Paper industry effluents

Ebook "Bleach plant effluents from the pulp and paper industry" covers bleach plant effluents, that most polluting effluent from the pulp and paper industry. Disappearance of benthic invertebrates, a high incidence of fish diseases, and mutagenic effects on the aquatic fauna are some of the consequences of the disposal of bleach effluents into surface waters.

93p coduathanh1122 27-03-2024 1 1   Download

Alkaline pulping liquors are the problematic for environment due to their toxicity and poor biodegradability. During last decade, anaerobic treatment technology has been successfully applied to various types of pulp and paper industry effluents. In the present study, the treatment of highly toxic pulping liquors in lab-scale has been done using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) isolated from sediment samples of pulp and paper mills in Vietnam. This treatment could reduce 70 - 75% of COD after three weeks. The COD removal could achieve 82 - 88% by subsequent aerobic treatment in 48 hours.

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Pulp and paper industries are considered as one of the major polluters of the environment all over the world. These industries are the fifth largest contributor to water pollution. Pulping process, used for paper manufacturing leads to release of toxic chemicals or effluents into the environment and pollute water, air and soil therefore it is a major threat to ecosystem. A number of microbes have been found in the nearby soil of paper mill that are useful in the breakdown of environmental pollutants.

6p kequaidan2 13-12-2019 27 1   Download

Nowadays, synthetic dyes are widely used in textile, leather, cosmetics, paper, food and pharmaceutical industries instead of natural dyes due to its availability, stability, low cost and color intensity which emerges a new problem of residual color in the discharged effluent. Improper discharge of dye effluent in aqueous ecosystems is aesthetically unpleasant and impedes photosynthetic activity reducing sunlight penetration, dissolved oxygen concentration and water quality in total.

9p cothumenhmong1 11-12-2019 24 1   Download

The treated industrial wastewater has been, continuously used for crop production in the water scares region of our country. Irrigation with agro-based industrial wastewater (treated paper mill effluent) though it initially increased the yield of many crops, over a period; it deteriorates the soil quality by addition of soluble salts in soil profile results in deflocculating of soil structure, reduced infiltration and waterlogging leads to yield reduction in some crops under poor management condition.

10p cothumenhmong1 08-12-2019 20 0   Download

Pollution control policy is fundamental for our analysis. In 1982 the central government imposed a system of levies on air pollutants, on total wastewater, and on the concentrations of three pollutants contained in wastewater: total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and other solids. The first two are characteristic of the paper industry. The levy rates were reassessed in 1989 and increased in 1992. Wang et al. (1996) examined the effect of these charges on the effluents on the general manufacturing sector. They found the expected emission-reducing effect.

108p loixinloi 08-05-2013 94 8   Download

However, China’s industry is dependent on non-wood fibers (largely agricultural residues) at a 3:1 ratio over wood fiber. This suggests a concentration of many smaller operations. In fact, China’s rapid agricultural growth since 1978 provided fiber for eight-fold growth in the production of smaller papermills between 1984 and 1992 (CTAPI (1993)). The smaller mills have been rapid innovators, but they remain especially environmentally intrusive. They are dependent on pollution control technologies that are not as effective for non-wood fibers.

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China’s papermaking technology itself is relatively similar across establishments because, until recently, the industry relied on a couple of domestic manufacturers making nearly identical machines for each stage in the papermaking process (CTAPI (1993)). The critical differences in the technology come from the use of two alternative raw materials (wood and non-wood fibers) and from the production of either bleached or unbleached papers. Both differences are important to understanding the industry’s pollution.

30p loixinloi 08-05-2013 58 4   Download

The CWA contains both “water-quality based” regulatory controls, which vary according to the designated use (e.g., drinking water source, fishable, swimmable) and attributes (e.g., volume and rate of flow) of the receiving water body, and “technology- based” effluent standards that are achievable using available pollution control technology. Legally, the environmental quality standards dominate the technology-based standards in the sense that additional regulatory action may be required if the technology-based limits do not achieve the ambient quality standard in a specific location.

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despite this disparity in the quantity of environmental releases, dioxins and furans have dominated the debate over regulatory controls of the effluents from pulp and paper plants that use chlorine bleaching because chlorinated phenols and volatile organochlorines are estimated to be very much less toxic.

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It has been demonstrated that most heavy metals that are in the fuels or raw materials used in cement kilns are effectively incorporated into the clinker, or contained by standard emissions control devices (WBCSD 2002; European Commission (EC) 2004; Vallet January 26, 2007). A study using the EPA’s toxicity characteristic leaching procedure to test the mobility of heavy metals in clinker when exposed to acidic conditions found that only cadmium (Cd) could be detected in the environment, and at levels below regulatory standards (5 ppm) (Shih 2005).

0p loixinloi 08-05-2013 48 4   Download

These talks are really helpful to show you the competition among Ph.D. graduates, and they may also give you an idea of the recent research topics in economics. Another option that always comes in handy is to go over recent issues of some journals just to relax and/or see what is going on in economics nowadays, especially articles or working papers published by your current professors. Since professors often like to put their own “special touch” to their classes (i.e., show samples or their research on the core economics courses), chances are you may end up getting another point...

8p hoangphiyeah1tv 18-04-2013 60 3   Download

The first of these contextual factors, the three meta-narratives, show a degree of systematic macro-scale variation across Europe, and can therefore be described within the framework of the EDORA typologies. The second (assets and capacity) varies in a more unsystematic way across Europe. Its impact can therefore only be adequately assessed through some form of local or regional audit, as part of a neo-endogenous process for specifying intervention “mixes” at a region level.

406p nhacsihuytuan 13-04-2013 49 5   Download

Bush posited Memex as “a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.” Memex was to be built into a desk with a keyboard, microphone, and display surfaces. Its interface could copy photos or papers, or could be written on. However, “most of the Memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion.” In a typical use scenario, the user “moves about and observes, he photographs and comments.

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In this section we look at data concerning 10-year government bond yields. Although our main interest is the default risk, this presents only one channel through which fiscal policies can affect long-term yields. There are other channels operating through monetary-fiscal interaction, which should be reflected in the evolution of yields. Therefore we start our descriptive analysis in this section by looking at yields, forward rates and inflation expectations at a weekly frequency. Then we move to an analysis of interest rate swap spreads, at a weekly and daily frequency.

47p taisaovanchuavo 23-01-2013 68 8   Download

The first-order effects of relaxed bank entry restrictions have been favorable, both within the U.S. and across countries. Internationally, the benefits of foreign entry seem to depend on the level of development, but at least for developing nations entrants are more efficient than incumbent banks and the stiffer competition seems to improve overall bank efficiency. In contrast to these first-order effects, the stability implications of increased entry are less obvious.

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Ever since the Industrial Revolution, industrial activities have been accompanied by a problem: industrial waste. The commensurate increase in industrialization, urbanization and population growth are leading to production of enormous quantities of industrial wastes that may cause degradation in environment and health hazards. On the other hand, the desire for a healthy environment increases, which leads to the need for better ways of waste minimization, pollution prevention and better use of resources in achieving the required industrial and environmental standards....

284p qsczaxewd 25-09-2012 84 8   Download