Posterior pituitary gland

(BQ) Part 1 of the document Endocrine physiology presents the following contents: General principles of endocrine physiology, the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland, anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland and Ca(sup(2 )) and PO (sub(4)) regulation.

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Oxytocin is secreted naturally by the posterior pituitary—the back portion of a small gland at the brain’s base that produces hormones—during later pregnancy, labor, and when the baby breastfeeds. Synthetic forms of oxytocin are found in brand-name products as well as in generic form. In moderate doses, oxytocin produces slow, generalized contractions of the muscles in the uterus with full relaxation in between. When used for postpartum hemorrhage, oxytocin takes effect sooner than most other uterotonic drugs, including misoprostol.

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Etiology Vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone normally produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Ectopic vasopressin production by tumors is a common cause of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), occurring in at least half of patients with SCLC. Compensatory mechanisms, such as decreased thirst, suppression of aldosterone, and production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), may mitigate the development of hyponatremia in patients who produce excessive vasopressin.

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Water Excretion In contrast to the ingestion of water, its excretion is tightly regulated by physiologic factors. The principal determinant of renal water excretion is arginine vasopressin (AVP; formerly antidiuretic hormone), a polypeptide synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

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