Often unknown or obscure

In addition, liver abscesses caused by bacterial septicaemia represent another major reason for meat condemnation (Tehrani et al., 2012). In these geographical areas, sheep husbandries mainly comprise nomadic practices and hence, etiologies responsible for sheep mortalities are often unknown or obscure.

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Papilledema This connotes bilateral optic disc swelling from raised intracranial pressure (Fig. 29-12). Headache is a frequent, but not invariable, accompaniment. All other forms of optic disc swelling, e.g., from optic neuritis or ischemic optic neuropathy, should be called "optic disc edema." This convention is arbitrary but serves to avoid confusion. Often it is difficult to differentiate papilledema from other forms of optic disc edema by fundus examination alone. Transient visual obscurations are a classic symptom of papilledema.

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