Oracle Managed Files

Sau khi hoàn thành bài học này, bạn sẽ có thể làm được những việc sau: Giải thích được cách sử dụng của control file, liệt kê nội dung của control file, tạo và quản lý control file, quản lý tệp tin điều khiển với Oracle Managed Files (OMF), lấy các thông tin về control file.

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Data Loading Methods Several methods are available for loading data into tables in an Oracle database. Of the methods available, Direct Load insert and SQL*Loader are discussed here. Export and Import are covered in the Oracle9i Database Administration Fundamentals II course. SQL*Loader SQL*Loader loads data from external files into tables of an Oracle database. It has a powerful data parsing engine that places little limitation on the format of the data in the data file. Direct Load Direct Load insert can be used to copy data from one table to another table within the same database.

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Tablespaces and Data Files Databases, tablespaces, and data files are closely related, but they have important differences: An Oracle database consists of one or more logical storage units called tablespaces, which collectively store all of the database’s data. Each tablespace in an Oracle database consists of one or more files called data files, which are physical structures that conform with the operating system in which Oracle is running. A database’s data is collectively stored in the data files that constitute each tablespace of the database.

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Using Online Redo Log Files Online redo log files provide the means to redo transactions in the event of a database failure. Every transaction is written synchronously to the Redo Log Buffer, then gets flushed to the online redo log files in order to provide a recovery mechanism in case of media failure. (With exceptions such as direct load inserts in objects with the NOLOGGING clause enabled.) This includes transactions that have not yet been committed, undo segment information, and schema and object management statements.

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After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Produce queries that require a substitution variable Customize the iSQL*Plus environment Produce more readable output Create and execute script files

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Control File The control file is a small binary file necessary for the database to start and operate successfully. Each control file is associated with only one Oracle database. Before a database is opened, the control file is read to determine whether the database is in a valid state to use. A control file is updated continuously by the Oracle server during database use, so it must be available for writing whenever the database is open. The information in the control file can be modified only by the Oracle server; no database administrator or end user can edit the control file....

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Built-In Database Objects In addition to creating the database files, several other structures are created. Data dictionary: Contains descriptions of the objects in the database Dynamic performance tables: Contains information used by the database administrator (DBA) to monitor and tune the database and instance PL/SQL packages: Program units adding functionality to the database. These packages are created when the catproc.sql script is run after the CREATE DATABASE command. PL/SQL packages will not be discussed within the scope of this course.

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Planning and Organizing a Database Planning for your database is the first step in organizing and implementing a database system. First define how the database will be used. This determines what type of database you need to create that will meet the needs of your business, for example, data warehousing, high online transaction processing, or general purpose. After you determine the purpose and type, you must outline the database architecture that will be used.

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Initialization Parameter Files In order to start an instance and open the database, you must connect as SYSDBA and enter the STARTUP command. The Oracle server will then read the initialization parameter file and prepare the instance according to the initialization parameters contained within. Note: You must have SYSDBA privilege. Authentication and the SYSDBA privilege will be discussed in later lessons.

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After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: List the advantages of distributing different Oracle file types Diagnose tablespace usage problems List reasons for partitioning data in tablespaces Describe how checkpoints work Monitor and tune checkpoints Monitor and tune redo logs

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Overview of Primary Components The Oracle architecture includes a number of primary components, which are discussed further in this lesson. Oracle server: There are several files, processes, and memory structures in an Oracle server; however, not all of them are used when processing a SQL statement. Some are used to improve the performance of the database, to ensure that the database can be recovered in the event of a software or hardware error, or to perform other tasks necessary to maintain the database. The Oracle server consists of an Oracle instance and an Oracle database.

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After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Identify key tuning components of the alert log file Identify key tuning components of backgroundtrace files Identify key tuning components of user trace files Collect statistics with Oracle Enterprise Manager Describe how Statspack collects statistics Collect statistics with Statspack Identify dynamic performance views useful in tuning Describe other tools used for tuning

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After completing this appendix, you should be able to do the following: Log in to SQL*Plus Edit SQL commands Format output using SQL*Plus commands Interact with script files

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Export and Import Utilities The Export utility provides a simple way for you to transfer data objects between Oracle databases, even if they reside on platforms with different hardware and software configurations. When you run Export against an Oracle database, objects (such as tables) are extracted, followed by their related objects (such as indexes, comments, and grants), if any. The extracted data is written to an Export file, which is an Oracle binary-format dump file that is typically located on disk or tape.

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Overview The recovery catalog is a schema that is created in a separate database. It contains the RMAN metadata obtained from the target database control file. RMAN propagates information about the database structure, archived redo logs, backup sets, and datafile copies into the recovery catalog from the control file of the target database. You should use a catalog when you have multiple target databases to manage. RMAN stores, uses, and maintains the information in the recovery catalog. The recovery catalog is maintained by RMAN when you do the following: 1.

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Cross Checks of RMAN Backups and Copies Performing a cross check provides you with a way to ensure that data about backup sets and image copies in the RMAN repository is synchronized with corresponding data on disk or in the media management catalog. You can use the LIST command to obtain a report of the backups and copies that you have made and then use the CROSSCHECK command to check that these files still exist. If RMAN cannot find a file, it updates the repository records to EXPIRED. You can determine which files are marked EXPIRED by issuing a LIST EXPIRED command....

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Restoration and Datafile Media Recovery Using RMAN RMAN automates the procedure for restoring files. When you issue the RESTORE command, RMAN uses a server session to restore the correct backups and copies. The RMAN repository is used to select the best available backup set or image copies to use in the restoration. By default, RMAN does not restore a file if the file is already in the correct place and its header contains the correct information. In releases before Oracle9i, the files were always restored.

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Media Recovery Media recovery is used to recover a lost or damaged current datafile or control file. You can also use it to recover changes that were lost when a datafile went offline without the OFFLINE NORMAL option. Restoring Files When you restore a file, you are replacing a missing or damaged file with a backup copy. Recovery of Files When you recover a file, changes recorded in the redo log files are applied to the restored files.

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Types of Recovery Manager Backups Recovery Manager provides functionality to back up: The entire database, every datafile in a tablespace, or a single datafile The control file All or selected archived logs Note: The online redo log files are not backed up when using Recovery Manager. Closed Database Backups A closed database backup is defined as a backup of the database while it is closed (offline). This is the same as the consistent database backup. If you are performing a closed backup, the target database must not be open.

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Backup Terminology Whole Database Backup Whole database backup (also known as whole backup) refers to a backup of all datafiles and the control file of the database. Whole backups can be performed when the database is closed or open. This is the most common method of backup. The whole backup that is taken when the database is closed (after the database is shut down using the NORMAL, IMMEDIATE, or TRANSACTIONAL options) is called a consistent backup.

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