On the problem of mechanical translation

[, vol.8, nos.3 and 4, June and October 1965] * by , Cambridge Language Research Unit, Cambridge, England The paper describes how the need for automatic aids to classification arose in a manual experiment in information retrieval. It goes on to discuss the problems of automatic classification in general, and to consider various methods that have been proposed. The definition of a particular kind of class, or "clump," is then put forward.

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With the operational capability for large-scale machine translation on the immediate horizon, documentalists must become aware of what new problems they must face. The state of the art of machine translation is briefly reviewed. The magnitude of the translation problem is documented with data from the Soviet scientific and technical press.

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The literature concerning the application of statistics to linguistic problems and in particular to mechanical translation is reviewed. The conclusion is that much of the work done is of little direct use for mechanical translation, and that some of it is based on a misapprehension of what statistical techniques can in fact do.

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Problems of machine translation have been investigated in the Soviet Union since 1955.1 A number of groups are carrying out theoretical and experimental work in the area of machine translation. In the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (ITM and VT) dictionaries and codes of rules (algorithms) have been compiled for machine translation from English, Chinese, and Japanese into Russian; and a GermanRussian algorithm is being worked out.

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HAVING STARTED WORK on mechanical translation, we arrived at the conclusion that both the lexical meaning and the morphological shape of the word can and should be utilized in analyzing the text, and that for purposes of translation it is impractical to omit the information which can be thus obtained. The utilization of the lexical meanings of words as well as of their contexts may also affect problems of coding. These questions are extremely important to automatic translation. We based our work on the following principles: 1.

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THE PRINCIPAL differences between the work at The University of Michigan and other work in machine translation is in the emphasis placed on the problem of multiple meaning and the approach to that problem. Our approach consists in translating small groups of words, listing in the dictionary multiple meanings under each word in the group, and finding algorithms which make it possible to choose the proper set of meanings for the group.

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THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN undertook research, late in 1955, in the analysis of language structure for mechanical translation. Emphasis was placed on the use of the contextual structure of the sentence as a means of reducing ambiguity and on the formulation of a set of operative rules which an electronic computer could use for automatically translating Russian texts into English.

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TRANSCRIBING romanized print into Braille suitable for reading by the blind is a problem which has similarities to those arising in mechanical translation. The theoretical problem of mechanical translation is to construct an operational syntax - a set of formal rules of translation prescribing operations to be performed on the text to get the output text - entirely in terms of patterns of input words and types of words and such information as may be contained in the dictionary.

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RESEARCH on the problems of machine translation has been going on for several years in this country and abroad. 1 To date it has been concerned primarily with the complicated linguistic problems involved in mechanical translation, since the engineers can probably build the necessary equipment.

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