The corrosion process

Introduction: Corrosion can be generally defined as degradation of materials in a reaction between the material and its environment. The nature of the reactions leading to degradation depends on the class of materials: for metals, corrosion is an electrochemical process, whereas ceramics can fail by purely chemical dissolution. This article mainly discusses the corrosion processes of metallic materials, that is, electrochemical corrosion reactions.

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The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect.

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This book is not about corrosion; rather it is about paints that prevent corrosion. It was written for those who must protect structural steel from rusting by using anticorrosion paints. The philosophy of this book is this: if one knows enough about paint, one need not be an expert on rust. In keeping with that spirit, the book endeavors to cover the field of heavy-duty anticorrosion coatings without a single anode or cathode equation explaining the corrosion process.

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According to American Society for Testing and Materials' corrosion glossary, corrosion is defined as "the chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties".1 Other definitions include Fontana's description that corrosion is the extractive metallurgy in reverse,2 which is expected since metals thermodynamically are less stable in their elemental forms than in their compound forms as ores.

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Nowadays, it is generally accepted that in the natural and industrial environments, corrosion and pollution are interrelated harmful processes since many water, air and soil pollutants accelerate corrosion, and corrosion products such as rust, oxides and salts, also pollute water bodies at ports, rivers, dams, canals and shipyards. Both are pernicious processes that impair the durability of the infrastructure assets, the industry efficiency and profitability and the quality of the environment.

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Aluminum is the second most plentiful element on the earth and it became a competition in 19th century. The huge demand of aluminum is projected to get 70 million tons, over 30 millions being obtained from recycled scrap. The scope of aluminum ranges from household to space vehicles.

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Interfacial systems are frequently encountered in a large variety of phenomena in biology and industry. A few examples that come to mind are adsorption, catalysis, corrosion, flotation, osmosis, and colloidal stability. In particular, surface films are very interesting from a cognitive point of view. Surface science has a long history. For many years, natural philosophers were curious about interfacial phenomena because it was quite clear that matter near surface differs in its properties from the same matter in bulk...

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Since their first introduction, metallic biomaterials have always been designed to be corrosion resistant. For decades, this paradigm has become the mainframe of the biomaterials world. It has been cited in thousands of scientific papers and taught in hundreds of courses of materials for biomedical devices. It has also been followed by industries in developing millions of medical devices until today. Nowadays, with the advent of tissue engineering, biomaterials are envisaged to actively interact with the body.

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The Andehydration is an important process in offshore gas processing. The gas is dehydrated offshore to avoid dangers associated with pipeline transport and prossing of wet gas. The problems include corrosion, water condensation and plugs created by ice or gas hydrates.

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Aluminium alloys have undergone a dramatic transformation in areas of extrusion, machining, welding, heat treatment, structural changes, created by ultra fine particles and enhanced corrosion resistance. Hence, these alloys have made rapid gains in European automotive and space industry. These developments have been described by experts in the book with new data and attractive graphics. The effect of processing parameters, including welding and deep rolling on their performance have been highlighted to alleviate the concerns of manufacturers and designers for new applications.

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Wastes are very process-specific but the key pollutants can be derived from knowledge of: the process, construction materials, corrosion / erosion mechanisms and maintenance materials. Waste audits are used to gather information on the source, composition, quantity and variability of all wastes. Waste prevention typically involves preventing the arising of waste at source, minimising the arisings and recycling any waste that is generated.

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After mechanical manufacturing, heat treatment is mainly applied in one of the final steps of production, to adjust the workpiece properties to the later mechanical, tribological, and corrosive load. The lifetime of these components is defined through the raw material used, the construction geometries, and the quality of heat treatment. The great demands for quality control and the documentation of process parameters have led to the increasing importance of sensor applications in heat treatment.

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In the last decades, the Shape Memory Alloys, with their peculiar thermo-mechanical properties, high corrosion and extraordinary fatigue resistance, have become more popular in research and engineering applications. This book contains a number of relevant international contributions related to their properties, constitutive models and numerical simulation, medical and civil engineering applications, as well as aspects related to their processing.

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