic cancers are ductal adenocarcinomas of the exocrine pancreas. These tumors occur twice as frequently in the pancreatic head compared to the rest of the organ, and tend to be aggressive, often presenting when locally inoperable or after distal metastases have occurred. Patients with pancreatic cancer have a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival of only 5%. The discussion of pancreatic cancer here will be limited to ductal adenocarcinomas.

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The application of current treatment techniques (surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and biological therapy) results in the cure of nearly two of three patients diagnosed with cancer. Nevertheless, patients experience the diagnosis of cancer as one of the most traumatic and revolutionary events that has ever happened to them. Independent of prognosis, the diagnosis brings with it a change in a person's self-image and in his or her role in the home and workplace.

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The aim of this chapter is to summarize and evaluate the different mechanisms and catabolic mediators involved in cancer cachexia and ageing sarcopenia since they may represent targets for future promising clinical investigations. Cancer cachexia is a syndrome characterized by a marked weight loss, anorexia, asthenia and anemia. In fact, many patients who die with advanced cancer suffer from cachexia. The degree of cachexia is inversely correlated with the survival time of the patient and it always implies a poor prognosis.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Because early detection is rare, the overall prognosis is generally poor. Understanding of the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular biology, and clinical features of HCC is important in providing optimal patient care. In addition, understanding of the limitations of our current knowledge and therapeutic capabilities is essential in order to guide future research efforts.

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