RNA interference mechanisms

Ebook "RNA activation" offers an essential guide to RNA activation (RNAa), an emerging and fascinating new field. RNAa is a small RNA-guided and Argonaute-dependent gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter-targeted short double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) induce target gene expression at the transcriptional level. It occurs primarily in the nucleus and can be mediated by artificially designed short duplex RNAs that target regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, genes’ 3’ termini and enhancers) and naturally occurring small RNAs (e.g., miRNAs and C. elegans 22G-RNAs).

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CRISPR-Cas systems endow bacterial and archaeal species with adaptive immunity mechanisms to fend off invading phages and foreign genetic elements. CRISPR-Cas9 has been harnessed to confer virus interference against DNA viruses in eukaryotes, including plants.

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CRISPR/Cas has recently been transferred to plants to make them resistant to geminiviruses, a damaging family of DNA viruses. We discuss the potential and the limitations of this method.

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The olfactory system enables organisms to detect chemical cues in the environment and can signal the availability of food or the presence of a predator. Appropriate behavioral responses to these chemical cues are therefore important for organismal survival and can influence traits such as organismal life span and food consumption. However, understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying odor-guided behavior, correlated responses in other traits, and how these constrain or promote their evolution, remain an important challenge.

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The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is an important fishery resource that is sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Thus, it has evolved a protection mechanism against heat stress by increasing the expression of the gene coding for heat shock protein (HSP) 70 under elevated temperatures.

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important viral pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants. Apart from cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) are also the susceptible hosts for BVDV. BVDV infection could interfere both of the innate and adaptive immunity of the host, while the genes and mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been fully understood.

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Small RNAs (sRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules (20–30 nt) that regulate gene expression at transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels in many eukaryotic organisms, through a mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi).

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly conserved, sequence-specific gene silencing mechanism present in Eukaryotes. Three RNAi pathways are known, namely micro-RNA (miRNA), piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). However, little knowledge exists about the proteins involved in these pathways in Acari.

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The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is a gene regulation mechanism that utilizes small RNA (sRNA) and Argonaute (Ago) proteins to silence target genes. Our previous work identified a functional RNAi pathway in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, including abundant 27 nt antisense sRNA populations which associate with EhAgo2–2 protein.

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Gene expression and repression in insects is regulated through epigenetic mechanisms i.e. DNA Methylation, Histone modification and Noncoding RNAs which influence the phenotypic modification. In recent days insects are used as models in studying epigenetics. RNA interference (RNAi), also known as RNA silencing, refers to a set of molecular processes in which noncoding RNA molecules target and silence the expression of specific nucleic acids.

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The role of Spalt-like gene-2 (SALL2) in tumorigenesis remains incompletely elucidated. This study investigated the effects of SALL2 on human ovarian carcinoma (OC) A2780 cells and the probable mechanism.

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Emerging evidence has shown that miR-1275 plays a critical role in tumour metastasis and the progression of various types of cancer. In this study, we analysed the role and mechanism of miR-1275 in the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC).

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Use of antibiotics as a therapeutic measure is the most used method for the treatment of infectious diseases including in fisheries and aquaculture. The successful use of any antibiotic in aquaculture is compromised due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Bacteria may be intrinsically resistant to different antimicrobial agents or they may acquire resistance through horizontal gene transfer. A number of biochemical and physiological mechanisms are responsible for the development of this resistance.

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Viral diseases are one of the major factors threatening crop production worldwide. It is estimated that about 15 percent of global crop production is lost due to various plant diseases, and phytopathogenic viruses are thought to cause more than one third of plant diseases. Viruses such as TYLCV, PRSV, CMV, BBTV are some major virus epidemics which cause heavy losses in horticultural crops. Management of plant virus diseases have acquired great importance in the realm of Plant Pathology and call for effective management against them.

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RNomics is a newly emerging sub-discipline of genomics that categorically studies the structure, function and processes of non-coding ribo nucleic acids in a cell. MicroRNomics is a sub-field of RNomics that describes the biogenesis and mechanisms of tiny RNA regulators, and their involvement in the processes of development, differentiation, cell proliferation, cell death, chromosomal segregation and metabolism. The discovery of microRNAs in species ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans (C.

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Short interfering RNAs (siRNA) are routinely used in the laboratory to induce targeted gene silencing by RNA interference, and increasingly, this technology is being translated to the clinic. However, there are multiple mechanisms by which siRNA may be recognized by receptors of the innate immune system, including both endosomal Toll-like receptors and cytoplas-mic receptors.

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We have come so far so fast in understanding RNA interference (RNAi) and its central role in biology. Rarely has a novel mechanism in molecular genetics had such broad implications, ranging from gene therapy and drug discovery to our very understanding of what the word ‘gene’ means. Every major pharmaceutical company has a substantial effort now in RNAi technology, and among the smaller biotechnology companies RNAi is the mainstay of several, with

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Background RNAi in other systems Mechanism of RNAi Current RNAi studies RNAi protocols from the FireLab at the Carnegie Institution of Washington Background RNAi (RNA interference) refers to the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA)

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RNA interference From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Lentiviral Delivery of designed shRNA's and the mechanism of RNA interference in mammalian cells. RNA interference (RNAi) is a system within living cells that takes

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