Sample swap

Here we present an in-depth characterization of the mechanism of sequencer-induced sample contamination due to the phenomenon of index swapping that impacts Illumina sequencers employing patterned flow cells with Exclusion Amplification (ExAmp) chemistry (HiSeqX, HiSeq4000, and NovaSeq). We also present a remediation method that minimizes the impact of such swaps.

10p vibeauty 23-10-2021 9 0   Download

Inadvertent sample swaps are a real threat to data quality in any medium to large scale omics studies. While matches between samples from the same individual can in principle be identified from a few well characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), omics data types often only provide low to moderate coverage, thus requiring integration of evidence from a large number of SNPs to determine if two samples derive from the same individual or not.

10p vijeeni2711 24-07-2021 4 0   Download

Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is the only known dimeric enzyme characterized by an equilibrium between two different 3D structures: MxM, with exchange (or swapping) of the N-terminal 1–20 residues, and M¼M, without exchange. As a consequence, the hinge region 16–22 has a different tertiary structure in the two forms. In the native protein, the equilibrium ratio between MxM and M¼M is about 7 : 3.

7p fptmusic 12-04-2013 40 1   Download

Originally, several provisions under Dodd-Frank con- cerning swaps would have taken effect on July 16, 2011, but since such provisions required the SEC and CFTC to implement fi nal rules, that date was not achievable. 6 The effective date of most provisions was consequently delayed until December 31, 2011 or until new rules be- come effective, if earlier. 7 Importantly, any provision that references “swap,” “security-based swap,” “swap dealer,” and “major swap participant” is delayed because these defi nitions have not yet been fi nalized.

21p hongphuocidol 04-04-2013 48 8   Download

Another notable increase occurred in the forward-rate agreement (FRA) usage. FRA is a contract that determines the rate of interest, or currency exchange rate, to be paid or received on an obligation beginning at some future date. At the end of 1996, 9.02 percent of the sample banks report using FRAs. By the end of 2004, the percentage using FRAs more than doubled. While the percentage of banks participating in the swaps and forwards increased over the sample period, the proportion of banks using interest-rate options fell.

33p taisaovanchuavo 23-01-2013 62 5   Download

The extension of central bank liquidity eased the pace of asset-shedding observed in late 2011, but did not turn the underlying trend. If the banks in the EBA sample, for instance, failed to roll over their senior unsecured debt maturing over a two-year horizon, which amounts to more than €1,100 billion (€600 billion among banks with a capital shortfall), they would have to shed funded assets in equal measure. By covering these funding needs, the LTROs and dollar swap lines helped avert an accelerated deleveraging process.

15p machuavo 19-01-2013 50 3   Download