Pollination method

Continued part 1, part 2 of ebook "Principles of plant genetics and breeding" provide readers with content about: classic methods of plant breeding; selected breeding objectives; cultivar release and commercial seed production; breeding selected crops;... Please refer to the part 2 of ebook for details!

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Continued part 1, part 2 of ebook "Principles of plant genetics and breeding (Second edition)" provide readers with content about: selection methods; molecular breeding; marketing and societal issues in breeding; breeding selected crops; plant cellular organization and genetic structure - an overview;...

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The gender proportion changes according to seasons and concerning selection. Both allogamy and autogamy pollination happens in the fruit of paradise protogyny which occurs through Cross pollination is predictable. For proper enrichment of crops through the Hybridization method, the amount of perfect flowers of the female parent has a vital impact on pollen viability.

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The genus sesamum has 38 species along with cultivated species S. indicum. Some of the wild species are known to have useful genes like disease and pest resistance. The interspecific hybridization utilizing cultivated and wild species of sesamum can lead to broadening both nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic base of the cultivated species. It has been difficult to produce interspecific hybrids due to incongruity fertilization barriers. The barriers to hybridization can occur at any stage from pollination to fertilization or even at later stages of development of the hybrid plants.

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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the important fruit crop of arid and semiarid regions of the world belongs to family Punicaceae. This fruit crop is often cross pollinated, genetically heterozygous and appropriate natural variation is present. Traits like reducing the size of the plant in order to increase orchard plant density, selecting self fertile genotypes to maintain a higher consistent yield over time and selecting genotypes with higher nutritional value of the fruit are important for ideotype plant in pomegranate.

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The diversity of insect visitors on mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was studied at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan. A total of 88 insects belonging to 63 genera under 31 families and 9 orders were found to visit the mustard bloom. Order Hymenoptera formed higher percentage of the insect visitors in scan sampling. Apis cerana and A. mellifera abundance were higher by scan sampling methods.

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Five different emasculation methods viz. standard technique for wheat x maize crosses, early pollinations on non-emasculated spikes, clipped glume facilitated emasculation, plastic bag emasculation and hot water emasculation were compared. Clipped glume facilitated emasculation resulted in lowest caryopses formation frequency. Early pollination on non-emasculated spikes gave reasonably high embryo formation frequency while omitting tedious emasculation steps.

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The development of fruits without fertilization is known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy improves the fruit quality, processing attributes, production and productivity of vegetable crops like tomato, cucumber, watermelon etc. Absence of seeds can enhances the shelf life of the fruits, allowing a better conservation, fruit set in adverse climatic conditions, early and offseason production of vegetable crops. Therefore, it is important to ensure yield stability regardless of environmental conditions.

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The present investigation entitled “Methods of Pollination Influencing Fruit Development Stages of Exotic Apple Cultivars at High Altitudes of Kashmir Valley” was carried out at “Advanced Centre for Horticulture Development Zainapora, Shopian” during 2012 and 2013. The experimental material (varieties) i.e. treatments were Gala Mast, Royal Gala, Early Red One, Law Red Rome, Scarlet Spur, Oregon Spur, Braeburn, Ginger Gold, Red Gravenstein, Golden Delicious and Red Gold.

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The experiment was conducted to assess efficiency of pollen storage methods in sunflower by using the parental lines of sunflower hybrid APSH-66. The trial was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and eight treatments. Analysis of variance revealed that treatment effects were significant for characters such as number of filled seeds per head, seed set (%), seed husk ratio and seed yield per plant.

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An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pollination methods on fruit set at Horticulture garden, BAU, Sabour. The effect of self, open and cross-pollination was studied in the four cultivars of litchi i.e. Deshi, Purbi, Bedana and Kasba. Five panicles/replication were bagged at flowering stage for selfing. Some panicles were tagged and left opened for open-pollination and some panicles having female flowers were bagged for making cross-combinations.

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Guava (Psidium guajava L; Myrtaceae) popularly known as “apple of tropics” is an important fruit crop of India. It is largely a self-pollinated crop, but crosspollination also does occur. This results in a large variability in the seedling population. Among cultivars, substantial variation exists in terms of growth pattern, yielding behavior, fruit characters (peel, shape etc.) and physio-chemical composition, aroma, pulp to seed ratio, seed characters. Assessment of variability can be achieved through morphological characters, chemical composition and by biotechnological tools.

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops under solanaceous group which can be grown both under open field conditions and greenhouses. Tomato has achieved high popularity especially in the recent years because of lycopene’s anti-oxidative activities and anti-cancerous functions. The cultivated tomato has been used in genetic studies because of the ease with which it can be easily manipulated and also its diversity present within the population.

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The course of observation at Habak Urban park of SKUAST- Kashmir valley during 2016- 18, on the occurrence and pollinating activities of insects on carrots grown for seed, 11 species representing two orders, were collected. Most numerous in species were the hymenopterans families and the dipterous families Syrphidae. Most numerous in individuals were the dipterous families Syrphidae. Families and super families represented by the most efficient pollinators were Apoidea, Syrphidae. Abundance time’s efficiency was used as a pollination index for each species was recorded.

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In order to establish pure lines of sponge gourds containing aroma features, we selected the desirable inbred lines by using a self-pollinating method. The present study was performed to estimate the morphological traits and fruit quality of six sponge gourd inbred lines which generated at the 4 th generation of an aroma Luffa accession B29 under plastic house conditions.

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Invite you to consult the text book Plants below to capture the content and placing sentences with the words: Embryo, growth hormone, phloem, photosynthesis, pollen, pollination, spore, tropism, xylem. I hope the books contents are useful references for you.

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Plant biotechnology Biotechnology: “the application of scientific methods to manipulate living cells or organisms for practical purposes.” Nabors; Chapter 14. “For centuries, humankind has made improvements to crop plants through selective breeding and hybridization — the controlled pollination of plants. Plant biotechnology is an extension of this traditional plant breeding with one very important difference — plant biotechnology allows for the transfer of a greater variety of genetic information in a more precise, controlled manner.” From Monsanto web page on biotechnology. ...

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