Chính sách thuộc địa của Pièrre Pasquier ở Việt Nam đầu những năm 30, thế kỷ XX

< SACH THUOC D I A CUA P I E R R E PASOJTD3R<br /> d V I E T I K A M D A U I K H U j ^ G H?AM 3 0 , T H E K Y X X<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> TA THI THUY*<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> K h i cuoc tdng khung hoang kinh te tri ve hinh thiic cho den nam 1930. Sii<br /> the gidi d i l n ra, de viia giai quye't giam siit dot ngdt cua nen kinh te' Phap chi<br /> tinh trang suy thoai nang ne d chinh quo'c, bat dau t i i thang 9 nam 1931, khi ddng<br /> vita dd'i phd vdi mot cudc khung hoang kep bang Anh pha gia anh hiidng tdi nhiing<br /> khung hoang kinh te' chdng len khung midc v i n giu ban vi vang va chiia kip pha<br /> -<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> hoang gay gat ve chinh tri d thudc dia, thiic gia ddng tien nhu" Phap. Ngoai thiidng<br /> dan Phap da thay ddi chien liidc thudc dja Phap suy sup, can can thanh toan tham<br /> hay cdn goi la chinh sach thudc dia hut. San xua't cdng nghiep va nha't la ndng<br /> (politique coloniale) d Viet Nam ndi rieng, d nghiep suy giam. Nhieu cd sd san xua't<br /> Ddng Diidng ndi chung. Vay ly do cua sii thua Id. Nam 1932, trung binh mdi thang d<br /> thay ddi chinh sach thudc dia va ndi dung Phap cd tdi 1.470 vu pha san (diing sau My<br /> cd ban cua chinh sach thudc dja "mdi" ma va Y) (1). Trong thdi gian t i i 1929 den 1934,<br /> Phap trien khai d Viet Nam trong thdi ky trung binh hang thang, ty le doanh nghiep<br /> khung hoang la gi? Dd se la nhiing dieu bi pha san d midc nay la 77% (2). Nen kinh<br /> diidc trinh bay mdt each tdm liidc trdng bai te' Phap cdn bi be gay them mdt lan mia do<br /> viet nay cua chiing tdi. viec ddng Dd la pha gia vao thang 4-1933.<br /> Gia ca cua Phap cao hdn gia the' gidi, ngoai<br /> 1. Khung hoang d Phap va chu thiidng Phap bi anh hiidng. Do vay, chi cd<br /> triidng diia vao thuoc dia de giai quye't rat it nganh kinh te' "drfdc che chan"<br /> khung hoang cua thiic dan Phap (abrites) cdn duy tri diidc hoat ddng nhu" biiu<br /> So vdi cac niidc chau Au khac, khiing dien, diidng sat, dien liic... cdn lai thi hau<br /> hoang dien ra d Phap mudn hdn nhiing het cac nganh kinh te khac deu giam san<br /> cung khdng kem phan dii ddi va dai dang. xua't: san liidng cdng nghiep giam 1/3; ndng<br /> Nam 1929, khi khung hoang da hoanh nghiep giam 2/5; ngoai thiidng giam 3/5; thu<br /> hanh d phan ldn cac midc tu" ban thi Phap nhap qudc dan giam 1/3 (3). Cd phieu tren<br /> van cdn diidc coi la "hdn ddo may man". thi triidng chiing khoan giam deh 60% trong<br /> Ddng tien Phap, diidc cung cd' tii 1926, van thdi gian th 1929 den 1935 (4). Ngan sach<br /> "dn dinh" San xua't cdng nghiep diidc duy Phap tham hut nang ne va Phap la niidc<br /> <br /> <br /> * PGS.TS. Vien Sii hoc<br /> 4 Rghien cuu Lich sit, so 3.2011<br /> <br /> duy nhat khong phuc hoi diidc chi so' san len nghi vien va chinh phu, khi dd ca hai<br /> xua't so voi mQc toi thieu cua nam 1932 (5). deu dUdng nhii da. te het, khdng the diia ra<br /> Mai tdi nam 1936, nen kinh te Phap mdi co cac giai phap de can bing can can ngan<br /> da'u hieu phuc hdi cue bo. sach va giai quyet tinh trang bat dn hen<br /> Tinh trang khung hoang dai ding d mi'Sn ve the che.<br /> Phap diidc giai thich bing su bat liic cua<br /> 1<br /> Khung hoang kinh te d i n den khung<br /> cac chinh phu Phap trong viec phat hien va hoang chinh t r i xa hdi. Tinh trang that<br /> giai quye't khung hoang. Tren thiic te, cac nghiep d Phap gia tang, nam 1932 la 273<br /> chinh phu nay da. thiic thi cai goi la "chinh nghin ngiidi, nam 1933 tang len den 340<br /> sdeh dd dieu" (khong dam nhin thing vao nghin (9). Thu nhap ve cdng nghiep,<br /> sii that), khong diia ra mot ke hoach chd'ng thiidng nghiep suy giam anh hiidng den<br /> khiing hoang tdng the, co' ket, trai lai da tieu thiidng, tieu chu, thd thu cdng. Ndng<br /> thiic hien nhiing bien phap manh miin, vun dan khdng ban dtfdc ndng san bi ngan hang<br /> vat, bao thii, lac hau. Khi mot s6' midc tu 1 tich thu ruong da't de trQ nd. Liidng cdng<br /> ban khac chdng khiing hoang theo goi y cua nhan, vien chQc giam di. Liidng thQc te'<br /> hoc thuyet kinh te tan cd dien (6), chii y cang giam do gia sinh hoat tang cao.<br /> tang tong c i u cua xa. hoi nen da nhanh Khung hoang ve kinh te, khd khan trong<br /> chong diia nen kinh te ra khdi khung ddi sd'ng, sQ bat lQc cua cac chinh phu, cdng<br /> hoang thi cac chinh phu Phap, chiu anh them nan tham nhung, be bdi trong chinh<br /> hiidng cua hoc thuyet gia t r i cua Malthus, gidi da gay ra nhQng bat binh gay gat cua<br /> quan niem "lam sach nen kinh te" ddng tat ca cac t i n g Idp nhan dan. Phong trao<br /> nghia vdi can bing can can ngan sach nen dinh cdng, bai cdng, bieu tinh dien ra tren<br /> chi chii trong binh on thu - chi (7), han che khap midc Phap chd'ng lai chinh phu va<br /> mot each ciic doan nen san xuat de giam nghi vien. Chinh triidng Phap rd'i ren. Cac<br /> tong cung ciia xa. hoi ma khong chii y den chinh phu Phap hen tiep bi lat dd. Cac<br /> cac bien phap kich ciu. Hoc thuyet dang phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng dd'i nhau,<br /> Malthus ciing diidc ap dung de lam mat tranh gianh nhau quyen liic. TQ 1929 den<br /> chat bdt mi, giam dien tich trdng nho va 1932, cac dang phai hQu n i m quyen, chu<br /> cam lap cac nha may dong giay mdi. The' triidng giai quye't khung hoang bing tap<br /> nhiing gia cac san pham van khdng tang va trung quyen lQc, phu nhan che' do cdng hda<br /> san xua't van khdng giam di. Ben canh dd, dai nghi, ddi giam quyen kiem soat cua<br /> viec cd' tinh duy t r i che do ngang gia - vang qudc hoi va tham chf cdn ddi trao quyen<br /> (parite - d'or) ciia ddng franc d mile cao va g i i i tan quo'c hdi cho tdng thd'ng. Cudc b i u<br /> tu chd'i pha gia ddng tien la mdt sai lam<br /> 1<br /> cQ nam 1932 lam cho phai hQu that bai, cac<br /> mia ciia chinh phu nay. Sac lenh thang 11 ding phai ta gianh da sd' phieu, diia<br /> 1931 lap ra khoan "tren ty gid trao ddi 15% Herriot len c i m quyen nhiing chi diidc 3<br /> cho dong francs" (8), ngiidc lai vdi chinh thang. TQ 14-12-1932 deh 7-1934, 5 ddi<br /> sach pha gia cua My, Anh, DQc gay thiet chinh phu theo hiidng cap tien hay cdng<br /> hai cho viec xua't khau cua Phap. Nam hda xa hoi thay nhau n i m quyen. Cac<br /> 1932, ngan sach Phap b i t dau tham hut. chinh phu nay triidc sau deu kien t r i chinh<br /> Cac chinh phii phai tang thue' nhiing phai sach chd'ng khiing hoang bao thu lam cho<br /> ta phan dd'i tang thue gian thu, phai hQu khung hoang keo dai, gia tang nhQng bat<br /> phan dd'i tang thue triic thu. SQc nang de dn chinh t r i - xa hdi.<br /> Chinh sach thuoc dia ciia 5<br /> <br /> Phong trao da'u tranh chd'ng chi'nh phii ganh nang khung hoang len dau nhan dan<br /> len cao chua tirng thay, nhung do anh cac nUdc thudc dia, tien tdi nhQng muc tieu<br /> hudng cua chfnh trUdng da bi phan hoa sau ldn hdn mang tfnh toan cau cua Phap trong<br /> sac. Mot so ky vong vao mot chfnh phu cudc canh tranh vdi cac cUdng qudc khac,<br /> manh de giai quye't khung hoang da to nha't la vdi My va Nhat...<br /> thien chf vdi che do doc tai theo hinh mau Nam 1931, trong cuo'n Vinh Nhuc<br /> cua chfnh phii phat xft Y Mussolini. VI thudc dia, Albert Sarraut ndi ve vj t r i cua<br /> vay, nhieu td chUc phat xft da ra ddi d Phap thudc dja dd'i vdi Phap nhU sau: "Ddn tdc<br /> ma ndi len la: Hgi Chii thdp liia (Croix de Phdp phdi duqc chii'n thang, trong do De<br /> Feu) td chUc cua cac cUu binh trong The qudc dam bdo cho nd niem vinh quang vd<br /> chien I , dUng dau la La Roque; Dang dodn vi tri cua nd tren the gidi bang viec cap cho<br /> ket niidc Phdp; Lien minh nhiing nhd tdi nd nhiing ngudn tdi nguyen gidu cd, cd the<br /> chinh; Dang hdnh ddng; Ddi chii thdp liia dam bdo cho nd mdt sU bdnh trUdng rdng ldn<br /> chien ddu... Cac td chUc nay thi nhau tien vd nhung phUdng tu>n phong ve phii hop vdi<br /> hanh dieu binh kieu phat xft DUc, lap ra<br /> mdt dia • chinh tri the gidi" (10) va Thudc<br /> cac to chUc ban quan sU (paramilitaire) va<br /> dja se la cai dam bao cho "... an ninh cua<br /> mac du tuyen bo' "phi chinh tri", thiic te la<br /> mdu quo'c vi rang nd tqo thdnh mdt ngudn<br /> che d i u khuynh hudng ciic hQu hda, phat<br /> dU tru menh mdng ve qudn linh vd sdn<br /> xit hda, thUc sii nguy hiem cho van menh<br /> phdm'' (11). Va chu trUdng "gan chat" vdi<br /> nUdc Phap, nhat la khi chu nghia phat xit<br /> thudc dia da dUdc cac chfnh phu Phap<br /> DUc da trd thanh mdt con quai vat khdng Id<br /> nhanh chdng trien khai ca b tam "vi mo" va<br /> tren the' gidi. Trong khi dd, dai da so' quan<br /> "vi md", b ca chinh qudc va thudc dja.<br /> chung tinh tao hdn, dudi sii lanh dao cua<br /> Dang cdng san Phap va cac dang canh ta C* chfnh qudc, chfnh phu dd day len ca<br /> da dUng day da'u tranh nham lap lai trat mot chien dich tuyen truyen ram rd chUa<br /> tii, bao ve nen cdng hda, chd'ng lai cac liic tQng thay cho thudc dja qua dai, bao, qua<br /> lUdng phat xft va cac cudc dao chfnh phat nhQng ky hdi thad chi chft (24 cudc nam<br /> xft. Phong trao da'u tranh nay da gianh 1930 va 52 cuoc nam 1931) (12), qua kenh<br /> dUdc nhieu thing ldi, chu nghia phat xft cac trUdng hpc-cua nha nUdc cung nhu cac<br /> Phap bi day lui. Tuy nhien, dieu dd cang trUdng Thien Ghua giax>, qua cac cudc trien<br /> lam cho cac dang phai hQu dien cudng, lam trien mien {trong fid, cudc trien lam<br /> mau thuan giQa cac dang phai ngay cang Vincennes thu hut deh 4 trieu ngudi tham<br /> trd nen gay git. gia) (13). Muc dfph cua chien dich hay la<br /> TrUdc tinh hinh nay, ben canh mdt gay sii chu y cua caic hha dau tu cQng nhu<br /> chfnh sach dd'i ndi chu yeu dUa vao cUdng nhQng ngUdi tieu thu Phap dd'i vdi cac san<br /> quyen, dan ap va bdc lot quan chung lao pham thudc dia'.<br /> ddng trong nUdc, theo gUdng nUdc Anh, Tai thudc dia, ngay tQ dau nhQng nam<br /> Phap chu trUdng "khep lai" (se replier) 30, nhieu cudc trien lam ca'p lien bang, ca'p<br /> trong De quo'c cua minh, "gdn chat" hdn vdi xQ, cap tinh ciing da dUdc md ra. Nhilu<br /> thudc dja, dUa vao thuoc dia, coi thudc dja cdng trinh nghien ctira cdng phu ve ddi song<br /> nhu mot cai "gidm chdn amortisseur", kinh te xa hdi cua Ddng DUdng da dUdc<br /> "mdt lieu thudc cho khung hodng" de giai tien hanh, tao cd sd cho viec hoach dinh<br /> quye't nhQng khd khan cua chfnh qudc, do chfnh sach kinh t#-X;a hdi, giai quye't "c&n<br /> 6 Rghien curu Lich sir. s6 3.2011<br /> <br /> nguyen" cua khung hoang ma ngay nay cac sach nay tren thQc te da tao ra nhQng<br /> nha nghien chu con diidc thQa hiidng (14). chuyen bien nhat dinh trong xa. hoi Viet<br /> Khoang each ve dia ly, ly do de cac nha Nam trong giai doan triidc khung hoang<br /> thiic dan "ngai" dau tii vao Dong Diidng xa (16). The nhiing, trong boi canh cuoi nhQng<br /> xdi da diicic chinh phu Phap rut ngan bang nam 20, dau nhQng nam 30, chinh sach<br /> viec tang dicing cac tuyen van tai diidng "hqp tdc" da bi xem xet lai va bi dieu chinh<br /> bien, diidng hang khong lien he giQa chinh ca tQ phia cac midc de qudc lan nhQ ve phia<br /> quoc va thuoc dia. Mot dieu dang chu y la phong trao each mang.<br /> nam 1931, lan dau tien va cung la lan duy Tren the gidi, cac midc de qudc tang<br /> nhat, dich than Bo tracing Bo thuoc dja ciidng vu hie, phat xit hda bo may nha<br /> Paul Reynaud da. sang Dong Diidng thi sat midc, chuah bi chien tranh the gidi, chd'ng<br /> tinh hinh. Dieu nay vQa noi len tinh hinh lai loai ngiidi nen chu nghia cai lQdng, du<br /> cang thang d Dong Diidng, vQa noi len sQ diidi mau sac nao cung khong cdn diidc<br /> "quan tdm" dac biet cua chinh gidi Phap tdi chung ldi dung nhQ triidc nQa. Trong do,<br /> xQ thuoc dia nay. chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xd" - mot<br /> Tom lai, Phap dat nhieu ky vong vao chinh sach cai liidng hang nang, diidc mot<br /> thuoc dja trong viec giai. quyet nhQng kho so' de quo'c sQ dung tai cac thuoc dia cua<br /> khan do khung hoang gay ra cho chinh chung nhii mot trao liiu, gid cung bi bd qua.<br /> quoc va tim d thuoc dja mot giai phap dam Ddi vdi Phap, Albert Sarraut, mot tin dd<br /> bao cho Phap mot tiidng lai ve kinh te va cudng nhiet cua chinh sach "hqp tdc" va la<br /> chinh t r i . Mot De che manh la mo hinh ly ngiidi da diia chinh sach nay ra thQc hien d<br /> tricing cua midc Phap trong nhQng nam 30, Viet Nam trong ca. gan hai thap ky (tQ<br /> trong do, Dong Diidng, luon quan trong doi 1911) nhiing vao nam 1933, vien ciiu toan<br /> vdi Phap van giQ vi t r i diidc "Uu tien" trong quyen nay da quay sang vdi viec tap hqp<br /> chinh sach thuoc dia cua Phap lan nay. lqi d chdu Au xung quanh sii nghiep thudc<br /> The roi, de dat diidc nhQng muc dich do, dia. Su nghiep thudc dia Id mdt sU nghiep<br /> chinh quyen thiic dan da diia ra thQc hien sdng con dd'i vdi chdu Au vd dd'i vdi nUdc<br /> mot loat nhQng ''cdi cdch" ve chinh tri, kinh Phdp, Id sU nghiep cdn bdo ve tdi nhdt"<br /> te, xa hoi, tQu chung do la mot chinh sach (17). Va thay vi "hop tdc vdi ngUdi ban xd",<br /> cai tri thuoc dia "mdi" thay cho chinh sach Albert Sarraut chu triidng lap ra Lien<br /> "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xii" da. khong con minh thdn thdnh cdc nhd thiic dan chau<br /> phu hdp nQa. Au (Sainte Alliance des colonisateurs<br /> 2. Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngudi bdn europdennes), trong dd bao gdm ca niidc<br /> xd" bi xem xet l a i DQc cua Hitle de chd'ng lai phong trao cua<br /> Chinh sach "hqp tdc vdi ngUdi bdn xu" cac midc thudc dia dang len cao am am va<br /> nhii da diidc chung toi trinh bay kha can ke "xoa diu" mau thuan giQa cac nQdc de' quo'c<br /> trong cong trinh Lich sii Viet Nam (15) cua xung quanh van de thudc dia.<br /> minh, da diidc ngiidi Phap ban di tinh lai Ve phia phong trao each mang, triidc<br /> tQ rat lau, nhiing phai cho deh nhQng nam nguy cd phat xit va chie'n tranh de' qudc<br /> 20, trong boi canh cua cuoc khai thac thuoc cung nhii dQng triidc tinh the cua mdt cudc<br /> dia lan thQ hai, v6i Albert Sarraut moi each mang xa hdi tren pham vi rdng ldn<br /> chinh thQc diidc diia ra thQc hien. Chinh dang deh gan, moi tii tiidng cai liidng, "hop<br /> Chfnh sach thupc dia ciia. 7<br /> <br /> tdc" deu da bi len an, moi su lien he vdi cac ghet. Su that bai cua Dang Lap hien trong<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> dang phai quoc gia, t i i san, cung nhu" moi Chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" nam 1926<br /> anh hudng cua t i i tudng tu san, tieu tU san da la mot vf du ve dieu nay. Tren thUc te,<br /> deu da dUdc Quoc te' cong san canh bao. trong nhQng nam 20: Ngay cd khi ndi<br /> Bao hie each mang cua giai cap vo san gid nhieu nhdt den hqp tdc, tU do, binh ddng<br /> la phUdng phap each mang duy nhat dUdc va khuyen khich nhiing ngUdi duqc goi Id<br /> cho la dung d i n de chong lai de quoc, chong thUOng lUu trt thdc de gan hq vdo vdi bd<br /> lai chien tranh, giai phong loai ngUdi. Ngay may chinh quyen thudc dia cung nhu ve<br /> ca d ben Phap ... cdc ddng cdnh td, nhiing "nhiing bdn tay day sach se" thi Albert<br /> ngiidi cong sdn len dn 'chinh sdeh bdn xii" Sarraut lqi dd ra sdc cung cd', td chdc lqi<br /> (tdc chinh sdeh "hop tdc vdi ngiidi ban xd") nam ddm, tdc Id to chdc lqi cdc cO quan<br /> cua cdc chinh quyen" (18), con cac dang canh sat' (20). Chfnh quyen thuoc dia<br /> canh hQu chu trUdng giai quyet khung thang tay dan ap, khung bo'phong trao dau<br /> hoang bang tap trung quyen liic mot each tranh cua nhan dan ta, du dQdi sU lanh dao<br /> cUc doan vao nha nUdc. Vi the, chfnh sach cua Dang Cong san hay cua ba't cQ giai ca'p<br /> thuoc dia cung chiu anh hQdng tQ chfnh nao khac. Cudc Khdi nghia Yen Bai dudi sU<br /> qudc, vdi tat ca nhQng dien bien phQc tap lanh dao cua Viet Nam Qudc dan Dang da<br /> cua nd. bi dim trong mau. Phong trao each mang<br /> 6 thuoc dia Dong DQdng, nam 1931, 1930-1931 ma cao trao la Xd viet Nghe<br /> trong cuo'n Vinh Nhuc thuoc dia Tinh dudi sU lanh dao cua Dang Cong san<br /> (Grandeur et Servitude coloniale), Albert Ddng DUdng da gay ra mot cu sdc ldn cho<br /> Sarraut cdn nhac tdi chfnh sach "hop tdc" bo may chfnh quyen thudc dia. Lieu phap<br /> NhUng chfnh sach "hop tdc", dUdc phd ra "hop tdc" thoi khong cdn phu hdp vdi chfnh<br /> bang chu nghia "Phdp Viet de hue" da bi sach thuoc dia nQa va tren thUc te, ta't ca<br /> nhQng ngQdi each mang D6ng DQdng len cac cdng cu "chuyen chinh" cua bd may<br /> an quye't liet vi tren thiic te no dung chi la chfnh quyen thUc dan va phong kien da<br /> "cdi meo" cua chu nghia thiic dan diia vao dUdc ca Pierre Pasquier va Ren6 Robin huy<br /> ngUdi ban xQ de khai thac thudc dia theo ddng de "de bep" phong trao cdng san nay.<br /> each noi cua nha sQ hoc Phap Charles Charles Robert Ageron viet: "Sau khdi<br /> Fourniau (19). Moi niem tin ngay thd vao nghia Yen Bdi vd cdc cudc khdi nghia cdng<br /> chu nghia cai lUdng, vao nhQng "cdi cdch" sdn d Bac Trung Ky, thdi gian dd thay ddi.<br /> da trd nen loi thdi, bdi thiic te each mang Dd Id thdi diem, nhu Sarraut thiia nhdn,<br /> cho hay de cd the gianh dUdc nhQng quyen ddi lqi nhiing cu sdc cua tU tudng khai hda<br /> tU do dan chu, du la tdi thieu nhat cung (civilisation), la thdi diem phan cdng cua<br /> khong the bang bien phap thda thuan va nhiing ndng lUc ma nd dd ddnh thdc ddy"<br /> rang doc lap dan toe chi co the cd dUdc bang va ... triidc nhiing dot sdng ddi lqi do d<br /> bao liic each mang ma thoi. Hdn nQa, theo thudc dia, trUdc nhiing hoat ddng mang<br /> kinh nghiem cua nhQng nam 20, thi du tinh chdt the gidi cua Qudc te cdng sdn,<br /> ndng nhiet chao don va "thiic tdm" hanh xit nhdm "tieu diet cdc cUdng qudc chdu Au,<br /> theo phUdng cham "hop tdc", "de hue" thi lam rung chuyen vd hq guc nhiing cdt tru<br /> gidi "thUOng liiu, trt thiic" ban xQ cung da md cdu true cua phdn ldn cdc cUdng qudc<br /> bi gidi quan chQc va gi6i thuc dan d ca chau Au dUa vao" thi Albert Sarraut ddn<br /> chfnh qudc va thuoc dia nghi ngd, cam cdm lang trong sii bdo thu cua minh nhung<br /> a Rghien cum Lich sir. s6 3.2011<br /> <br /> da phdi thda nhdn rang thiic te lich sd dd do cua gidi thiic dan dd'i vdi chinh sach "hqp<br /> vucft qua tu tudng "hqp tdc'' (21). tdc" nhri the nao. Thang 10-1928, Varenne<br /> Dominique Borne va Henri Dubief cung rdi Dong Diidng de cho Pierre Pasquier<br /> viet na na nhu" vay, rang: "Tit 1927, Viet mdt ciiu hoc sinh Triidng thuoc dja, da trai<br /> Nam Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng theo md qua 30 nam d Dong Diidng vdi nhiing chiic<br /> hinh Trung hoa Qudc ddn ddng, mdt ddng vu t i i nhd den ldn, ciing da tiing tap sii<br /> theo chu nghia qudc gia quyet liet duqc chiic vu toan quyen (tii 4-10-1926 den 16-5-<br /> thanh lap, vdi muc dich budc ngUdi Phdp 1927), chinh thuc diidc bd nhiem toan<br /> phdi ra di ngay lap tdc. Thdng 2-1930, cudc quyen vao 23-8-1928. Pierre Pasquier giQ<br /> khdi nghia Yen Bdi no' ra... Rdi cudc khung chQc vu nay cho mai den khi bi chet trong<br /> hodng kinh te lam trdm trong them nhiing mot vu tai nan may bay vao thang 1-1934,<br /> khd khan cua ddi sdng hdng ngdy vd gdy ra tQc la gan het thdi ky khung hoang. Trong<br /> nhiing cudc bai cdng, nhiing cudc ndi day lich sQ thudc dia, day la vien toan quyen<br /> trong nam 1930. Bdng cdng sdn Bdng DU- giQ chQc vu nay lau nha't so vdi nhQng toan<br /> cfng duqc lap ra vdo thdng 2 - 1930... Thdng quyen khac. Dieu nay mot phan la do gidi<br /> 9 1930, nhiing Xd viet da duqc lap ra d thiidng liiu ban xQ yeu cau keo dai nhiem<br /> Nghe Tinh... Su dan dp ddnh vdo tdt cd ky toan quyen neu khong diidc ca ddi thi it<br /> khdng phdn biet cdc ddng vien Viet Nam nha't cung la 10 nam, phan khac theo cac<br /> Qudc ddn ddng hay ddng vien cua Bdng tac gia thi lai la do: "... tdi ndng Idm an<br /> cdng sdn Viet Nam... Tii 1930, chinh quyen long nhiing ngUdi ban xii bdng nhiing cai<br /> thudc dia da tien hdnh mdt thi nghiem cdch khiem ton vd sdn sdng ddn dp tan bao<br /> mang tinh quyet dinh khdng thdng nhdt vdi nhu nhiing vien todn quyen phdn ddng<br /> nhiing cdi cdch ddi vdi gidi thuqng luu hien nhdt dot vdi phong trao qudc gia" (24) cua<br /> tai, ngUdi ta bat budc phdi dot ddu mdt Pierre Pasquier va noi each khac nhu"<br /> cdch quyet liet " (22). Joseph Buttinger thi:<br /> Con ve phia gi^'' thiic dan thuoc dja, "Ong ta biet rd ngUdi Viet Nam hon bdt<br /> Philippe Franchini viet: "Nd (gidi thUc ky mdt ngudi tien nhiem ndo khdc, vdi ddn<br /> ddn thudc dia) ludn ddi hoi cung mdt tU t- Viet Nam, nhii dng ta ndi, khdng the gidi<br /> udng ve sU vuqt trdi ve van minh va ky quyet van de neu diing vu lUc... The nhung,<br /> thudt vd dUa vdo ciing mdt dUdng ldi chinh dudi thai Pasquier, so ngUdi Viet Nam bi<br /> tri cua mdt nen cai tri triic tiep, loai bo tdt hanh quyet cao gdp 10 ldn so vdi nhiem ky<br /> cd moi sii "hqp tdc" thiic sii vd mong mudn cua cdc vien toan quyen khdc" (25).<br /> mdt sU thinh vUqng mdi vd mdt sii bdo dam Dieu do cd nghia la tQ khi len nam<br /> cho mdt quyen luc tuyet dd'i, khdng chia se, chinh quyen, de giai quye't hai van de nong<br /> con nhiing ngUdi bdn xd thi bi gidm thieu d bdng la khung hoang kinh te va "khung<br /> chd im lang tdc Id mdt thdi dd phuc tiing" hodng thudc dia", Pierre Pasquier da thay<br /> (23). ddi chinh sach thuoc dja d Dong DQdng ndi<br /> Trong nhiing nam 20, Maurice Long va chung. Nam 1934, Pierre Pasquier chet,<br /> Alexandre Varenne bi trieu hoi ve Phap la Rend Robin nguyen Thd'ng sQ Bac Ky len<br /> do nhiing vien toan quyen nay da bi gidi thay thdi khdng cdn mi dan nQa ma da cai<br /> thiic dan len an la da "hqp tdc" qua "thdnh tri xQ nay theo each ndi cung cQa Joseph<br /> thiic" vdi ngiidi ban „Q la mot vi du ve thai Buttinger la bang "nhiing ban tay sat vd<br /> Chfnh saeh thuoc dia ciia 9<br /> <br /> thtfc hdnh mot che do hodn todn phi ttf do'' ciidng liic liidng quan doi, canh sat thuoc<br /> (26). dia cung vdi sii "cdng tdc" dac lQc cua bo<br /> Mot hoc gia nii6c ngoai nhan xet la: "Stf may chfnh quyen phong kien cac cap... Moi<br /> xud't hien nhtfng roi loan (tdc phong trao quyen tQ do dan chu da bi bop nghet trong<br /> cdch mang) d Viet Nam ttf 1929 gdy ra stf nhQng nam dau thap niem 30. Patrice<br /> ddo ldn trong chien Itfpc thudc dia, tiem Morlat n h i n xet:<br /> tdng td luc ra di cua Varenne" (27). "That thii vi khi chu thich rang chinh<br /> Tom lai, triidc tinh trang rdi loan sach cua Alexandre Varenne md ra cho<br /> nghiem trong ca ve kinh te, chfnh tri, xa ngudi bdn xd vdo khung cua bd may hanh<br /> hoi d chfnh qudc, "trong mpi stf Itfa chpn, chinh tuong dng vdi dinh cao cua viec ddu<br /> Paris quye't dinh th if chdt mdi quan he vdi tU vd'n tU nhdn [trong nhQng nam 20<br /> thudc dia xa xdi d Vien Ddng" (28), mong TTT]. Ciing nhu vdy, giai doan tiep theo<br /> diia vao thudc dia de giai quyet nhiing khd cua Pierre Pasquier vd Rene Robin dupe<br /> khan cua minh. Tuy nhien, chfnh sach "help minh hoa bang mdt chinh sach dan dp<br /> tac vdi ngiidi ban xii" diidc thiic hien triidc manh va dat vdo tinh trang ngdi ngu<br /> day nay khong cdn tru viing diidc nQa. Mot nhtfng cdi cdch mang tinh chdt ddng hda,<br /> chinh sach thuoc dia khong hoan toan khac tuong dng vdi stf tang len cua khung hodng<br /> nhiing cung khong cdn giohg nhu' chfnh the gidi tai cdc thudc dia" (29).<br /> sach "hdp tac" da diidc Pierre Pasquier diia Thay cho viec chi dQa vao "gidi thUOng<br /> ra thiic hien. Chfnh sach thuoc dia lan nay luu tri thdc" trong chfnh sach "hop tdc" cua<br /> mang dac tfnh "Pierre Pasquier", rdi "Rene Albert Sarraut triidc day, Pierre Pasquier<br /> Robin" la mot chfnh sach ciidng quyen, tQc chu triidng dQa vao tat ca, tQ tang Idp<br /> la tang ciidng quyen lQc va sQ dung vu lQc thQdng lQu tdi tang Idp trung liiu, tdi cac<br /> la chfnh de dan ap phong trao each mang quan lai va chfnh phu Nam trieu de quay<br /> cua nhan dan ta, on dinh che do thudc dia trd lai vdi che do bao hd, "dung ngtfbi Viet<br /> va giup Phap thoat ra khdi khung hoang. tri ngtfbi Viet' va "Viet Nam hda" phQdng<br /> Dieu do co nghia la chinh sach "hop tdc" da thQc dan ap phong trao each mang va viidt<br /> bi bd qua, mac du Phap chu triidng quay qua khung hoang. Joseph Buttinger ndi<br /> trd lai vdi che do bao ho. "Hdp tac", "cong rang: "Viec tdm lupc lich sd chinh sdeh<br /> tac" gid trd thanh nguyen vong cua chfnh thupc dia d Viet Nam trong khodng thdi<br /> gidi thQdng liiu ban xQ hdn la diidc ndi ra gian ttf 1920 den 1940 da len dn cdi gpi Id<br /> tQ mieng cua cac nha thQc dan nhu" triidc Chinh sach hop tdc" (30).<br /> day. Thay cho "hqp tdc" theo tinh than ma Vien toan quyen nay da chuan bi kha<br /> Albert Sarraut gan cho no, gid Pierre cong phu, ky liidng cho sQ nham chQc cua<br /> Pasquier noi tdi "cdng tdc", "hqp tdc", minh. Rdi khi chinh thQc nam quyen, ket<br /> nhiing khong vdi nguyen nghia cua tQ nay. hdp vdi viec dung vu lQc, Pierre Pasquier<br /> NhQng bien phap cai each mi dan da diidc trie'n khai nhieu bien phap, diidc goi la "cdi<br /> ket hdp ngay cang tang vdi nhQng cuoc cdch" tQ the che chfnh tri cho deh bo may<br /> hanh quan dan ap dam mau, rdi co luc bi chfnh quyen, den cac linh vQc van hoa - xa<br /> thay the hoan toan bang nhQng dui cui cua hqi. Tuy nhien, ket hdp vdi nhQng chfnh<br /> canh sat, sung ong cua quan doi, sQ giam sach khai thac thuoc dia diidc ban hanh tQ<br /> sat cua cd quan ar ninh, bang viec tang chfnh quoc, chfnh sach thuoc dia cua Pierre<br /> 10 Rghien ciiu Lich sir, so" 3.2011<br /> <br /> Pasquier da lam cho tinh trang khung "Chu quyen cua ntfdc Phdp Id khdng the<br /> hoang cua nen kinh te Viet Nam them choi cai va khdng the ban cdi.<br /> nang ne, ddi song cua nhan dan Viet Nam ... Dtfdi stf bdo hq cua ntfdc Phdp, Ddng<br /> dieu diing. Dieu do da lam cho phong trao Dtfcfng dtfpc td chtfc thdnh "lien bang" vdi<br /> dau tranh cua nhan dan Viet Nam them stf "lien hiep' ve Nhd ntfdc trong Ddng<br /> manh me, quyet liet. Roi phong trao do da Dtfcfng hien tai.<br /> bi Pierre Pasquier dan ap dam mau, dan di<br /> "Duy tri cdc bd phdn chinh tri, hdnh<br /> xuong thoai trao trong nhiing nam 1932-<br /> chinh vd ddn tdc cua Ddng Dtfcfng vd lam<br /> 1935. Tuy nhien, "Hdu qua cua khung<br /> cho cdc bd phdn dd ciing tien trien nhtfng<br /> hodng that Id ldn bdi ngtfbi ta thdy d ddy<br /> khdng phdi Id ngang bang nhau.<br /> nhtfng cdi re cua nhiing khd khdn trong<br /> ttfdng lai, lien quan den nhiing khd khdn dd ... Ttf dd, ddn deh stf da dang trong<br /> se tqo thdnh cd sd ve kinh te vd xd hdi cho phtfetng phdp dieu khien, vdi sii men deo vi<br /> yeu sdeh ve ddn tdc" (31). Do la sii phat trien hdnh chinh, se Id triic tiep vdi xd nay vd<br /> cua phong trao da'u rranh gianh doc l&p dan "Bdo hd" ddi vdi cdc xtf khdc.<br /> toe cua nhan dan ta trong giai doan nay ... De cho mdi xtf cua Ddng Dtfong cd mdt<br /> ciing nhii cl nhiing giai doan tiep theo dan the che cd nhdn ve chinh tri vd hdnh chinh.<br /> tdi cuoc Cach mang thang Tam vi dai. Ttf dd, ndy sinh stf cdn thiet phdi phi tap<br /> 3. Chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua trung hda, sd dung phiidng phdp mdt cdch<br /> Pierre Pasquier thich hop theo tiing xd va khdng dp dung<br /> a. "Chinh sdeh 19 diem" cung nhtfng quy dinh ddi vdi nhiing don vi<br /> khdc nhau, nhii mdt xd thudc dia Id Nam<br /> Chinh sach thuoc dia hay con goi la<br /> Ky, mdt xd bdo hd rdng rai Id Bac Ky...<br /> "Chtfcfng trinh cdi cdch" cua Pierre<br /> nhiing lqi cung nam trong mdt don vi lien<br /> Pasquier diidc manh nha ngay t i i khi ong<br /> bang vikinh tevd tdi chinh...<br /> nay con chiia chinh thiic trd thanh toan<br /> quyen Dong Diidng. Nam 1926, khi "Tqo ra mdt thtf "cdng ddn lien bang<br /> Varenne bi goi ve niidc, Pierre Pasquier Ddng Dtfcfng" (cytoyen federal indochinois)<br /> diidc trao toan quyen cho den thang 5- cho tdt ca moi ngtfbi Ddng Dtfong, trong khi<br /> 1927. Thang 6-1927, Pierre Pasquier ve nhiing ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng nay vdn phai gid<br /> Phap girl chiic Giam doc cd quan Dai dien lqi ttf cdch phdp nhdn rieng cua minh, theo<br /> kinh te Dong Diidng d Paris. Trong thdi cdc cap do khdc nhau, la cdng ddn cua xd<br /> gian d Phap, Pierre Pasquier khdi thao mot ndy hay xtf khdc, thdm chi cd theo ddn tdc<br /> chinh sach mang ten "Chinh sach 19 diem cua minh (cdng ddn Viet, Cambodge, Lao,<br /> md Todn quyen Ddng Dtfcfng cdn theo dudi" Thd, Mtfcfng, Moi...)<br /> (32) va de trinh len Bo Thuoc dia vao thang ... Bang stf tham gia cua cdng ddn bdn<br /> 3-1928 vdi muc dich ro rang la "stia ddi" lai xd vdo viec diiu hdnh cdc van di cua mdi<br /> chinh sach cua cac vien toan quyen tien nhdm ngiidi Ddng Dtfcfng - stf tham gia ddn<br /> nhiem, bi cho la "qua rdng rai" vdi ngiidi ddn vd ngdy cang dtfdc md rdng se tien tdi<br /> "bdn xu?' mot stf hqp tdc, cdng tdc hieu qua giQa<br /> Ndi dung cua "Chinh sach 19 diem...' ngiidi Phdp vd ngtfbi ban xtf vi lqi ich<br /> cua Pierre Pasquier diidc tdm liidc lai la: chung cua Lien bang Dong Dtfong.<br /> Chfnh saeh ttiupc dia ciia. 11<br /> <br /> ... To chuc ra nhiing to chuc Phdp - ban Dong Diidng thi bi t r i theo nguon goc dia<br /> xu trong mdi xu cua Lien bang, trUdc khi phiidng va dan toe cua minh. Roi, bang viec<br /> thdnh lap "nghi vien Ddng DUdng" tiep tuc cho ngiidi Viet tham gia vao "dieu<br /> "Md rdng gido due, nhUng la mdt nen hdnh cdc vdn de cua mdi nhdm ngUdi Ddng<br /> gido due phii hop vdi nhu cdu cua ddn DUOng... ", Pierre Pasquier se trien khai<br /> Ddng DUdng, vd hudng tdi viec cai cdch ve viec phuc hoat lai trieu dinh phong kien va<br /> phong tuc vd tinh thdn... khdng dp dat bo may quan lai Nam trieu theo tinh than<br /> quyen lUc trong viec thay ddi phong tuc tap khoi phuc lai che do bao ho d Viet Nam.<br /> qudn cua ngUdi dan. Su thay ddi dy phdi Ve van hoa giao due, Pierre Pasquier<br /> dtfa vao nguyen vong cua hq... chii trUdng viec giao due chi la de cai each<br /> ... Phdt trien tdt ca cdc ngudn cua cai ve phong tuc va tinh than, chii khong phai<br /> cua xvt vdi viec ngudi ban xd phdi trd thanh la de nang cao dan trf, dao tao ra mot tang<br /> ngUdi tham dii khdng chi dudi hinh thdc Idp trf thiic "ban xtf" cdt de chdng lai chfnh<br /> lao ddng md ca dudi hinh thdc vdn. sach giao due "rdng rai" cua Varenne.<br /> "Bang viec thiic hien mdt chinh sdeh Ve xa hdi, bang viec tao ra mot thQ<br /> thUc/ng nghiep, ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep se "cdng dan lien bang Ddng Duong", Pierre<br /> cung cd' Tin dung Ddng Duong, dUa moi Pasquier mudn phan bo' lai ngudn nhan<br /> ngudi vao viec sii dung cdc phuong tien liic, md rong viec khai thac ve kinh te tren<br /> ngdn hdng, quen vdi cdc hinh thiic Cdng ty toan lanh thd, tao thuan ldi cho viec di<br /> khdc nhau, theo ludt thUOng mai vd ludt chuyen dan cii, tiic la tao thuan ldi cho cac<br /> ddn sii... chu ddn dien, cac cd sd kinh te trong viec<br /> ... Sd dung mdt cdch rieng re nhiing tuyen mo nhan cong. Sii map md nay cdn<br /> nhdn td dan tdc de dam bao viec cai tri ben tao ra tam ly diidc "binh dang" vdi cac cdng<br /> trong xd, tdc Id thiic hien chinh sach chung dan Phap d Ddng Diidng dd'i vdi nhQng<br /> tdc - stf cdn thiet mang tinh quyet dinh.... ngiidi cd nguyen vong dQdc nhap qudc tich<br /> Phap.<br /> Nhii vay, tinh than cua chinh sach nay<br /> la: Ve kinh te', Pierre Pasquier chu triidng<br /> Bang viec khang dinh chac chan chu md rdng khai thac thudc dia bang nhan tai,<br /> quyen cua ngUdi Phap d Dong Diidng, vat lQc cua ngiidi ban xQ cung nhii hien dai<br /> chinh sach nay nham ngan ngiia kha nang hoa nganh tai chfnh, ngan hang va cac<br /> doi doc lap cua dan Dong Diidng va mat nganh kinh te' khac.<br /> khac la tranh sii nhom ngo cua cac de quoc Theo da luan luc bay gid thi vi chfnh<br /> tai khu viic Thai Binh Diidng. sach nay dUdc soan thao bdi mdt con ngUdi<br /> Trong viec cai t r i Dong Diidng, khi tai cd day nhQng kinh nghiem sd'ng d Ddng<br /> khang dinh chfnh sach "chia de tri", Pierre DQdng nha Pierre Pasquier nen cd kha.<br /> Pasquier muon don diidng cho viec trd lai nang thac thi cao. Va cd le vi the, Pierre<br /> v6i Hiep vide 1884, bi bai bo bang Thoa vide Pasquier da nhanh chdng dUdc bd nhiem<br /> 6-11-1925. Theo do, Dong Diidng bi chia chQc Toan quyen.<br /> thanh cac xii, co the che chfnh tri khac Lien dd, de bat dau ap dung ngay chfnh<br /> nhau (hoae la triic tri, hoae la bao ho) va sach cua minh, Pierre Pasquier trinh len<br /> moi xii co mot "nghi vien" rieng, con dan Bd thudc dia mdt loat 7 sac lenh ve td chQc<br /> 12 Rghien eiiu Lich sir. s6 3.2011<br /> <br /> khai thac kinh te va td chvlc bo may chinh Ve chinh t r i : xay diing xa hoi dan sii,<br /> quyen d Dong Dvidng. Cac van ban nay da dao tao cac vien chiic co trinh do cao, md<br /> dQdc ban hanh vao ngay 4-11-1928, ngay rong quyen bau cQ nhiing khong d i n tdi<br /> khi Pierre Pasquier trd thanh Toan quyen dau phieu phd thdng de dat phong trao<br /> (33). Rdi vao dau nam 1930, vien toan cdng san va cac chien si cdng san ra ngoai<br /> quyen nay da ban hanh hang loat nhiing vdng phap lu&t d Nam Ky thudc dia theo<br /> nghi dinh khac chuan bi cho viec trien khai che do triic t r i va quay trd lai vdi che do<br /> cac "cdi cdch" cua minh tren cac Hnh viic "bdo hq chat che", xda bd Thda vide 6-11-<br /> kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hoi. 1925 d Bac Ky va Trung Ky.<br /> b. Tien t d i mot Chinh sach thuoc Ve bd may chinh quyen, do viec "cdi<br /> dia "mdi' - mot "Chuang trinh cdi cdch" cdch" chinh t r i cd noi dung tren nen viec<br /> "cdi tc?' diidc tien hanh theo hiidng: phuc<br /> Ve cd ban, "Chinh sdeh 19 diem... va<br /> hoat lai bd may quan lai ban xQ va diing<br /> nhiing sac lenh diidc ban hanh d tren da la<br /> d&y trieu dinh phong kien Nam trieu de trd<br /> cd sd de Pierre Pasquier va Rene Robin cai<br /> giiip chfnh phu thiic dan cai t r i thudc dia;<br /> tri Dong Dvidng vao dau nhQng nam 30.<br /> Tuy nhien, do diidc soan ra triidc khi cuoc tang ciidng bo may dan ap (liic liidng quan<br /> khung hoang "ddbd" vao Dong Dvidng, nhat ddi va liic liidng an ninh) cung nhii bd may<br /> la khi phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan tu" phap (khdi phuc luat tuc, gia tang he<br /> ta chiia d vao thdi diem quyet liet, nen thdng toa an, nha tu) de dan ap phong trao<br /> chinh sach nay chiia bao ham het diidc tinh cdng san va phong trao yeu niidc cua nhin<br /> hinh va chiia the hien het tinh "cap thiet" dan Viet Nam.<br /> cua viec "cdi cdch" hay la thay ddi chinh Ve van hda - xa. hdi: khdi phuc cac phong<br /> sach thuoc dia. Vi vay, no cdn tiep tuc diidc tuc, t i p quan cd truyen; "each mang" Nho<br /> Pierre Pasquier bd sung, hoan chinh de trd giao, "chdn hUng" Phat giao...<br /> thanh mot chinh sach "mdi", nhat la khi<br /> Khdng nhiing the, triidc cudc khung<br /> niidc Phap va Dong Dvidng vao sau hdn<br /> hoang chfnh tri sau rdng d thudc dia, Pierre<br /> trong khung hoang kinh te va khi phong<br /> Pasquier cdn dinh "dep loan tdn gdc" bang<br /> trao each mang ciia nhan dan Dong Diidng<br /> chu triidng xay diing cac cdng trinh thiiy<br /> da len den cao trao, tiic la liic:<br /> ndng, thiic day hoat ddng cua he thd'ng tin<br /> "Su khdn khd cda ddn chung; cdu true dung ndng phd', ngan hang..., quy dinh lai<br /> cua che dp quan lqi khdng dap Ung duqc cac hdp ddng linh canh rudng da't, giai<br /> nhiem vu cua nd [trong viec dan dp phong quye't van de quan he giQa tu ban va cdng<br /> 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> trao cdch mang - TTTJ; che do thue khoa vd nhan, xoa bd Tda kiem duyet bao chf toan<br /> cudc khung hodng kinh te the gidi..." (34) Ddng Dvidng...<br /> trd thanh nhiing van de cap bach can phai Hoc gia ngQdi Phap Patrice Morlat tdm<br /> ditdc giai quyet dd'i vdi chinh quyen thuoc gon chfnh sach chd'ng khung hoang kinh te'<br /> dia neu mudn cQu van tinh hinh. va khung hoang thudc dia cua Pierre<br /> Diidc hinh thanh trdng hoan canh nhii Pasquier bang mot menh de la:<br /> vay, chinh sach thuoc dia "mdi" cua Pierre ... Ban dp; cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng ldn<br /> Pasquier co nhiing noi dung sau: vd tang cUdng cung co cdc cdu true ciia che<br /> Chfnh saeh ttiuoc dja ciia. 13<br /> <br /> do quan lqi trd thdnh ba tru cot cua chinh nhiing nguyen nhan gay ra rdi loan... thoa<br /> sach thuoc dia mdi duqc chu trtfOng" (35). man dan chung Bdng Dtfong deldm mdt di<br /> Cung tac gia nay binh luan: nhtfng bdt on" va "xdc dinh nhiing dieu<br /> kien tdt nhdt de ndng dan cd dUdc sd huu<br /> "Cdc stf kien 1930-1931 cu the hoa moi<br /> rudng ddt vd giup hp bang mdt he thd'ng tin<br /> lien he giiia cdi cdch vd ddn dp vd stf thd'ng<br /> dung cho vay" (37).<br /> nhdt ndy khai thdng ra viec trd lai vdi che<br /> do bao hd chat che. Ban dp tii dd hudng tdi Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre<br /> viec ddt nhiing ngudi ddn bi do hd trong Pasquier diidc ghi ve Phap giQa luc phong<br /> khudn kho cua nhiing the che ngan ddi vd trao each mang d Viet Nam len tdi cao trao.<br /> cdi each la trd lqi vdi Nho gido" (36) Moi bien phap dan ap da diidc diia ra thQc<br /> hien theo dung tinh than cua chiidng trinh<br /> Vdi chfnh sach nay, Pierre Pasquier da<br /> nhan diidc sii ung ho nhiet liet cua ca. gidi nay.<br /> "thuqng luu tri thdc bdn xu" ciing nhu" cua Thang 5-1930, Hdi ddng Cao cap thudc<br /> cac quan chiic thuoc dia va chfnh phii dia lay lai gan nhii tat ca nhQng diidng ld'i<br /> chfnh quoc. Ve phia cac quan chdc thuoc ldn cua Pierre Pasquier: ddng y diia Bao<br /> dja, ngiidi ung ho nhiet liet nhat va trung Dai ve niidc de thQc hien ngay nhQng "cdi<br /> thanh nhat doi vdi chfnh sach cua Pierre cdch" ve chfnh tri; chap nhan chu triidng<br /> Pasquier la Rene Robin - Thong sii Bac Ky "cdi cdch Nho gido" va dung Nho giao de<br /> va sau ke nhiem Pierre Pasquier la Toan quan ly ca quan lai ban xQ va vien chQc<br /> quyen Dong Diidng. ngiidi Phap.<br /> Doi vdi gidi "thuqng luu tri thdc' va bon Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" cua Pierre<br /> quan lai, chiic dich "bdn xd" thi day diing Pasquier cdn diidc Nghi vien Phap ban tdi<br /> la mot dip "chet dudi vd duqc cqc'', bdi neu vao thang 6-1930 vdi muc dfch tim d dd giai<br /> ca che do thiic dan va che do phong kien phap cho "rdi loan" d Ddng DQdng. Tai day,<br /> cung bi sup do trii6c chu nghia cong san, phai ta va phai hQu chd'ng nhau tren chfnh<br /> chiing se mat moi cho diia. Vi the, chiing da sach thudc dja. Hai khai niem "ddng hda"<br /> day len ca mot phong trao xin vdi chinh va "bdo hd" gay ra sQ ddi lap giQa mdt ben<br /> phu thiic dan quay trd lai vdi che do "bdo la nhQng ngQdi cap tien va nhQng ngiidi xa<br /> hd chat che" va thiic hien mot chfnh the hdi va mdt ben la nhQng ngQdi phai hQu,<br /> quan chu lap hien. Mat khac, "con bdo phai trung. Moutet, thudc phai ta, phan dd'i<br /> hodng hcfn cd nhd vua", bon nay nan ni chfnh sach dan ap d Ddng Diidng, yeu cau<br /> chinh quyen thiic dan "cdng ran" hdn vdi xet den nhQng "nguyen vong sdu xa cua<br /> phong trao cdng san. ddn chung thudc dia" va ddng y tien hanh<br /> Chiidng trinh "cdi cdch" diia tren "ba tru nhQng cdng trinh ldn de "lam tieu tan stf<br /> cdt' ciia Pierre Pasquier cung nhan diidc sii khdn khd cua ddn chung - nguyen nhdn cua<br /> ddng tinh ciia chfnh phu chfnh qudc tren rdi loan" Trai lai, Outrey va Taitinger<br /> cac diem: ddng y cho chfnh phii thudc dja thudc phai hQu, benh vQc hanh ddng dan<br /> dUdc "cdi cdch" ve chinh t r i , quay lai vdi ap cua chfnh phu Ddng Diidng va gan<br /> che' do "bdo hp chat che"; "tiep tuc cdng ran nguyen nhan "rdi loan" d Ddng Diidng cho<br /> vdi phong trao cdng sdn md khdng tii bd Moscou. Cudi cung, Pietri-Bd triidng thudc<br /> chu nghia ttf do"; thiic hien cac cdng trinh dia diia ra luan diem chfnh thQc cua chfnh<br /> ldn de "tranh mat miia", "tdn cdng vdo phu Phap trong bien phap giai quye't<br /> 14 Rghien curu Lich sir, so 3.2011<br /> <br /> khung hoang thuoc dja la: "viec ddn dp la Thang 11-1930, Pierre Pasquier ve Phap<br /> cdn thiet, nhung chi la mat trdi cua hdnh de trinh Bo thuoc dja chiidng trinh "cdi<br /> ddng thuoc dia, Phdp phdi thay dd'i nhung cdch" cua minh. Ngay 3-12-1930, Hpi nghi<br /> nguyen tdc ve khai hda vdn minh", tdc la Cao cap thuoc dia cho lap ra mot tieu ban,<br /> phai tinh den yeu to've phong tuc va chung gdm toan la cac ciiu toan quyen Dong<br /> toe (38). Vien bo truing nay cung phan doi Diidng: Doumer, Perrier, Sarraut, Fabruy,<br /> viec dan ap va viec bien chii nghia cong san Lamoureux, Varenne va Klobukowski de<br /> thanh cai "bung xung" cua khung hoang xem xet viec "cdi cdch"<br /> lam cho chinh quyen thuoc dia phai tang Ngay 23-3-1931, khi thay da den liic<br /> cvidng liic liidng quan doi va bo may chinh phai day nhanh "cdi cdch", Pierre Pasquier<br /> quyen (39). The nhiing, tieng noi cua nghi gin cho Bo thuoc dja mdt "ChUdng trinh cdi<br /> vien chang co y nghia gi vi phai hiiu dang cdch day du." (42), vdi ly do diidc bao bien<br /> nam chinh quyen d Phap. Mot Uy ban dieu la:<br /> tra thuoc dja do nghi vien cd ra da bi chinh ... Neu chi han che d dan dp thdi thi<br /> quo'c dep bo lam cho van de "rdi loan" b ntfdc Phdp da phdn bdi lqi sit menh khai<br /> thuoc dia chi con diidc giai quyet bang dan hda ciia nd" va: "Ddng DUdng phdi chiu mdt<br /> ap la chinh. Pietri diia ra 6 diem de "cai cudc khung hodng cua tang trtfdng. Stf phdt<br /> thien tinh hinh" nhiing lai chi nhiing diem trien ve vdt chdt dUdc khang dinh nhanh<br /> lien quan den cung co' tinh hieu qua. cua bo chdng trong khi nhiing thiet che lqi chi tien<br /> may chinh quyen thuoc dja la: trien mdt cdch chdm chap. Ldi Id d chd mdt<br /> "Ddm bdo viec tiep xuc chat che giiia tdng Idp thiidng liiu han che mudn cd diidc<br /> chinh quyen thudc dia vdi ngtfbi ban xd; ttf do ve chinh tri trong khi ddn chung thi<br /> Nghiem tri nhtfng qua lam cua vien chdc lqi vdn cdn rat lac hdu... Mdt chinh sach<br /> ban xd; Phdt trien cd quan an ninh Trung mang tinh chdt phUdng phdp thi phdi xda<br /> Ky; Yeu cdu Thdng ddc, Khdm sd, Thd'ng stf bd nguyen nhdn cua nhtfng bdt binh" (43).<br /> kiem soat chat hdn ddi vdi cdc tinh; Budc "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" nay mac du<br /> chinh quyen qudn sU va chinh quyen ddn diidc tuyen bo' la khdng gan vdi nhiing "rdi<br /> sU phdi lien he vdi nhau mdt cdch chat che loan", thiic ra lai la nhiing bien phap nham<br /> hdn trong viec kiem soat ddi vdi viec budn vao cai goi la "dn dinh trat tU xa hdi thudc<br /> lau vu khi va moi ddng tinh cua nhiing dia" bang nhiing bien phap nhii Pierre<br /> ngUdi cdm ddu cdng sdn..." (40). Pasquier torn tat lai la:<br /> Sii bat liic cua Nghi vien Phap da tao "To chdc chinh hdnh ddng cua chinh<br /> dieu kien de cho Pierre Pasquier diidc rong phu d Ddng DUdng dieu kien tien quyet<br /> diidng thiic hien cai goi la "chien lUdc thudc cho tdt cd moi viec thUc hien kien quye't vd<br /> dia mdi" cua minh theo y cua phai hdu. cd ket; tiep theo la dap dng nhiing yeu sach<br /> Thang 9-1930, Pierre Pasquier tuyen bo' thudn tuy ve chinh tri cd the cd; cdi cdch ve<br /> chinh thiic "cdi cdch" theo "ba tru cdt" diidc kinh te va xa hqi, cd the dam bao cho Dong<br /> neu ra b tren. d Nam Ky, mot Hoi dong cai Diidng mdt sU dn dinh Idu ddi" (44).<br /> each diidc to chiic ngay vdi thanh phan gom The rdi "ChUdng trinh cdi cdch" cua<br /> toan la cac "thUdng Itfu tri thdc" thuoc dang Pierre Pasquier da diidc thiic hien theo<br /> L i p hien ciia Bui Quang Chieu (41). hiidng diidc phai hiiu ben chinh qudc iing<br /> Chfnh sach thuoc dia cua. 15<br /> <br /> ho la tang ciidng dan ap phong trao each su" va cho phep chfnh phii Dong Dvidng bao<br /> mang, dung ban tay Bao Dai va bo may lanh cho nhiing khoan vay ngan han cua<br /> quan lai Nam trieu de "dep" phong trao cac nong gia dien chu v6i miic toi da la 100<br /> cong san va tien hanh nhiing "cdi cdch" trieu francs, trong do, 90 trieu de cho cac<br /> tren moi phvfdng dien de "xda bd nhdng nha trong trot vay va 80 trieu de bii gia cao<br /> nguyen nhdn cua rdi loan" va khac phuc su (45). (Thang 6-1932, mot Quy bao trd<br /> khung hoang. nong gia da diidc thanh lap d Ha Noi de<br /> Sau chuyen cong du cua Bo trvidng thuoc lam trung gian thiic hien khoan vay nay).<br /> dia Paul Reynaud, vao thang 11-1931, viec Ngay 16-8-1932, chfnh phu Phap diia<br /> "cai cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier diidc trien Bao Dai xuo'ng tau ve niidc, ngay 8-9-1932,<br /> khai mot each khan triidng hdn, v6i sii ho vi vua tre ve den Hue de giup chinh phu<br /> trd cua chinh quo'c. Ngay 8-4-1932, chinh thuoc dja trien khai chiidng trinh "cdi<br /> phu Phap ra dao luat cho Dong Diidng vay cdch" cua Pierre Pasquier tren cac linh viic<br /> 250 trieu de "khuyen khich va tang ciidng ma triidc het la nhiing "cdi cdch" ve chfnh<br /> ddu tii cua chinh qudc vao Ddng Diicfng, tri va bo may chfnh quyen thuoc dia nhu se 1<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> dac biet trong llnh viic ndng nghiep va cao diidc chung toi trinh bay d bai viet khac.<br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> (1). Henry Claude: Cuoc khung hodng kinh te (8). Jean Charles Asselin, sdd, tr. 40.<br /> den The gidi chien tranh thd hai. Huy Van dich, (9). Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief: Sdd, tr.<br /> Nha Dai hoc vu xuat bain, 1951, tr. 5 104.<br /> (2). Dominique Borne, Henry Dubief: La crise (10). Dan theo Philippe Franchini: Sdi Gdn<br /> des annees 30 1929-1938, Nouvelle Histoire de la 1925-1945 de la "belle colonie" a I'eclosion<br /> France comtemporaine, Paris 1972, tr. 12. revolutionaire ou la fin des Dieux blancs, Paris,<br /> (3). Nguyln Anh Thai: Lich sii the gidi hien dqi, 1992, tr. 68.<br /> tU 1917 den 1945, Tap 1, Dai hoc Su pham, Ha (11). Din theo Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief,<br /> Noi, 1995, tr. 117. Sdd, tr. 61.<br /> (4). Jean Charles Asselin: Histoire economique (12). Charles Robert Ageron: Franoe coloniale<br /> de la France du XVIII e siecle a nos jours. 2. De ou Parti colonial? Presse universitaire de Franoe,<br /> 1919 a la fin des annees 1970, Paris, 1984, tr. 44. Paris, 1978, tr. 253.<br /> (5). Jean Charles Asselin, sdd, tr. 44. (13). Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr. 254.<br /> (6). Hoc thuyet kinh te ciia Johnl Keynes: Ly (14). Trong sd' dd phai ke den cac cdng trinh<br /> thuyet chung ve viec lam, lqi ich vd tien te la ly ciia: Yves Henri: Economie agricole de I'Indochine,<br /> thuyet ve sU can thiep cua nha nUdc vao nen kinh 1931; Delamarre: L'Emigration et Vimigration<br /> te, vdi nhQng bien phap ve kinh te tai chinh ouvriere en Indochine, 1931; Goudal: Probleme du<br /> nham tang td'ng cau xa hdi de kich thich san xuat travail en Indochine, 1931); Paul Bernard: Le<br /> va o'n dinh nen kinh te. Xem Dqi tii dien kinh te Probleme economique indochinois, 1934; Andrd<br /> thi triidng, Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 167-168. Dumarest: La Formation des classes sociales en<br /> (7). Xem Thuyet gia tri cua Malthus trong Dqi pays annamites, 1935; Pierre Gourou: Les Paysans<br /> Tii dien kinh tethi triidng, Ha Ndi, 1998, tr. 159. du Delta tonkinois, 1936; Paul Bernard: Nouveaux<br /> 16 Rghien cum Lich stf. so" 3.2011<br /> <br /> aspectes du probleme economique de I'lndochine, (32). Extrem Asie Revue indochinoise<br /> 1937... illustree, 1929.<br /> (15), (16). Xem Ta Thi Thiiy (chii bien): Lich sit (33). Cac Sac lenh ve: Thanh l&p Hoi dong ldi<br /> Viet Nam. Tap VIII (1919-1930), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa ich kinh te - tai chinh cac xfl; thanh lap Dai hdi<br /> hoi, Ha Noi, 2007. dong ldi ich kinh te tai chinh Dong DUdng; Che<br /> (17). Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr. 231. do nhUdng dat khan hoang 6 Dong DUdng; Cai to'<br /> Hoi dong chinh phu. Ddng Dudng; ChUc nang ciia<br /> (18). Philippe Franchini: Les guerres<br /> Td'ng ThU ky Ddng DUdng. Xem Ta Thi Thuy (chii<br /> d'Indochine, Paris, 1988, tr. 138.<br /> bien), sdd.<br /> (19). Ta Thi Thiiy (chu bien): Lich sii Viet Nam<br /> (34). Patrice Morlat: Pouvoir et Repression au<br /> Tap VIII (1919-1930), sdd, tr. 46.<br /> Viet Nam durant la periode coloniale 1911-1940,<br /> (20). Philippe Franchini: Sdi Gon 1925-1945 de These de Doctorat 3e cycle, University Paris VII,<br /> la "belle cononie' a I'eclosion revolutionnaire ou la1985, tr 366<br /> fin des Dieux blancs, Paris, 1992, tr. 61.<br /> (35), (36), (37). Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr. 366,<br /> (21). Charles Robert Ageron, sdd, tr. 231. 649, 366.<br /> (22). Dominique Borne, Henri Dubief, sdd, tr. (38). Discour de Pietri a la Chambre 6-6-1930,<br /> 69. din theo Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr. 382.<br /> (23). Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr. 66. (39), (40). Din theo Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr. 381<br /> (24), (25), (26). Joseph Buttinger: Viet Nam a (40). Din theo Patrice Morlat, Sdd, tr. 381.<br /> Dragon embattled. Tom 1: From colonialism to the<br /> (41). IIA 45/221 (3) Goucoch: Ddn lao khd<br /> Viet Minh, London, Paul Mall, 1967, tr. 101, 102,<br /> (Travailleurs) cua Dang cong sdn (vung Hau<br /> 101.<br /> Giang) so 8 ngay 14-9-1930.<br /> (27). Patrice Morlat: Pouvoir et Repression au<br /> (42). II A 45/326 Un Programme de reforme en<br /> Viet Nam durant la periode coloniale 1911-1940,<br /> Indochine par Gouverneur General Pierre<br /> These de Doctorat 3e cycle, University Paris VII,<br /> Pasquier (3-1931).<br /> 1985, tr. 366.<br /> (43). II A 45/326.<br /> (28). Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr. 68.<br /> (44). II A 45/326.<br /> (29). Patrice Morlat, sdd, tr. 621.<br /> (45). Duong Trung Qudc: Viet Nam nhiing sd<br /> (30). Joseph Buttinger, sdd, tr. 102.<br /> kien lich su! (1919-1945), Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi,<br /> (31). Philippe Franchini, sdd, tr. 137. 2000, tr. 212.<br />