Typical opportunist

Enterobacter hormaechei is typically a opportunistic pathogenic bacterium in humans, and no pathological change of of Enterobacter hormaechei in diseased sheep has previously been documented.

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) are typical retroviruses that are transmitted horizontally among felines. FIV results in symptoms of immunodeficiency such as weight loss, chronic lesions, opportunistic infections, and neurological abnormalities, while FeLV is known to cause a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases in cats, such as thymic lymphoma, multicentric lymphoma myelodysplastic syndromes, acute myeloid leukemia, aplastic anemia, and immunodeficiency.

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Opportunistic pathogens are important for clinical practice as they often cause antibiotic-resistant infections. However, little is documented for many emerging opportunistic pathogens and their biological characteristics.

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Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) comprise an ever-expanding group of bacteria whose medical importance has emerged in the past decades. They have become one of the most frequent nosocomial pathogens isolated from blood cultures, often in association with intravascular devices and as a cause of deep-seated prosthetic implant infections (Parameswaran et al., 2011).

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Research investment differs from physical investment, because it is difficult to exclude third parties from the assets produced by the research process. As noted in the classic contribution by ARROW (1962), the creator of these assets will typically fail to appropriate most or even all of the social returns it generates. Much of the social returns will accrue as spillovers to com- peting firms and consumers. The appropriation problem is likely to lead to significant under- investment in R&D by private firms (JAFFE et al., 2002).

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Lower interest rates should also boost domestic investment and consumption. Lower interest rates make it relatively cheaper for firms to borrow money to finance investment in plants and equipment, research and development, or marketing new lines of products. Lower interest rates tend to promote consumption both by making saving relatively less attractive, and also by freeing up money for consumption by allowing consumers to refinance debt at lower interest rates. This is most notable with mortgages, which can typically be refinanced when interest rates fall.

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Moreover, due to the complicated pyramidal and cross-holding ownership structures typical in East Asian companies, a significant number of controlling owners in the region actually possess more control than their equity ownership indicates, which further exacerbates the entrenchment effect.2 The entrenchment effect of the ownership structure potentially affects firms’ financial reporting.

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In the early, typical version of the scam, the targeted person was led to believe that s/he would soon gain access to large sums of money upon payment of a small processing fee. The initial payment of a few hundred dollars, according to the scam artist, was all that was standing in the way of a large money transfer routed directly to the target’s personal bank account. The money was usually presented as illegally obtained funds in need of laundering. The overseas embezzler simply needed a willing accomplice’s American bank account to which to transfer the...

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A payment system is a set of instruments, procedures, and rules for the transfer of funds between or among participants; the system includes the participants and the entity operating the arrangement. Payment systems are typically based on an agreement between or among participants and the operator of the arrangement, and the transfer of funds is effected using an agreed-upon operational infrastructure. A payment system is generally categorised as either a retail payment system or a large-value payment system (LVPS).

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