The interface structure

Portland cement concrete (PCC) / asphalt concrete (AC) bonded components are seen in both conventional pavement structures as well as overlays. Due to the environmental and traffic loads, cracks occur at the interface of the PCC and AC layers and finally, may propagate through the interface or one of the layers.

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The aim of the present research is to study how the interface structure is affected by FSW parameters and how the formation of interface structure affects fracture of Al-Steel and Al-Ti FSL welds.

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The unit in procedural programming is function, and unit in object-oriented programming is class Procedural programming concentrates on creating functions, while object-oriented programming starts from isolating the classes, and then look for the methods inside them. Procedural programming separates the data of the program from the operations that manipulate the data, while object-oriented programming focus on both of them

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The Java standard APIs are shown in HTML output at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/index.html. It’s generated from the documentation comments (doc comments). Documentation comments are special comments in the source code that are delimited by the /** ... */ delimiters. The JDK contains a tool named javadoc to generate HTML documentation from documentation comments in your source file. The javadoc utility extracts information for the following items Public classes and interfaces Public and protected methods Public and protected fields Packages...

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Manipulating URLs URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. Sample structure of a URL. The resource name part may contain: host name, file

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A collection is a data structure – actually, an object – to hold other objects, which let you store and organize objects in useful ways for efficient access Check out the java.util package! Lots of interfaces and classes providing a general collection framework. Programmers may also provide implementations specific to their own requirements

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An interface is a way to describe what classes should do, without specifying how they should do it. It’s not a class but a set of requirements for classes that want to conform to the interface E.g. public interface Comparable { int compareTo(Object otherObject); } this requires that any class implementing the Comparable interface contains a compareTo method, and this method must take an Object parameter and return an integer

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Procedural vs. Object-Oriented Programming The unit in procedural programming is function, and unit in object-oriented programming is class Procedural programming concentrates on creating functions, while object-oriented programming starts from isolating the classes, and then look for the methods inside them. Procedural programming separates the data of the program from the operations that manipulate the data,

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Developed by Sun Microsystems (James Gosling) A general-purpose object-oriented language Based on C/C++ Designed for easy Web/Internet applications Widespread acceptance Simple fixes some clumsy features of C++ no pointers automatic garbage collection rich pre-defined class library Object oriented focus on the data (objects) and methods manipulating the data all functions are associated with objects almost all data types are objects (files, strings, etc.) potentially better code organization and reuse...

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The interface between thec-subunit oligomer and the asubunit in the F0sector of the ATP synthase is believed to formthe core of the rotatingmotor powered by the protonic ¯ow. Besides the essential cAsp61 and aArg210 residues (Escherichia colinumbering), a few other residues at this interface, although nonessential, show a high degree of conservation, among these aGlu219.

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The targeting of proteins to particular subcellular sites is an important principle of the functional organization of cells at themolecular level. In turn, knowledge about the subcellular localizationof aprotein is acharacteristic thatmayprovidea hint as to the function of the protein.

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Bloodcoagulation is triggeredby the formationof acomplex between factor VIIa (FVIIa) and its cofactor, tissue factor (TF). TF–FVIIa is inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in two steps: first TFPI is bound to the active site of factor Xa (FXa), and subsequently FXa–TFPI exerts feedback inhibition of TF–FVIIa. The FXa-depend-ent inhibition of TF–FVIIa activity by TFPI leads to for-mation of the quaternary complex TF–FVIIa–FXa–TFPI. We used site-directed fluorescence probing to map part of the region of soluble TF (sTF) that interacts with FXa in sTF–FVIIa–FXa–TFPI. ...

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Bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) is the only known dimeric enzyme characterized by an equilibrium between two different 3D structures: MxM, with exchange (or swapping) of the N-terminal 1–20 residues, and M¼M, without exchange. As a consequence, the hinge region 16–22 has a different tertiary structure in the two forms. In the native protein, the equilibrium ratio between MxM and M¼M is about 7 : 3.

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To learn about the correlation between allostery and ligand binding of the Tet repressor (TetR) we analyzed the effect of mutations in the DNA read-ing head–core interface on the effector specific TetR i2 variant. The same mutations in these subdomains can lead to completely different activities, e.g. the V99G exchange in the wild-type leads to corepression by 4-ddma-atc without altering DNA binding. However, in TetR i2 it leads to 4-ddma-atc dependent repression in combination with reduced DNA binding in the absence of effector. ...

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To achieve a structural context for the analysis of G-protein coupled recep-tor (GPCR) oligomers, molecular modeling must be used to predict the corresponding interaction interfaces. The task is complicated by the paucity of detailed structural data at atomic resolution, and the large number of possible modes in which the bundles of seven transmembrane (TM) seg-ments of the interacting GPCR monomers can be packed together into dimers and⁄or higher-order oligomers.

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High-resolution X-ray diffraction structures of integral membrane proteins have revealed various binding modes of lipids, but current spectroscopic studies still use uniform macroscopic binding constants to describe lipid binding. The Adair approach employing microscopic lipid-binding con-stants has previously been taken to explain the enhancement of agonist binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by general anaesthetics in terms of the competitive displacement of essential lipid activator molecules [Walcher S, Altschuh J & Sandermann H (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 42191–42195]....

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The flavoenzyme d-amino acid oxidase from Rhodotorula gracilisis a homodimeric protein whose dimeric state has been proposed to occur as a result of (a) the electrostatic interactions between positively charged resi-dues of thebF5–bF6 loop of one monomer and negatively charged residues belonging to thea-helices I3¢ and I3¢¢ of the other monomer, and (b) the interaction of residues (e.g. Trp243) belonging to the two monomers at the mixed interface region.

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Lys101Glu is a drug resistance mutation in reverse transcriptase clinically observed in HIV-1 from infected patients treated with the non-nucleoside inhibitor (NNRTI) drugs nevirapine and efavirenz. In contrast to many NNRTI resistance mutations, Lys101(p66 subunit) is positioned at the sur-face of the NNRTI pocket where it interacts across the reverse transcrip-tase (RT) subunit interface with Glu138(p51 subunit).

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AP1 (GEQGALAQFGEWL) was shown by theoretical analysis to be an anionic oblique-orientateda-helix former. The peptide exhibited a mono-layer surface area of 1.42 nm 2 , implying possession of a-helical structure at an air⁄water interface, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the peptide to be a-helical (100%) in the presence of vesi-cle mimics of Escherichia colimembranes.

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Theb-crystallins are a family of long-lived, abundant structural proteins that are coexpressed in the vertebrate lens. As b-crystallins form hetero-mers, a process that involves transient exposure of hydrophobic interfaces, we have examined whetherin vivo b-crystallin assembly is enhanced by pro-tein chaperones, either small heat shock proteins, Hsp27 or aB-crystallin, or Hsp70.

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