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Báo cáo nông nghiệp:" Ảnh hưởng của mức bổ sung thóc vào khẩu phần cơ sở là rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) hay rau lang (Ipomoea batatas) đến hiệu quả sử dụng thức ăn và sinh trưởng của thỏ trắng New Zealand"

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Một thí nghiệm được tiến hành nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của mức bổ sung thóc vào khẩu phần cơ sở là rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) hay rau...

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Nội dung Text: Báo cáo nông nghiệp:" Ảnh hưởng của mức bổ sung thóc vào khẩu phần cơ sở là rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) hay rau lang (Ipomoea batatas) đến hiệu quả sử dụng thức ăn và sinh trưởng của thỏ trắng New Zealand"

  1. J. Sci. Dev. 2011, 9 (Eng.Iss. 1): 21 - 27 HANOI UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE EFFECTS OF GRADED LEVELS OF PADDY RICE SUPPLEMENTED TO WATER SPINACH (Ipomoea aquatica) OR SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) VINES AS BASAL DIETS ON FEED UTILIZATION AND GROWTH OF NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS Ảnh hưởng của mức bổ sung thóc vào khẩu phần cơ sở là rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) hay rau lang (Ipomoea batatas) đến hiệu quả sử dụng thức ăn và sinh trưởng của thỏ trắng New Zealand Nguyen Thi Duong Huyen1, Nguyen Hung Son2, Nguyen Van Dat3, Nguyen Xuan Trach1 1 Hanoi University of Agriculture 2 National Institute of Animal Sciences 3 Vinh Phuc College of Economics and Technology Correspoding author email: nxtrach@hua.edu.vn Received date: 14.02.2011 Accepted date: 10.04.2011 TÓM TẮT Một thí nghiệm được tiến hành nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của mức bổ sung thóc vào khẩu phần cơ sở là rau muống (Ipomoea aquatica) hay rau lang ( Ipomoea batatas ) đến hiệu quả sử dụng thức ăn và sinh trưởng của thỏ trắng New Zealand. Tổng số 40 thỏ thịt sinh trưởng được chia thành 2 nhóm chính để cho ăn một trong hai loại rau. Mỗi nhóm chính này được chia thành 5 lô, mỗi lô 4 con, để được bổ sung một trong năm mức thóc tương ứng với 0, 1, 2, 3, 4% thể trọng của thỏ. Thí nghiệm cho thấy rằng mức bổ sung thóc có ảnh hưởng rất rõ rệt đến lượng thu nhận rau khi tính theo khối lượng tuyệt đối (kg/con/ngày) cũng như tính theo phần trăm thể trọng thỏ, nhưng không ảnh hưởng đáng kể (P>0.05) đến tổng lượng thức ăn thu nhận của thỏ. Bổ sung thóc làm tỷ lệ tiêu hoá nhưng lại làm tăng hiệu quả chuyển hoá thức ăn và tăng tốc độ sinh trưởng của thỏ (P
  2. Effects of graded levels of paddy rice supplemented to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)... individual cages. The animals were fed either water 1. INTRODUCTION spinach or sweet potato vines ad libitum three times Rabbits can efficiently utilize fibrous feed by a day at 8:00, 14:00, and 20:00h. Paddy rice was courtesy of their feeding and digestive strategies. fed once per day at 11:00am. Drinking water was Among other forages, water spinach (Ipomoea made available at all times. aquatica) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) vines All animals were individually weighed at the are protein-rich vegetables (Ly Thi Luyen, 2003; beginning and thereafter once a week until the end Hong, 2003), which have been commonly used as a of the experiment to calculate the average daily valuable basal diet for rabbits (Nguyen Thi Kim gain (ADG) as the slope of the linear regression of Dong et al., 2006a,b), Pok Samkol et al., 2006a,b,c) live weight on time. Total feed and feces and Doan Thi Giang et al., 2006). To improve the collections were made over 7 consecutive days in nutritional balance in diets based on such protein- the middle of the experiment. The feeds offered and rich vegetables, different supplements rich in refusals were collected and weighed daily in the digestible carbohydrates or fiber, or both, have morning. Representative samples of feces (10%) been carried out (Hongthong Phimmmasan et al., were collected daily from the total feces collected 2004; Khuc Thi Hue and Preston, 2006; Doan Thi and stored at -25°C. At the end of the 7 days, the Giang et al., 2006; Nguyen Huu Tam et al., 2008); samples were bulked according to individual However, results obtained from those studies have animals. Feed samples were taken over the same been questionable. Paddy rice seems to be an period. appropriate supplement to protein-rich vegetables Feed and feces samples were analyzed for DM fed as the basal diet for fast growing rabbits owing according to AOAC (1990). Daily feed intake was to its high energy and fiber contents. The present calculated as g DM/head/day and as percentage of study was aimed to test responses of fast growing live weight. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was rabbits in terms of feed intake, digestibility and calculated as a ratio of DM intake/live weight gain. growth rate to graded levels of paddy rice Apparent total tract DM digestibility was computed supplemented to water spinach or sweet potato as DM digestibility (%) = (A-B/A)*100, where A vines fed as a basal diet. and B are total DM intake and total DM in feces, respectively. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were subjected to analyses of variance (ANOVA) for a 5x2 factorial model with A 5 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to interactions, using the General Linear Model determine effects of 5 graded levels of paddy rice (GLM) of Minitab 16 (2010). Pair-wise (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of live weight) supplemented to comparisons of means were done using the Tukey water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) or sweet potato method. Regression analyses were made using (Ipomoea batatas) vines fed as 2 basal diets for Microsoft Excel (2007). growing New Zealand White rabbits on feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A total of 40 male growing 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION rabbits at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into 2 main groups of 20 each to be fed on either of Table 1 shows relationships between levels of the two basal diets. Each of the two main groups paddy rice supplementation and feed intake in was divided into 5 sub-groups (treatments) of 4 rabbits fed a basal diet of sweet potato vines or rabbits each to receive one of the 5 graded levels of water spinach vines. The level of paddy rice paddy rice. supplementation had a highly significant effect on intake of the basal diet (P0.05). Significant differences in the observed University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam, during parameters were also found between water spinach the period from late March to end of May 2010. and sweet potato vines as basal diets (P0.05). experiment, rabbits were housed and fed in 22
  3. Nguyen Thi Duong Huyen, Nguyen Hung Son, Nguyen Van Dat, Nguyen Xuan Trach Table 1. Feed intake as affected by level of paddy rice supplementation and type of forage Intake of basal diet (DM) Total feed intake (DM) g/head/day % LW g/head/day % LW Level of paddy rice supplementation (% LW) a a a a 0 94.93 5.36 94.93 5.36 b b a a 1 79.49 4.47 99.90 5.61 c c a a 2 52.14 2.93 98.59 5.53 d d a a 3 32.64 1.81 96.31 5.33 d d a a 4 31.75 1.70 104.51 5.60 a SEM 3.08 0.18 3.47 0.21 P 0.05 Type of forage a a a a Sweet potato vines 64.46 3.62 105.50 5.88 b b b b Water spinach vines 51.92 2.89 92.19 5.10 SEM 1.95 0.11 2.19 0.13 P
  4. Effects of graded levels of paddy rice supplemented to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)... (Khuc Thi Hue and Preston, 2006; Doan Thi Giang As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the more paddy rice was supplemented, the more it was et al., 2006), supplements rich in fibre gave positive consumed; however, at the same time, intake of the results with rabbits fed diets based on water basal diet was reduced accordingly. The responses spinach. It might also be due to combined effects of followed nonlinear curves with high determination both fibre (from the husk) and starch of paddy rice coefficients (R²). As a result, the total feed intake supplemented to diets based on protein-rich remained almost unaffected (Figures 3 and 4). vegetables. The results of this study confirmed the Figures 3 and 4 also show strong relationships results from the experiment by Nguyen Huu Tam et between actual paddy rice intake, as a result of al. (2008) that rabbits fed on water spinach had level of supplementation, on intake of the basal diet higher feed intake and live weight gain when they of sweet potato vines (R² = 0.971) or water spinach were supplemented with paddy rice. vines (R² = 0.981). However, paddy rice intake From tables 2 and 3, it can also be seen that explained not much variation in total feed intake the rabbits had higher ADGs for the first 5 weeks whether the basal diet was sweet potato vines (R² = compared to those calculated for the whole 10 0.296) or water spinach vines (R² = 0.076). That weeks of experiment. It was definitely due to the was because there was a substitution rate (the unfavorable changes in the weather conditions. It slope) of -0.864 for sweet potato vines and -0.949 was getting hotter and wetter, and, as a result, the for water spinach vines when paddy rice was ADG was becoming lower and lower toward the supplemented. That is, paddy rice replaced forage end of the experiment. It might be too hot for the in the feed intake. exotic rabbits during the last weeks of the Concerning effects of paddy rice experiment. supplementation on growth of rabbits, Table 2 and To find the mechanism behind the positive Table 3 show relationships between the average effect of paddy rice supplementation on live weight daily gain (ADG) of rabbits and level of paddy rice gain of rabbits fed a basal diet of protein-rich supplementation and type of forage (sweet potato vegetables, improvement in digestibility might have vines vs. water spinach vines) in the basal diet. The been expected. However, relationships between effect of level of paddy rice on ADG was found proportion of paddy rice in the diet and DM highly significant (P0.05). And, there was no significant interaction show the opposing effect. The more paddy rice was between level of paddy rice and type of forage for consumed, and the higher proportion of it in the ADG (P>0.05). The higher the amount of paddy diet as a result, the lower the digestibility was; rice was supplemented, the more it was consumed whereas feed utilization (FCR) tended to be better. and, as a result, the higher the ADG was. This should be questions for further investigation. The results in tables 2 and 3 show that the more Where was the effect inserted? Was it because of low digestibility of the husk, which lowered paddy rice was offered, the more it was consumed digestibility of the total diet? Is there something in with lesser intake of forage, and, as a result, the the husk or somewhere in paddy rice, not in broken proportion of paddy rice in the diet increased rice, that can improve post-digestive metabolism in accordingly. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show strong favor of live weight gain? Or was it due to other positive relationships between the proportion of reasons? paddy rice in the diet and live weight gain of rabbits. This positive effect of paddy rice on growth It should be also noted that type of forage may be explained by means of energy (water spinach vs. sweet potato vines) had no concentration of the diet. However, a previous significant effect on digestibility of the total diet study by Hongthong Phimmmasan et al. (2004), DM (P>0.05). However, water spinach had a better supplementation with highly digestible (lower) FCR compared to sweet potato vines carbohydrate (high energy density) in the form of (P0.05). 24
  5. Nguyen Thi Duong Huyen, Nguyen Hung Son, Nguyen Van Dat, Nguyen Xuan Trach Table 2. Average daily gain (ADG) of rabbits as affected by level of paddy rice supplementation and type of forage in the basal diet Average daily gain (g/head/day) First 5 weeks Total 10 weeks Level of paddy rice supplementation (% LW) b c 0 21.79 14.15 b bc 1 22.24 15.35 ab ab 2 25.61 17.26 a a 3 27.31 17.94 a a 4 28.58 18.37 SEM 1.07 0.56 P 0.05 N.B.: Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Table 3. Average daily gain (ADG) of rabbits fed a basal diet of sweet potato vines or water spinach vines with different levels of paddy rice supplementation Average daily gain (g/head/day) Level of rice supplementation Basal diet (% LW) First 5 weeks Total 10 weeks ab d 0 22.89 13.47 ab cd 1 22.29 14.46 ab abc Sweet potato vines 2 26.05 17.76 ab ab 3 26.80 18.40 b a 4 28.94 19.36 a bcd 0 20.70 14.82 ab abcd 1 22.19 16.25 ab abcd Water spinach 2 25.17 16.77 ab abc 3 27.82 17.48 b abc 4 28.22 17.39 SEM 1.51 0.79 P (Interaction) >0.05 >0.05 N.B.: Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Figure 5. Relationship between proportion of Figure 6. Relationship between proportion of paddy rice in the diet and live weight gain in paddy rice in the diet and live weight gain in rabbits fed a basal diet of sweet potato vines rabbits fed a basal diet of water spinach vines 25
  6. Effects of graded levels of paddy rice supplemented to water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)... Table 4. Apparent dry matter (DM) digestibility (%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as affected by level of paddy rice supplementation and type of forage Apparent DM digestibility (%) FCR Level of paddy rice supplementation (% LW) a ab 0 81.66 4.41 ab a 1 80.22 4.51 abc abc 2 76.95 3.85 c c 3 75.02 3.55 bc bc 4 75.83 3.73 SEM 1.24 0.19 P
  7. Nguyen Thi Duong Huyen, Nguyen Hung Son, Nguyen Van Dat, Nguyen Xuan Trach Doan Thi Giang, Khuc Thi Hue, Dinh Van Binh on growth of rabbits of supplementing a basal and Nguyen Thi Mui (2006). Effect of Guinea diet of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) with grass on feed intake, digestibility and growth vegetable wastes and paddy rice. Livestock performance of rabbits fed a molasses block and Research for Rural Development. Volume 21, Article # 174. Retrieved, from http://www. lrrd. either water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) or sweet org/lrrd21/10/hang21174.htm. potato (Ipomoea batatas L) vines. Workshop- seminar "Forages for Pigs and Rabbits" Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, Nguyen Van Thu and T. R. MEKARN-CelAgrid, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Preston (2006a). Effect of dietary protein supply 22-24 August, 2006. Article #23 Retrieved June on the reproductive performance of crossbred 8, 108, from http://www.mekarn.org / proprf / rabbits. Proceedings of the MEKARN workshop gang.htm. on forages for pigs and rabbits, Phnom Penh, Hong T. T. T. (2003). Evaluation of Sweet potato Cambodia, 22-24 August 2006. leaves as a protein source for growing pigs in Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, Nguyen Van Thu, R B Central Vietnam. MSc Thesis in the programme Ogle and T. R. Preston (2006b). Effect of "Tropical Livestock Systems". SLU, Dept. of supplementation level of water spinach Animal Nutrition and Management, P.O.Box (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves in diets based on Para 7024, Uppsala, Sweden. grass (Brachiaria mutica) on intake, nutrient Hongthong Phimmmasan, Siton Kongvongxay, utilization, growth rate and economic returns of Chhay Ty and T. R. Preston (2004). Water crossbred rabbits in the Mekong Delta of spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and Stylo 184 Vietnam. Proceedings of the MEKARN (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184) as basal workshop on forages for pigs and rabbits, diets for growing rabbits. Livestock Research for Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 22-24 August 2006. Rural Development. Volume 16, Article # 34. Pok Samkol, T. R. Preston and J. Ly (2006a) Retrieved from. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/5/ Digestibility indices and N balance in growing hong16034.htm. rabbits fed a basal diet of water spinach Khuc Thi Hue and T. R. Preston (2006). Effect of (Ipomoea aquatica) supplemented with broken different sources of supplementary fibre on rice. Livestock Research for Rural Development. growth of rabbits fed a basal diet of fresh water Volume 18, Article # 22. Retrieved June 8, 108, spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Livestock Research from http://www. lrrd.org / lrrd18 /02 / samk for Rural Development. Volume 18, Article #58. 18022.htm. Retrieved June 8, 2008, from http://www. lrrd. Pok Samkol, T. R. Preston and J. Ly (2006b). org/ lrrd18/4/hue18058.htm Effect of increasing offer level of water spinach Ly Thi Luyen (2003). Effect of the urea level on (Ipomoea aquatica) on intake, growth and biomass production of water spinach (Ipomoea digestibility coefficients of rabbits. Livestock aquatica) grown in soil and in water; Retrieved, Research for Rural Development. Volume 18, from MEKARN Mini-projects. http://www. Article #25. Retrieved March 7, 2006, from mekarn.org/msc2003-05/ miniprojects/ webpage/ http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd18/2/samk18025.htm luyen.htm. Pok Samkol, T. R. Preston and R. A. Leng (2006c). Microsoft Excel (2007). Microsoft Corporation. Effect of offering leaves or stems of water USA. spinach on patterns of eating, consumption of Minitab 16 (2010). Statistical Software. Minitab, caecotropes and excretion of feces by growing Inc., USA. rabbits. Proceedings of the MEKARN workshop on forages for pigs and rabbits, Phnom Penh, Nguyen Huu Tam, Vo Thanh Tuan, Vo Lam, Bui Cambodia, 22-24 August 2006. Phan Thu Hang and T. R. Preston (2008). Effects 27
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