Orthologous proteins

Alternative splicing is a widely used mechanism of gene regulation in sex determination pathways of Insects. In species from orders as distant as Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, female differentiation relies on the activities of conserved splicing regulators, TRA and TRA-2, promoting female-specific expression of the global effector doublesex (dsx).

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Here we release a new version of EchinoDB, EchinoDB v2.0 (https://echinodb.uncc.edu). EchinoDB is a database of genomic and transcriptomic data on echinoderms. The initial database consisted of groups of 749,397 orthologous and paralogous transcripts arranged in orthoclusters by sequence similarity.

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Polycomb Repressive Complexes 2 (PRC2) are multi-protein chromatin modifiers that are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and play key roles in the regulation of gene expression, notably through the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3). Although PRC2-mediated gene regulation has been studied in many organisms, few studies have explored in depth the evolutionary conservation of PRC2 targets.

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Polyploidy is considered a major driving force in genome expansion, yielding duplicated genes whose expression may be conserved or divergence as a consequence of polyploidization. The expression diversification of the duplicated genes suggested it might be a universal feature of the long-term evolution of cotton.

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Aquaporins (AQPs) are a class of integral membrane proteins that facilitate the passive transport of water and other small solutes across biological membranes. Despite their importance, little information is available in cassava (Manihot esculenta), a perennial shrub of the Euphorbiaceae family that serves the sixth major staple crop in the world

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Prestin (SLC26A5) is responsible for acute sensitivity and frequency selectivity in the vertebrate auditory system. Limited knowledge of prestin is from experiments using site-directed mutagenesis or domainswapping techniques after the amino acid residues were identified by comparing the sequence of prestin to those of its paralogs and orthologs.

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While the authors of software for the quick comparison of protein sequences evaluate the speed of their software and compare their results against the most usual software for the task, it is not common for them to evaluate their software for more particular uses, such as finding orthologs as reciprocal best hits (RBH). He

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Legume species are an important plant model because of their protein-rich physiology. The adaptability and productivity of legumes are limited by major biotic and abiotic stresses. Responses to these stresses directly involve plasma membrane receptor proteins known as receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins.

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The distance matrix computed from multiple alignments of homologous sequences is widely used by distance-based phylogenetic methods to provide information on the evolution of protein families. This matrix can also be visualized in a low dimensional space by metric multidimensional scaling (MDS).

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Thus far, a handful of genes have been shown to be related to the wing maturation process in insects. A novel heme peroxidase enzyme known as curly suppressor (Cysu)(formerly CG5873), have been characterized in this report because it is involved in wing morphogenesis.

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Orthologous protein detection software mostly uses pairwise comparisons of amino-acid sequences to assert whether two proteins are orthologous or not. Accordingly, when the number of sequences for comparison increases, the number of comparisons to compute grows in a quadratic order.

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Essential proteins play an indispensable role in the cellular survival and development. There have been a series of biological experimental methods for finding essential proteins; however they are time-consuming, expensive and inefficient.

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Comparative analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks provides an effective means of detecting conserved functional network modules across different species. Such modules typically consist of orthologous proteins with conserved interactions, which can be exploited to computationally predict the modules through network comparison.

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The incorporation of alignment-free features in supervised big data models did not significantly improve ortholog detection in yeast proteomes regarding the classification qualities achieved with just alignment-based similarity measures.

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Orthology inference is normally based on full-length protein sequences. However, most proteins contain independently folding and recurring regions, domains. The domain architecture of a protein is vital for its function, and recombination events mean individual domains can have different evolutionary histories.

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The evolutionary history of genes serves as a cornerstone of contemporary biology. Most conserved sequences in mammalian genomes don’t code for proteins, yielding a need to infer evolutionary history of sequences irrespective of what kind of functional element they may encode.

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Knowledge about the MAPK gene family in cotton is limited, and systematic investigation of MAPK family proteins has not been reported.

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The MADS-box transcription factors play fundamental roles in reproductive developmental control. Although the roles of many plant MADS-box proteins have been extensively studied, there are almost no functional studies of them in soybean, an important protein and oil crop in the world. In addition, the MADS-box protein orthologs may have species-specific functions.

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Nitrogen is an essential macromolecule necessary for suitable growth and development of plants by playing a vital role in biochemical and physiological functions throughout the life cycle. Early node 93 (ENOD93-1) gene is well known for significantly responding to both N induction and N reduction in plants, but little is known about the structure and function of the ENOD93-1 protein in cereal crops. In this study, a putative ortholog of rice OsENOD93-1 gene was identified in the wheat genome.

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Rice genome harbours many resistance genes (R-genes) with tremendous allelic diversity, constituting a robust immune system effective against microbial pathogens like rice blast fungus M. oryzae. Nevertheless, few functional R-genes have been identified for rice blast resistance. Wild species of cultivated plants are treasure trove for important agronomic traits. The wild rice Oryza rufipogon is resistant to many virulent strains of Magnaporthe oryzae.

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