Probability Distribution and Probability Density

In this study, we suggested an FSO system with RIS assistance to mitigate the effects of signal blockage in the communication system, atmospheric turbulence, and UAV’s misalignment-induced fading. In a free-space environment with obstacles, the probability density function and cumulative distribution functions of an FSO system made up of RIS are derived.

8p vithomson 02-07-2024 0 0   Download

Part 1 book "Geometry of quantum states - An introduction to quantum entanglement" includes content: Convexity, colours and statistics; geometry of probability distributions; much ado about spheres; complex projective spaces; outline of quantum mechanics; coherent states and group actions; the stellar representation; the space of density matrices.

245p muasambanhan07 18-02-2024 4 1   Download

Part 1 of ebook "Mathematical statistics for economics and business" provide readers with content about: elements of probability theory; random variables, densities, and cumulative distribution functions; expectations and moments of random variables; parametric families of density functions; basic asymptotics; sampling, sample moments and sampling distributions;...

388p damtuyetha 16-02-2023 5 3   Download

In this chapter, we will focus on two random variables, but once you understand the theory for two random variables, the extension to n random variables is straightforward. We will first discuss joint distributions of discrete random variables and then extend the results to continuous random variables.

15p cucngoainhan0 10-05-2022 13 1   Download

In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Experiments, outcomes and random variables; the probability distribution of a random variable; expected values involving a single random variable; using joint probability density functions; the expected value of a function of several random variables: covariance and correlation; the normal distribution.

40p koxih_kothogmih7 29-09-2020 13 0   Download

In this chapter, students will be able to understand: Experiments, outcomes and random variables; the probability distribution of a random variable; expected values involving a single random variable; using joint probability density functions; the expected value of a function of several random variables: covariance and correlation; the normal distribution.

40p koxih_kothogmih8 29-09-2020 18 0   Download

This article deals with the relationship between Fuzzy Logic and the concept of Probability Function from discrete or continuous random variables. At first, basic concepts and properties are shown, both of functions corresponding to Fuzzy Logic, and functions of Probability Distribution and Probability Density.

8p cleopatrahuynh 01-06-2020 23 1   Download

It is well-known that some famous probability density functions (PDF) of random variables are associated with symmetries of these random variables. The Boltzmann and Gaussian PDFs that are invariant under translation and spherical transformations of their variables, respectively, are obvious and well-studied examples reflecting not only symmetries of many physical phenomena but also their underlying conservation laws.

14p 035522894 26-03-2020 47 2   Download

We propose a new approximate skew normal distribution, it is easy to calculate, convenient, mathematically tractable and is in a closed form. It is particularly useful when the probability density function occurs in an expression to be used for further mathematical derivation or in programs for the skew normal distribution. Also, we propose approximate first moment second moment and variance to the skew normal distribution. A numerical comparison between exact and approximate values of pdf and cdf of the skew normal distribution is carried out.

10p kethamoi1 20-11-2019 10 0   Download

In complex indoor environments, due to the attenuation of the signal and the changing surrounding environment, the censoring and multi-component problems may be present in the observed data. Censoring refers to the fact that sensors on portable devices cannot measure Received Signal Strength Index (RSSI) values below a specific threshold, such as -100 dBm. The multi-component problem occurs when the measured data varies due to obstacles and user directions, whether the door is closed or open, etc.

6p caygaocaolon1 13-11-2019 26 0   Download

The behavior of estimations of the optimal inventory level is analyzed. Two models are studied. The demands follow unknown probability distribution function. The included density functions are estimated and a plug-in rule is suggested for computing estimates of the optimal levels. Two search algorithms are proposed and compared using Monte Carlo experiments.

11p vinguyentuongdanh 20-12-2018 29 1   Download

In this paper, we extend the Nagel-Schreckenberg (NaSch) model by introducing disordered acceleration and deceleration terms. The disorder leads to segregated states where the flow is constant at intermediate densities for high values of breaking probability p. Within the model we present a density wave behavior appears below a critical value of p. Such result was found in car following models with an optimal velocity. The behavior of the gap distribution shows that the traffic exhibits a self organized criticality for high values of p and random deceleration.

5p nguyenhaisu 07-08-2015 44 4   Download

Integrative evolving connectionist systems (iECOS) integrate principles from different levels of information processing in the brain, including cognitive-, neuronal-, genetic- and quantum, in their dynamic interaction over time. The paper introduces a new framework of iECOS called integrative probabilistic evolving spiking neural networks (ipSNN) that incorporate probability learning parameters. ipSNN utilize a quantum inspired evolutionary optimization algorithm to optimize the probability parameters as these algorithms belong to the class of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDA).

0p hotmoingay 03-01-2013 56 4   Download

By means of econometric methods, the information contained in options prices can be extracted. In the literature, two methods are most frequently chosen, namely the implied volatility and the risk-neutral density. The latter approach extends the frequently used concept of the volatility implicit in option prices to modelling the probabilities that market participants assign to all possible price levels of the underlying instrument. The entire RND offers a wider information set as it includes the third (skewness) and the fourth (kurtosis) moment of a distribution.

42p bocapchetnguoi 05-12-2012 61 1   Download

In this chapter, we shall first consider chance experiments with a finite number of possible outcomes ω1 , ω2 , . . . , ωn . For example, we roll a die and the possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 corresponding to the side that turns up. We toss a coin with possible outcomes H (heads) and T (tails). It is frequently useful to be able to refer to an outcome of an experiment. For example, we might want to write the mathematical expression which gives the sum of four rolls of a die.

497p 951847623 09-04-2012 123 14   Download

Chapter 12 Random Walks 12.1 Random Walks in Euclidean Space In the last several chapters, we have studied sums of random variables with the goal being to describe the distribution and density functions of the sum. In this chapter, we shall look at sums of discrete random variables from a different perspective.

27p summerflora 27-10-2010 60 6   Download

Chapter 5 Important Distributions and Densities 5.1 Important Distributions In this chapter, we describe the discrete probability distributions and the continuous probability densities that occur most often in the analysis of experiments. We will also show how one simulates these distributions and densities

42p summerflora 27-10-2010 69 8   Download

CHAPTER 2 STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS Charles R. Mischke, Ph.D., RE. Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2.1 INTRODUCTION / 2.2 2.2 HISTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE / 2.3 2.3 USEFUL DISTRIBUTIONS / 2.9 2.4 RANDOM-VARIABLE ALGEBRA / 2.13 2.5 STOCHASTIC ENDURANCE LIMIT BY CORRELATION AND BY TEST / 2.16 2.6 INTERFERENCE / 2.19 2.7 NUMBERS / 2.25 REFERENCES / 2.

28p hadalabo 29-09-2010 65 8   Download

For many random variables, the probability distribution is a specific bell-shaped curve, called the normal curve, or Gaussian curve. This is the most common and useful distribution in statistics. 1) Standard normal distribution The standard normal distribution has the probability density function as follows:

7p truongdoan 10-11-2009 166 14   Download