Study heterogeneity

Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. The clinical response to radiotherapy is heterogeneous, from a complete response to early progression. Recent studies have explored the importance of patient characteristics in response to radiotherapy. In this editorial, we invite contributions for a BMC Cancer collection of articles titled ‘Advances in personalized radiotherapy’ towards the improvement of treatment response.

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Recent studies showed heterogeneity in stage IVB patients. However, few studies focused on the prognosis of supraclavicular metastatic ovarian cancer. This study aimed to explore the prognostic factors and the role of primary debulking in IVB ovarian cancer patients with supraclavicular lymph node metastasis.

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Patients from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) controlled clinical trials do not always reflect realworld heterogeneous patient populations. We designed a study to describe the real-world patient characteristics and treatment patterns of first-line treatment in patients in the US with NSCLC.

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The presence of heterogeneity is a significant attribute within the context of ovarian cancer. This study aimed to assess the predictive accuracy of models utilizing quantitative 18F-FDG PET/CT derived inter-tumor heterogeneity metrics in determining progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

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Despite inter-study heterogeneity, our meta-analysis showed a higher rate of metastatic tumors at diagnosis after the pandemic. The burden of social distancing policies might explain those results, as patients may have delayed seeking care.

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T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis and inferior outcome. Although multiple studies have been perform on genomics of T-ALL, data from Indian sub-continent is scarce.

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Prognosis prediction for pancreatic cancer has always been difficult in clinical practice because of its high heterogeneity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the value of prognostic immune-inflammatorynutritional (PIIN) score on overall survival (OS) in postoperative patients with pancreatic cancer and to develop a nomogram incorporating PIIN score.

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Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is known to arise through the pathogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) by interacting with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). However, due to the strong heterogeneity of MDS patients, it is difficult to find common targets in studies with limited sample sizes. This study aimed to describe sequential molecular changes and identify biomarkers in MSC of MDS transformation.

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This article contributes to the related literature in several ways. Firstly, the present study expands understanding by examining the dynamic co-movements between cryptocurrencies and green financial instruments within the context of sustainable finance. Prior studies have concentrated on traditional cryptocurrencies, which is consistent with increased environmental and financial concerns in the presence of particular and ambiguous shocks—that is, the pandemic and the Ukraine invasion.

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In this study, a facile synthesis and grafting method is reported for tetradentate Cu(II) Schiff base complex onto the surface of graphene oxide (GO). The Schiff base Cu-complex was synthesized through the condensation reaction between 2,3-diamino pyridine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, followed by the addition of Cu(II) ion to afford N2O2-Cu(II) complex.

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Influenza infects tens of millions of people every year in the USA. Other than notable risk groups, such as children and the elderly, it is difficult to predict what subpopulations are at higher risk of infection. Viral challenge studies, where healthy human volunteers are inoculated with live influenza virus, provide a unique opportunity to study infection susceptibility.

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Studies have shown that low haemoglobin and anaemia are associated with poor cognition, and anaemia is known to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the mechanism of this risk is unknown. Here, we first seek to confirm the association between cognition and anaemia and secondly, in order to further understand the mechanism of this association, to estimate the direction of causation using Mendelian randomisation.

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Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a threat to global health because of their sporadic zoonotic transmission and potential to cause pandemics. Genomic surveillance of AIVs has become a powerful, costeffective approach for studying virus transmission, evolution, and dissemination, and has the potential to inform outbreak control efforts and policies.

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Although large-scale, next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies of cancers hold promise for enabling precision oncology, challenges remain in integrating NGS with clinically validated biomarkers. To overcome such challenges, we utilized the Database of Evidence for Precision Oncology (DEPO) to link druggability to genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic biomarkers.

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We developed subclone multiplicity allocation and somatic heterogeneity (SMASH), a new statistical method for intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) inference. SMASH is tailored to the purpose of large-scale association studies with one tumor sample per patient. In a pan-cancer study of 14 cancer types, we studied the associations between survival time and ITH quantified by SMASH, together with other features of somatic mutations.

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Mosaic mutations acquired during early embryogenesis can lead to severe early-onset genetic disorders and cancer predisposition, but are often undetectable in blood samples. The rate and mutational spectrum of embryonic mosaic mutations (EMMs) have only been studied in few tissues, and their contribution to genetic disorders is unknown.

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The molecular factors which control circulating levels of inflammatory proteins are not well understood. Furthermore, association studies between molecular probes and human traits are often performed by linear modelbased methods which may fail to account for complex structure and interrelationships within molecular datasets.

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A challenge in the post-GWAS era is to assign function to disease-associated variants. However, available resources do not include all tissues or environmental exposures that are relevant to all diseases. For example, exaggerated bronchoconstriction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) defines airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma.

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Genome-wide association studies have shown unequivocally that common complex disorders have a polygenic genetic architecture and have enabled researchers to identify genetic variants associated with diseases. These variants can be combined into a polygenic risk score that captures part of an individual’s susceptibility to diseases.

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When interpreting sequencing data from multiple spatial or longitudinal biopsies, detecting sample mix-ups is essential, yet more difficult than in studies of germline variation. In most genomic studies of tumors, genetic variation is detected through pairwise comparisons of the tumor and a matched normal tissue from the sample donor.

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