BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH

Chia sẻ: Vu Vivian | Ngày: | Loại File: PDF | Số trang:52

Thêm vào BST

Báo xấu

356
lượt xem 154
download

Download Vui lòng tải xuống để xem tài liệu đầy đủ

If you just started learning English, you first need to know some basic rules of the language. Developing a solid foundation in English grammar will not only help you create your own sentences correctly but will also make it easier to improve your communication skills in both spoken and written English. Study all the lessons below and incorporate your learning into your speaking and writing.

Chủ đề:

Bình luận(0) Đăng nhập để gửi bình luận!

Lưu

Nội dung Text: BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH

HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Prepared by: Ms. Anh Tel: 0972 660 959 Email: vananhvu158@gmail.com Address: No 173, Ban Town, My Hao District, Hung Yen Province Page 1 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Overview If you just started learning English, you first need to know some basic rules of the language. Developing a solid foundation in English grammar will not only help you create your own sentences correctly but will also make it easier to improve your communication skills in both spoken and written English. Study all the lessons below and incorporate your learning into your speaking and writing. Page 2 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Table of Content 1. Singular and Plural Nouns 2. Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns 3. Possessive Nouns 4. Pronouns 5. 'Be' Verbs 6. Action Verbs 7. Adjectives 8. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 9. Adverbs 10. Simple Tense 11. Progressive and Perfect Tense 12. Perfect Progressive Tense 13. Irregular Verbs 14. Gerunds 15. Infinitives 1 16. Infinitives 2 17. Active Voice and Passive Voice 18. Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood 19. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Be', 'Do', 'Have' 20. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Will/Would', 'Shall/Should' 21. Auxiliary Verbs - 'Can/Could', 'May/Might/Must' 22. Prepositions - 'On', 'At', 'In' 23. Prepositions - 'Of', 'To', 'For' 24. Prepositions - 'With', 'Over', 'By' 25. Conjunctions - Coordinating and Correlative 26. Conjunctions - Subordinating 27. Conjunctive Adverbs 28. Articles - Indefinite and Definite 29. Interjections 30. Capitalization Page 3 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH 1. SINGULAR and PLURAL NOUNS A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language. For the plural form of most nouns, add “s”. bottle – bottles desk – desks cup – cups sticker – stickers pencil – pencils window – windows For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add “es”. box – boxes moss – mosses watch – watches bus – buses For nouns ending in f or fe, change “ f” to “v” and add “es”. wolf – wolves leaf – leaves wife – wives life – lives Some nouns have different plural forms. child – children mouse – mice woman – women goose – geese man – men Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules. baby – babies toy – toys Page 4 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH kidney – kidneys memo – memos potato – potatoes stereo – stereos A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms. sheep – sheep series – series deer – deer species – species [Quiz 1.1] Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence. 1) I have three (child, children). 2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women). 3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys. 4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box. 5) A few men wear (watch, watches). 6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk. 7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by. 8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today. 2. COUNT NOUNS vs. NON-COUNNT NOUNS Count nouns Can be counted as one or more. pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc. Take an “s” to form the plural. pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc. Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of). Page 5 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc. Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the). a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc. Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers). Non-count nouns Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type. water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc. Generally cannot be pluralized. Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence. Sugar is sweet. The sunshine is beautiful. I drink milk. He eats rice. We watch soccer together. The wood is burning. Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much). We ate some rice and milk. She does not speak much Spanish. I hope to see some sunshine today. Do you see any traffic on the road? This meat is good. That wine is very old. Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither). Page 6 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH [Quiz 2.1] Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list: wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood 3. POSSESSIVE NOUNS Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership. Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and “s”. John's book Kerry's car Grandma's mirror When a noun is plural and ends in “s”, just add an apostrophe ('). The kids' toys My parents' house The teachers' lounge If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and “s” to the second person only. John and Mary's new house David and Sue's wedding Tom and Doug's car If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and “s” for each person. Susan's and Beth's books Jean's and Dan's pants Ben's and Jim's offices [Quiz 3.1] Which of the following is not correct? 1) Dr. Hunts has a new computer. 2) Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well. 3) Dr. Hunts' computer is new. Page 7 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH 4. PRONOUNS A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Example story: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. If the story above is written using pronouns: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry. They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns refer to a person: I go to school. He works here. You are a student. We gave her food. They are Koreans. The word ‘it' refers to an object: I drank it. It is big. They cut it into halves. Memorize the personal pronouns: Singular Singular Singular Plural Plural Plural Subject Object Reflexive Subject Object Reflexive First I me myself we us ourselves Second you you yourself you you yourselves Page 8 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Third Male he him himself they them themselves Third Female she her herself they them themselves Third Neutral it it itself they them themselves [Quiz 4.1] Write the correct pronoun in each blank. I ate an apple……………. was delicious. 1) You look tired………………should rest. 2) She is a teacher. I gave……………..a book. 3) They are my friends. I like…………………very much. 4) He saw the movie……………….was fun. 5) 5. 'BE' VERBS A verb shows action or a state of being. I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day. "Be" verbs indicate a state of being. Verbs must match subjects. I am a doctor. We are here He is sleepy. . Negative sentences need „not' after the verb. I am not a doctor. We are not there. He is not sleepy. The verb comes first in interrogative sentences. Am I a doctor? Are we there? Is he sleepy? Page 9 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH "Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't). He isn't sleepy. We aren't there. Remember the variations of "be" verbs: Present Negative Interrogative I am I am not Am I? You are You are not (aren't) Are you? He is He is not (isn't) Is he? She is She is not (isn't) Is she? It was It was not (wasn't) Was it? We are We are not (aren't) Are we? You are You are not (aren't) Are you? They were They were not (weren't) Were they? [Quiz 5.1]Which of the following sentences are written correctly? 1) I am thirsty. 5) It is not moving. 2) You are kind. 6) We aren't tired. 3) He am not sad. 7) Is they running? 4) She are not tall. 8) Are you ready? 6. ACTION VERBS Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs. Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects. He eats bread. It floats on the sea. She walks to the station. Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not. I do not eat bread. He does not eat bread. Page 10 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH You did not walk to the station. It does not float on the sea . Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did. Do you eat bread? Does she walk to the station? Does he eat bread? Did they finish it? Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't. I don't eat bread. It doesn't float on the sea. She doesn't walk to the station. They didn't finish it. Remember the variations of action verbs: Affirmative Sentence Negative Sentence Interrogative Sentence I sing a song. I do not (don't) sing a song. Do I sing a song? You sing a song. You do not (don't) sing a song. Do you sing a song? He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a He (she) sings a song. Does he (she) sing a song? song. We sing a song. We do not (don't) sing a song. Do we sing a song? They sang a song. They did not (didn't) sing a song. Did they sing a song? [Quiz 6.1] Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is. 1) I runs a marathon. 4) Does you leave today? 2) You look sleepy. 5) We don't stay here. 3) She do not dance. 6) It come with rice. 7. ADJECTIVES Adjectives describe or modify nouns. I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the real world and refreshes my tired mind. Page 11 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun. A pretty girl Heavy boxes Red flowers Warm weather A long stick Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or dis. clear – unclear, important – unimportant, predictable – unpredictable, believable – unbelievable, common – uncommon, aware – unaware, ambiguous – unambiguous, conventional – unconventional, certain – uncertain definite – indefinite, correct – incorrect, comparable – incomparable, complete – incomplete, evitable – inevitable, expensive – inexpensive able – disable, assemble – disassemble, content – discontent, similar – dissimilar When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape + age + color + origin + material. A big brown house A beautiful black Italian leather purse A small old English desk Delicious Chinese food The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun. the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc. This popular TV show is loved by the old. [Quiz 7.1] Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix. 1) Clear – 4) Expensive – 2) Definite – 5) Complete – 3) Correct – [Quiz 7.2] Underline all adjectives in the following sentences. In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big oak tree. Page 12 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH 8. COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than two things. Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in 'y' use 'er' to form comparatives and 'est' to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change the 'y' to 'i' before adding the 'er' or 'est'. old – older – oldest short – shorter – shortest young – younger – youngest bright – brighter – brightest pretty – prettier – prettiest close – closer – closest long – longer – longest happy – happier – happiest Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives and most to form superlatives. respectable – more respectable – most respectable beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful preferable – more preferable – most preferable hardworking – more hardworking – most hardworking Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives. good – better – best much (many) – more – most bad – worse – worst far – further - furthest little – less – least The word than typically appears in comparative sentences. Amy is smarter than Betty. I have more apples than he. Chad is stronger than Dan. She likes him more than me. Greg is more diligent than his brother. Page 13 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the. Tom is the oldest man in town. This is the longest song that I have ever Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood. heard That shade of blue is the most beautiful color. . [Quiz 8.1] Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each blank. Yesterday was a cold day. Today is ………………..than yesterday. Tomorrow will be the …………………..day yet. [Quiz 8.2] Which of the following sentences is incorrect? 1) Mary is shorter than Jane. 2) The moon is more closer to the earth than the sun. 3) I have the best score on the exam. [Quiz 8.3] Fill in the blanks. My friend has a pretty purse, but I have a……………..one. 1) The ………………… weather is yet to come! 2) Today's sunshine is ……………………beautiful than yesterday's. 3) 9. ADVERBS Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence. The fire engine runs fast. I browse the web frequently. Listen to his speech carefully. It rained hard. An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence. The news is very surprising! The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful. Page 14 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Nature is really amazing! An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence. It rains very hard. Computers run much faster these days. I clean my room less frequently because I am busy. Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'. slow – slowly loud – loudly quick – quickly clear – clearly comfortable – comfortably To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'. happy – happily easy – easily [Quiz 9.1] Choose the correct word form in the following sentences. 1) I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time. 2) We talked about it (clear, clearly). 3) I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa. 4) My dog runs very (fast, faster). Let‟s install the new program (quick, quickly). 5) 10. SIMPLE TENSE Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses. Simple Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive finish am/is/are finishing have/has finished have/has been finishing Present Page 15 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH finished was/were finishing had finished had been finishing Past will finish will be finishing will have finished will have been finishing Future Things to remember about simple tense: a. Present tense is the original verb form. b. Past tense has a few patterns. c. Future tense needs will (shall) + verb. run I run a marathon this year. (present) I will run a marathon next year. (future) I ran a marathon last year. (past) eat I eat lunch now. I will eat lunch in one hour. I ate lunch an hour ago. see I see a movie once a week. I will see a movie tomorrow. I saw a movie yesterday. know I know it. I will know it by tomorrow. I knew it the day before yesterday. learn I learn English. I will learn English next year. I learned English the last two years. cook I cook my supper every night. I will cook breakfast tomorrow. I cooked our dinner already. Page 16 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH [Quiz 10.1]Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms. 1) I ………….. a song at the concert yesterday. 2) He…………..a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow. 3) I …………..to the library to borrow some books this weekend. 11. PROGRESSIVE and PERFECT TENSE Progressive Tense The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time. In the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing. run I am running a marathon right now. (present progressive) I was running a marathon at this time last year. (past progressive) I will be running a marathon next Sunday. (future progressive) eat I am eating lunch now. I was eating lunch when you saw me. I will be eating lunch in the meeting. learn I am learning English at my desk. I was learning English the last two years. I will be learning English then. cook I am cooking my supper now. I was cooking our dinner when you called me. I will be cooking breakfast by the time you come home. Page 17 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH Perfect Tense The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb. The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had + the past participle form of the verb. The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other action. Use will have + the past participle form of the verb. run I have run several marathons this year. (present perfect) I had run many marathons in the past. (past perfect) I will have run a marathon by the time I turn 30. (future perfect) learn I have learned a lot about English grammar this semester. I had learned the basics of English grammar in elementary school. I will have learned a lot about English grammar when I finish college. know I have known her since I was young. I had known her until she passed away. I will have known her for 20 years next month. cook I have cooked supper every night this week. I had cooked supper every night until the stove broke. I will have cooked supper every night by the time this diet ends. Page 18 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH [Quiz 11.1] Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present, past, and future progressive tenses. I sing a song on the big stage. [Quiz 11.2] Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given. 1) He…………….(exercise) hard since last year. 2) I ………….(study) math as my major since high school 12. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was initiated in the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some relation to the present time. Use have/has + been + ing. It has been raining, and the street is still wet. I have been running, and I am still tired. She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now. The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing. It had been raining, and the street was still wet. I had been running, and I was still tired. She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better. The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed in the future. Use will + have + been + ing. By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet. By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy. Page 19 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com
HANOI UNIVERSITY BASIC GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING ENGLISH By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better. [Quiz 12.1] Choose the incorrect sentence from the following. 1) I have been sleeping all day today. 2) They will have been walking for almost an hour by the time they arrive at their destination. 3) She have been eating a lot recently. 13. IRREGULAR VERBS Regular verbs form their past and past participle by adding ed (d). Base Verb Past Past Participle learn learned learned study studied studied cook cooked cooked solve solved solved ask asked asked watch watched watched listen listened listened Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns. fly flew flown Past Base Verb Past Participle give gave given grow grew grown speak spoke spoken know knew known swim swam swum begin began begun go went gone draw drew drawn take took taken drive drove driven find found found Page 20 of 52 Ms. Anh / 0972 660 959 / vananhvu158@gmail.com

CÓ THỂ BẠN MUỐN DOWNLOAD