Specialized plant products

Ebook "Chemistry and technology of honey production" explains and discusses honey and its production from a chemical perspective. It outlines why honey is a special and unique food, being produced by bees from the nectar of plants or from secretions of living parts of plants. Although glucose and fructose are the main constituents of honey, its overall composition is far from being simple or uniform: other substances such as organic acids, enzymes, or minerals are found in varying amounts.

47p tracanhphuonghoa1007 22-04-2024 5 3   Download

Ebook "The microbiological safety of low water activity foods and spices" provides an understanding of the microbial challenges to the safety of low aw foods, and a historic backdrop to the paradigm shift now highlighting low aw foods as vehicles for foodborne pathogens. Up-to-date facts and figures of foodborne illness outbreaks and product recalls are included. Special attention is given to the uncanny ability of Salmonella to persist under dry conditions in food processing plants and foods.

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Cucurbits comprise 117 genera and 825 species. Out of this 30 species of nine genera are used as cultivated plants. Most of the cucurbits viz., cucumber, bottle gourd, ridge gourd, bitter gourd, snake gourd, water melon and muskmelons are monoecious and annul in habit. However plants like pointed gourd, spine gourd, ivy gourd and chow-chow are dioecious and perennials. It is of high market demand with a special delicacy for the people of India and it fetches premium price in the market.

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Hybrid technology in many crops has contributed 20-30 per cent increase in the production and exploitation of heterosis through the development of F1 hybrids which has been recently deployed in rice with yield advantage of 20-25 per cent over best pure lines. The main aim of any plant breeding programme is to develop special high yielding hybrids and success of any plant breeding programme depends on the choice of appropriate genotypes as parents in the hybridization programme.

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The changes in the climate due to global warming and ever dwindling arable land due to the population pressure are increasing strain on available resources for sustainable food production. Therefore, it is an urgent need to have proper idea about the effect of drought stress on crop plants for getting stable production through research intervention.

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Meiosis is a specialized cell division critical for gamete production in the sexual reproduction of eukaryotes. It ensures genome integrity and generates genetic variability as well. The Rec8-like cohesin is a cohesion protein essential for orderly chromosome segregation in meiotic cell division.

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Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is found as one of the potential plant growth regulator which is involved in the development of heme, chlorophyll, bilins, vitamin B and other specialized plant products. ALA has a significant role in stress adaptation in plants through regulating several key physiological processes associated with plant adaptations such as seed germination, reduced Na+ uptake, altered light reactions, improved scavenging of reactive oxygen species, enhanced photosynthetic assimilation and maintenance of nutrients status.

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Vegetables play important role in supply of vitamins minerals and fibers. Micronutrient demonstrations conducted by KVK, Koppal emphasized on sustainable production of vegetables with higher yield which ultimately improves the economy and better livelihood of the vegetable grower. The present demonstrations were carried out in 9 different vegetables of Solanaceous, cruciferous and cucurbitaceous-s family during 2016-17, 2017- 18 and 2018-19 respectively. The yield related parameters like number of fruits/plant (No.

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is the world’s largest vegetable crop after potato and sweet potato, belongs to family Solanaceae. It was universally treated as ―protective food‖ because of its special nutritive value. Fusarium wilt of tomato is one of the most devastating diseases, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. It is a soil borne pathogen which causes serious loss in tomato production and attacks plants through roots at all stages of plant growth.

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There are several innovations in floricultural industry such as value addition in flowers, vertical garden, drying of flowers, hydroponics, aeroponics, bonsai, flower arrangement these add beauty in nature. Value addition in flowers not only help the producer to get a good price for its produces but also helps the consumer as they get a good quality as well quantity added products. Hydroponics is a technology for growing plants in nutrient solutions with or without the use of an artificial medium to provide mechanical support.

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A weed is essentially any plant which grows where it is not required. A weed can be thought of as any plant growing in the wrong place at the wrong time and doing more harm than good. Weeds are the most severe and widespread biological constraint to crop production, and cause invisible damage till the crop is harvested. The composition and competition by weeds are dynamic and dependent on soil, climate, cropping and management factors. Weeds decrease the value of land, particularly perennial weeds, which tend to accumulate on long fallows; increase cost of cleaning.

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A new “Green revolution” is needed in world agriculture to increase crop yields for food and bioenergy, because gains from conventional breeding method are less than world population growth. Efforts to increase crop productivity must also consider global change. Carbon-dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases in atmosphere leads to global warming. Photosynthesis is the single most effective natural regulator of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is timely to consider what new opportunities exist in the current “omics” era to engineer increases in photosynthesis.

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Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) occupies a very selective and special position among the ornamental bulbous plants which are valued much by the aesthetic world for beauty and fragrance. Tuberose is cultivated in large scale in many tropical and subtropical countries including India. It is an important cash crop in India and commercial cultivation is taking place in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and West Bengal. During 2014-15 total area under tuberose in India was 6.82 thousand hectares producing 42.74 thousand MT and 5.93 lakhs pikes (Anonymous, 2015).

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India is recognized as a significant producer of orchids in the world. Nearly 1300 species of orchids are found in India which constitutes almost 10 percent of the world orchid flora with Himalayas as their main home (Medhi and Chakrabati, 2009). Orchids are amongst the most advanced flowering plants, highly specialized in many ways. They are distributed all over the world except the Antarctica (Ali and Mir, 2013).

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Today, most investigations of the plant metabolome tend to be based on either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), with or without hyphenation with chromatography. Although less sensitive than MS, NMR provides a powerful complementary technique for the identification and quantification of metabolites in plant extracts.

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Uric acid is a key product of the metabolism of purines, the backbone of Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Being a fundamental component of every living cell, the total Earth’s DNA base pairs is estimated to weigh 50 billion tons [1], which translates into a huge abundance of uric acid in our planet. It would be naive to think of all these virtual heaps of uric acid as useless, inert waste produces. Indeed, they are not. Uric acid in the environment is a rich source of nitrogen (33% of its weight) to plant life, hence its important role in the universal food chain.

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Honey is a natural, sweet, and syrupy fluid which has been used in Vietnam in a variety of ways; as a food supplement, beauty product, and natural drug. However, quality control and characterization of honey are blind problems. Consumers, and even market management committees, must believe in the producer’s quality standards without using any special techniques to evaluate the botanical origins of honey in the Vietnamese market. The chemical composition and physical properties of natural honey vary per plant species of which the honey bees scrounged.

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Gaseous injection of sulfur dioxide was beginning in 1993 and is a part of the quick-germ (QG) and quick-fiber (QF) techniques currently being devel- oped. There is revived interest in the use of special corn hybrids high in starch, though their use is still not widespread. Membrane filtration and yeast immobilization were being used in some plants in 1993, but their use, contrary to expectations, has not increased. Bacterial fermentation is still not used commercially, nor is cellulosic conversion of corn fiber.

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In China, either small farmers bring their cows to the station or the cows are housed near the milking facility – to allow cows managed by households to be milked by machine and have the milk go directly to a refrigerated bulk tank. There are also a growing number of medium-sized specialized household farms with 200-10004 cows. These are often private farmers within reasonable transportation distances from major consuming areas. These farmers also have mechanized milking, cold storage, and highly productive animals (5000-7000 litres/head/year).

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A special printing aid is reusable property used in the printing process solely for a specific customer. Examples include silk screens, dies for cutting or embossing, lithographic plates, film, color separations, some intermedi ate production aids, and so forth. As with intermediate production aids, the person selling the printed matter is regarded as selling the special printing aids used to produce the printed matter along with the printed matter, prior to any use, unless title to the special printing aids is explicitly retained by the person.

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