Phylogeny reconstruction

Ebook "Eukaryotic membranes and cytoskeleton: Origins and evolution" discusses the evolutionary origin and diversification of eukaryotic endomembranes and cytoskeleton from a cell biological and comparative genomic perspective. Many of the chapters present original research data from comparative genomic surveys. The presence/absence of gene families with central roles in endomembrane and cytoskeleton dynamics in a variety of eukaryotic taxa and an understanding of eukaryote phylogeny allow us to accurately reconstruct the cellular machineries present in the last common ancestor of eukaryotes.

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The phylogenetic relationship of 83 taxa of Santalaceae s.l. was reconstructed based on the molecular data sets including the nuclear ribosomal (small and large subunit rDNA) and the chloroplast rbcL, matK, and trnL-F regions. The Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods were used to build the phylogenetic trees.

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Exploring the phylogenetic relationships between taxa provides important information for science. The phylogenetic study of Macrosolen was conducted based on molecular data sets of 27 taxa with five DNA regions including chloroplast rbcL, matK, and trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal (small subunit rDNA and large subunit rDNA) regions to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship of Macrosolen.

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Although scRNA-seq is now ubiquitously adopted in studies of intratumor heterogeneity, detection of somatic mutations and inference of clonal membership from scRNA-seq is currently unreliable. We propose DENDRO, an analysis method for scRNA-seq data that clusters single cells into genetically distinct subclones and reconstructs the phylogenetic tree relating the subclones.

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Gene order changes, under rearrangements, insertions, deletions and duplications, have been used as a new type of data source for phylogenetic reconstruction. Because these changes are rare compared to sequence mutations, they allow the inference of phylogeny further back in evolutionary time. There exist many computational methods for the reconstruction of gene-order phylogenies, including widely used maximum parsimonious methods and maximum likelihood methods.

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Sequence data used in reconstructing phylogenetic trees may include various sources of error. Typically errors are detected at the sequence level, but when missed, the erroneous sequences often appear as unexpectedly long branches in the inferred phylogeny.

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Deciphering the history of life on Earth has long been regarded as one of the most central tasks in biology. In past years, widespread discordance between the evolutionary histories of different groups of orthologous genes of prokaryotes have been revealed, primarily due to horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). Nonetheless, evidence that support a strong tree-like signal of evolution have been uncovered, despite the presence of HGT events. Therefore, a challenging task is to distill this tree-like signal from the noise induced by all sources of non-tree-like events.

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Phylogenetic analyses of the bacterial genomes based on the simple classification in core- genes and accessory genes pools could offer an incomplete view of the evolutionary processes, of which some are still unresolved.

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Core genome phylogenies are widely used to build the evolutionary history of individual prokaryote species. By using hundreds or thousands of shared genes, these approaches are the gold standard to reconstruct the relationships of large sets of strains.

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Cancer progression reconstruction is an important development stemming from the phylogenetics field. In this context, the reconstruction of the phylogeny representing the evolutionary history presents some peculiar aspects that depend on the technology used to obtain the data to analyze: Single Cell DNA Sequencing data have great specificity, but are affected by moderate false negative and missing value rates.

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The rapid accumulation of whole-genome data has renewed interest in the study of using gene-order data for phylogenetic analyses and ancestral reconstruction. Current software and web servers typically do not support duplication and loss events along with rearrangements.

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An absent word of a word y of length n is a word that does not occur in y. It is a minimal absent word if all its proper factors occur in y. Minimal absent words have been computed in genomes of organisms from all domains of life; their computation also provides a fast alternative for measuring approximation in sequence comparison.

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Tumorigenesis is an evolutionary process by which tumor cells acquire mutations through successive diversification and differentiation. There is much interest in reconstructing this process of evolution due to its relevance to identifying drivers of mutation and predicting future prognosis and drug response.

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Alignment-free methods for sequence comparisons have become popular in many bioinformatics applications, specifically in the estimation of sequence similarity measures to construct phylogenetic trees.

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Branch lengths are an important attribute of phylogenetic trees, providing essential information for many studies in evolutionary biology. Yet, part of the current methodology to reconstruct a phylogeny from genomic information — namely supertree methods — focuses on the topology or structure of the phylogenetic tree, rather than the evolutionary divergences associated to it.

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Phylogenetic analysis is now an important tool in the study of viral outbreaks. It can reconstruct epidemic history when surveillance epidemiology data are sparse, and can indicate transmission linkages among infections that may not otherwise be evident.

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Maximum compatibility is a method of phylogenetic reconstruction that is seldom applied to molecular sequences. It may be ideal for certain applications, such as reconstructing phylogenies of closely-related bacteria on the basis of whole-genome sequencing.

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Alignment-free sequence comparison approaches have been garnering increasing interest in various data- and compute-intensive applications such as phylogenetic inference for large-scale sequences. While k-mer based methods are predominantly used in real applications, the average common substring (ACS) approach is emerging as one of the prominent alignment-free approaches.

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In phylogenetic reconstruction the result is a tree where all taxa are leaves and internal nodes are hypothetical ancestors. In a live phylogeny, both ancestral and living taxa may coexist, leading to a tree where internal nodes may be living taxa. The well-known Neighbor-Joining heuristic is largely used for phylogenetic reconstruction.

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Phylogeny estimation for bacteria is likely to reflect their true evolutionary histories only if they are highly clonal. However, recombination events could occur during evolution for some species. The reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from an alignment without considering recombination could be misleading, since the relationships among strains in some parts of the genome might be different than in others.

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