Ngôn ngữ hình thể

preconstructed dictionaries or thesauruses. Even in this relatively simplified environment one does not normally undertake a linguistic analysis of any scope. In fact, syntactic and semantic analysis have been used in b i b l i o g r a p h i c information retrieval only under special circumstances to analyze query phrases [22], to process structured text samples of a certain kind, [7,15], or finally to process texts in severely restricted topic areas. [2] Where s p e c i a l conditions do n o t o b t a i n , the preferred approach in...

7p buncha_1 08-05-2013 50 1   Download

Our w o r k on the p r o c e s s i n ~ of a special kind of linguistic information, namely temporal information ,has led us to advocate the use of can lead to some pointless discussions between different approaches which, at an abstract level, can be s h o w n to be equivalent; secondly, any e x t e n s i o n or modification of the implemented model requires a different program instead of a m e r e a d j u s t m e n t at...

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This paper introduces a special programming environment for the definition of grammars and for the implementation of corresponding parsers. In natural language processing systems it is advantageous to have linguistic knowledge and processing mechanisms separated. Our environment accepts grammars consisting of binary dependency relations and grammatical functions. Well-formed expressions of functions and relations provide constituent surroundings for syntactic categories in the form of two-way automata. ...

9p buncha_1 08-05-2013 44 1   Download

T h i s leads to the rule of restricted choice stating that whenever it i s possible the application of a prototype should be preferred. The rule of the restricted choice suggests the general outline of interpreting ambiguous sentences, strictly speaking, the method of ordering admissible interpretations:.

5p buncha_1 08-05-2013 49 2   Download

The paper claims that the right attachment rules for phrases originally suggested by Frazier and Fodor are wrong, and that none of the subsequent patchings of the rules by syntactic methods have improved the situation. For each rule there are perfectly straightforward and indefinitely large classes of simple counter-examples. W e then examine suggestions by Ford et M., Schubert and Hirst which are quasi-semantic in nature and which we consider ingenious but unsatisfactory.

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The paper presents the general design and the f i r s t results of a research project whose long term goal is to develop and implement ALICE, an experimental system capable of augmenting i t s knowledge base by processing natural language texts. ALICE (an acronym for Automatic Learning and Inference Computerized Engine) is an attempt to model the cognitive processes that occur in humans when they learn a series of descriptive texts and reason about what they have learned.

10p buncha_1 08-05-2013 42 3   Download

We i n t r o d u c e s e v e r a l g e n e r a l n o t i o n s concerning the texts and the particularities of text processing on a computer support, in relation to some problems which are specific to M(A)T. And we present the solution we have proposed for the duration of the EUROTRA project. text is either paper with figures, formulas, tables and typographical conventions, or a magnetic support containing, in addition, formatting and page-setting commands for a special text processing system. ...

6p buncha_1 08-05-2013 40 1   Download

The METAL machine translation project incorporates two methods of structural transfer - direct transfer and transfer by grammar. In this paper I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches in general and with respect to the METAL project, and argue that, for many applications, a combination of the two is preferable to either alone.

3p buncha_1 08-05-2013 44 3   Download

The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) at the University of Texas at Austin is currently developing METAL, a fully-automatlc high quality machine translation system, for market introduction in 1985. This paper will describe the current stat~s of METAL, e~phasizing the results of the most recent post-edltors' evaluation, and will briefly indicate some future directions for the system. A 6-page German original tex~ and a raw (unedIt~3d, but automatically reformatted) METAL translation of that text into English are included as appendices. ,...

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Generalised phrase structure grammars (GPSG's) appear to offer a means by which the syntactic properties of natural languages may be very concisely described. The main reason for this is that the GPSG framework allows you to state a variety of meta-grammatical rules which generate new rules from old ones, so that you can specify rules with a wide variety of realisations via a very small number of explicit statements.

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The SAUMER system uses specifications of natural language grammars, which consist of rules and metarules. to provide a semantic interpretation of an input sentence. The SAUMER ' Specification Language (SSL) is a programming language which c o m b i n ~ some of the features of generalised phrase structure grammars (Gazdar. 1981 ). like the correspondence between syntactic and semantic rules, with definite clause grammars (DCC-s) (Pereira and Warren. 1980) to create an executable g r a m m a r specification. ...

9p buncha_1 08-05-2013 49 3   Download

transformational gr, m m a r on the S-structure level. (See appendix for some examplesD Structures of that type seem to us very suited for further semantic interpretation, since they offer a level of syntactic structure which both expresses ~'~mmatical functions (which are defined ~onfigurationally) and constituent structure features which axe important for certain aspects of logical form as e.g.quantifier scoping.

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there i s no d i f f e r e n c e between source and t a r g e t representation; in a transfer-based system, the step between the two i s usually c a l l e d t r a n s f e r , and t h i s step i s meant to be as simple as p o s s i b l e . The research described was o r i g i n a l l y done in the framework of the EUROTRA M p r o...

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This paper reports a completed stage of ongoing research at the University oF York. Landsbergen's advocacy of analytical inverses ~or compositional suntax rules encourages the application of Defini t e C l a u s e Grammar t e c h n i q u e s to the const~uction of a parser r e t u r n i n g Montague analysis trees. A parser MDCg i s presented which implements an augmented Friedman Warren algorithm permitting post referencing, and interfaces with a l a n g u a g e oF i n t e n...

10p buncha_1 08-05-2013 41 1   Download

With the intention of indicating some temporal/event-theoretic characteristics of d i s t r i b u t i v e clauses, a generalisation is made over distributives and clauses marked for iterative aspect: two kinds of semantic phenomena which have normally been confined to separate theoretical domains. It is shown that in particular, both give rise to an 'inferential set construction' problem.

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It has traditionally been assumed that Natural Language uses explicit quantifier expressions (such as "all" and "most", "the" and "a") for the purpose of quantification. We argue that expressions of the first type are comparatively rare in real world Natural Language sentences, and that the latter (articles) cannot be considered straightforward quantlfiers in the first place. H o w ever, practically all applications of Natural Language Processfng require sentences to be quantified unambiguously.

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The central claim o~ the p~per is that NL 8trlngsets ere rsgul~r° ~hz~m lndspmmdent ~rKuments ere o:~Jerad In ~•vor o ~p able posi el.n: one based on parsimony conslderat lens 9 one employing the ~(cCullo~h--Pltts (1943) eode~ o~ nsuruns: end a purety linguistic one. It |s posslhle to derive exptXcJt UPl~r bounds • or the number o~ (live) states In KL mcceptors= the results show that ~lnlts state HL p a r s e r s can ha Implemented on present--day computers. The positlcn o ~ HL strlngssts within the rmi[ular t,,-lly Is ale. Investigated: It is prOVed that...

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Một hôm, một nhạc sĩ mời một kiện tướng thể hình đến tham dự buổi hòa nhạc. Kiện tướng thể thao nhìn mê mẩn người chỉ huy dàn nhạc khen không ngớt miệng: "Hay thật là hay!". Nhạc sĩ hồ hởi nói: - Đã bảo anh mà! Chắc chắn anh sẽ thích âm nhạc thôi! - Âm nhạc gì chứ? - Nhà lực sĩ thể hình kêu lên

4p phobienloiyeuthuong 07-05-2013 71 4   Download

Một viện sĩ hàn lâm trông thấy một bức phác họa hình con cá của một họa sĩ vỉa hè liền hỏi: - Theo anh thì đây là loại cá gì? - Cá mập đấy, thưa ngài! - Nhưng anh đã thấy cá mập bao giờ đâu? - Viện sĩ hỏi. - Đúng vậy, - Chàng họa sĩ đồng ý - Nhưng thưa ngài, thế sao có mấy thằng cha ở Viện hàn lâm lại vẽ cả thiên thần được đấy ạ?

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Mô hình ngôn ngữ là một thành phần quan trọng trong các ứng dụng như nhận dạng tiếng nói, phân đoạn từ, dịch thống kê, … Và chúng thường được mô hình hóa sử dụng các n-gram. Trên thế giới đã có rất nhiều nước công bố nghiên cứu về mô hình ngôn ngữ áp dụng cho ngôn ngữ của họ nhưng ở Việt Nam, việc nghiên cứu và xây dựng một mô hình ngôn ngữ chuẩn cho tiếng Việt vẫn còn mới mẻ và gặp nhiều khó khăn....

47p chieuwindows23 01-06-2013 118 28   Download