Con đường thiên lý

CON OI/dNG THIEN LY<br /> <br /> NGUYfiN THANH LOT<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> D Udng Thien ly ban d i u la eon dUdng<br /> quan lp, dUdng cai quan, dUdng<br /> thien ly, dudng Thupc dia so' 1 cho den nay<br /> den cung khae, cac nha tram dUdc thiet lap<br /> de lam ndi van chuyen van thU, cdng hda<br /> cua trieu dinh den cac dia phUdng trong ea<br /> la Qud'e lp 1, da la mot chang dudng dai nUdc, Day edn la ndi nghi chan eiia eae<br /> trong lich sii giao thdng van tai cua nUde quan lai trieu dinh tren dUdng cdng can,<br /> Vipt. Nhin len ban dd d i t nUdc, dUdng thien Cac tram dat each nhau khoang 15-20km,<br /> ly la huyet mach giao thdng ket nd'i tU HUu diing diu moi tram Id mpt tram trUdng chi<br /> Nghi quan eho den cUe Nam ciia To quo'c. huy mpt sd phu tram chay cdng van, gia'y<br /> Dudng thien ly xUa - Qudc lp lA nay nhU la td, Cong van dUde dUng trong dng tre, dUdc<br /> ehUng nhan ciia lich sii, nd khing dinh xu chuyen di bing chay bp, ngUa, thuyen, Tren<br /> the phat trien t i t yeu ve kinh te- xa hpi cua cac dudng giao thdng chinh deu cd eae nha<br /> d i t nUdc dang trong giai doan hpi nhap. tram va cac u dd't cim bien gd de chi<br /> Con dudng huyet mach nay can cd sU diu phUdng hudng.<br /> tu dung mUc de bao dam "mach mau" ciia<br /> Den ddi Ho Quy Ly (1400-1407), vdi<br /> da't nUde ludn dUdc thdng suot, de xUng<br /> nhiing cai each trong cdng tac quan ly dat<br /> danh la "eon dUdng ngan dam".<br /> nUde, trong dd chii y md rpng dudng cai<br /> Thdfi p h o n g k i e n quan (quan lp, dudng thien ly), de tien viee<br /> giao thdng va lien lac. Nam 1402, dUdng<br /> vao thdi Bic thupc, it nha't tU the ky I, d<br /> thien ly nd'i tiep tU Hoan Chau (1) den Hoa<br /> nUde ta, bpn cai tri da dat he thd'ng tram<br /> Chau (Hue).<br /> dich thong tin tUng chang tU Dai La ve den<br /> kinh dd Trung Hoa, Day ciing la doan Sau chien t h i n g Tra Ban ciia vua Le<br /> dudng d i u cua con dUdng thien ly dUdc md Thanh Tdng vao nam 1471, dao thUa tuyen<br /> rpng ve sau b i t diu tU vua Ly Thai Td, thU 13 cua quo'c gia Dai Viet dUdc thanh<br /> lap, dao thUa tuyen Quang Nam (2). Nha<br /> Dudi thdi Ly Thai Tdng (1028-1054),<br /> vua da cho to' chUc lai he thd'ng giao thdng<br /> dudng quan 16 da dUdc chia ra tUng cung,<br /> lien lac thdng sud't tU Thang Long cho den<br /> dat nha tram de chay giiy td cdng van, Moi<br /> phii Hoai Nhdn (Binh Dinh) bing dudng bp.<br /> cung thupc quyen cai tri hanh chinh ciia<br /> mdt gidi chUc do trieu dinh bd' nhiem, nam Nam 1600, khi Doan Qud'e cdng Nguyen<br /> quyen cai tri hanh chinh, cd trach nhiem tu Hoang vao tra'n nham d i t Thuan Quang,<br /> bd he thd'ng quan Id nim trong cung eiia chien tranh Trinh- Nguyen kdo dai hdn 1,5<br /> minh, Dpc theo dUdng quan lp tU cung nay the ky giiia Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai, de<br /> <br /> 'Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh<br /> 18 RghiSn cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> phuc vu cho chien tranh, dUdng sa hai mien them 27 tram, nftm sau md them 9 tram.<br /> dUde siia sang, md rpng. To'ng cdng 133 tram vao giiia the ky 19. TU<br /> Hue den Ha Tien dai 1.832km. TU Hue den<br /> TrUdc nam 1653, ngUdi Cham da to' chUc<br /> ai Nam Quan (Lang Sdn) dUdng dai 848km.<br /> dupe he thd'ng dUdng mdn cho voi di sudt ca<br /> TU H u e r a Ha Npi khoang 672km (11).<br /> vung duyen hai mien Trung. Ngoai ra, he<br /> thd'ng dUdng ngang ciing dUdc phat trien de Moi tram cd bien che khoang 50 ngUdi,<br /> khai thac tai nguyen ning va bien. Cac to'ng so' phu tram trong ca nUdc gom 6.000<br /> chiia Nguyen khi lam chii dUdc viing nay ngUdi. Moi nha tram deu dUde xay bing<br /> da ke thiia mang dUdng s i n cd de tao nen gaeh hay b i n g tre, niia, la, ba gian hai chai<br /> dudng thien ly va phat trien he thdng theo cung mpt kieu do Bp Cdng quy dinh.<br /> dudng ngang dai hdn, day hdn (3). Tren eiia ra vao cd treo bien sdn son thiep<br /> vang dai ba thudc hai ta'c, rdng mpt thudc<br /> O Dang Ngoai, chiia Trinh cho dip<br /> nam tic, bien k h i c ba chii ten tram. O san<br /> dUdng thien ly, dUdng du rpng de voi, ngUa<br /> tram trdng cot treo cd vai vang, hinh vudng,<br /> di dUdc tU Thang Long qua Thanh Hoa vdo<br /> dai rpng deu ba thUde, ten tram dUde viet<br /> den ddn Ha Trung (4), huyen Ky Hoa (5),<br /> bing chu to. Thdi gian quy dinh cho chay<br /> vUdt deo Ngang (6) vdo sdng Gianh (7).<br /> tram cho quang dudng Phii Xuan- Ha Npi<br /> Nam 1788, Nguyen Hue da dUa quan tU<br /> la 4-5 ngay. Neu nit n g i n thdi gian hdn thi<br /> Phii Xuan (Hue) ra den Ninh Binh. Doan<br /> dUde thUdng 5 quan tien trd len. Cdn neu<br /> dudng tu Nghp An den Tam Diep dai<br /> cham phai chiu hinh phat tU 10 roi den xii<br /> 800km (8), vdi 8 van quan, 200 voi chien,<br /> tii, Trieu dinh tao dieu kipn cho phu tram<br /> nhilu ngUa ma chi di trong 7 ngay, chUng<br /> hoan thanli nhiem vu nhU Uu tien sang dd,<br /> td ngoai tai hanh quan t h i n td'e eiia Quang<br /> ngUa dim phai ngUdi khi chay hoa tdc<br /> Trung, mpt yeu to' da gdp p h i n ldm nen<br /> khdng phai loi... Den ngdy le, ngay sinh cac<br /> chien t h i n g ciia quan Tay Sdn la he tho'ng<br /> hoang tii, cdng chiia... cac phu tram deu<br /> dudng bd liic bay gid da phat trien (9).<br /> dupe ban thUdng (12),<br /> Thang 7 nam Tan Dau (1801), doan<br /> dudng Phu Xuan (Hue) - Dong Hdi (Quang Den nam 1810 thi: "Dat them linh tram<br /> Binh) dupe d i p lai. Nam 1809, dip dudng tu: Qudng Binh den Binh Thuan, mdi tram<br /> tren 100 ten, tha khoi di linh gidn, khoi ldm<br /> quan d cae tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai,<br /> viec quan vd tha thue than cdng nhU quan<br /> Binh Dinh, Phii Yen, Khanh Hda va Binh<br /> Thuan (10). hang" (13).<br /> <br /> NhUng con dUdng thien ly- huyet mach Quan ly va dieu hdnh sU vu cac dieh<br /> kinh te' vk he t h i n kinh quan tri qudc gia- tram tren dUdng thien ly la chUc nang ciia<br /> chi thiic sii phat trien manh me nha't la Ty BUu chinh, cdn dUa Ipnh cua trieu dinh<br /> dudi trieu Nguyin. Tren con dUdng nay, cU vk thu nhan bao cao cua dia phUdng la<br /> each khoang 25-30 dam (15-20km) dat mpt nhipm vu cua Ty Thdng chinh sU. Hai cd<br /> nha tram de canh phong va van chuyen van quan nay phai tuc tnic boat dpng ngdy dem<br /> thu, tai vat tii kinh dd di k h i p ndi va ngUdc tren hp thd'ng dUdng thien ly de vipe quan<br /> lai. Nam 1804, tren sud't con dudng thien ly tri xU sd ve cac mat qud'e phdng, hanh<br /> deu da lap nha tram. Diu the ky 19, tU Ha chinh, xa hpi, kinh te, van hda ludn dUdc<br /> Tien den Ha Npi cd 97 tram, nam 1831 dat thdng sud't va nhip nhang.<br /> Con dugfng thi&i If<br /> 19<br /> <br /> Nam 1812, De la Bissachere trong Etat ddng loat eho cac tram tU Bic vao Nam,<br /> actuel du Tonkin de la Cochinchine et les moi tram them 1 ngUa nUa (16).<br /> royaumes de Cambodge, Laos et Lac Tho<br /> Cac vua trieu Nguyen ra't quan tam den<br /> xuat ban d Paris (Hipn trang Bic Ky, Nam<br /> viec tu bd con dUdng huyet mach ciia qudc<br /> Ky, cac vUdng qudc Lao, Campuchia va Lac<br /> gia. Nam 1832, vua Minh Mang du eho Bp<br /> Thd') da md ta ve con dUdng nay nhU sau:<br /> Cdng: "...ditctng cai quan co nhiiu cho nui<br /> "...CO mot con dUdng ldn noi Phu Xuan vd<br /> cao, linh tram leo treo, nhdn ddn di lai, co<br /> Ddng Kinh (Hd Ngi). Con dUdng ndy dep<br /> nhieu kho khdn trd ngai. Vay truyen lenh<br /> nhu diiOng chau Au... dubng tuy khong lat<br /> cho cdc quan dia phiiOng xem xet dia phan<br /> gaeh dd, nhitng cho ndo khong viing chac<br /> hat minh, cho ndo co dd ldn ngdn trd, thi<br /> thi ngudi ta do gaeh, dd vun vd dong cgc de dot cho ndt phd bo di, cot rong tii 4-5 thiidc<br /> cung co; dUdng ldm hcfi vong len a giiia de trd len, du. di lai diCac; cho ndo vi niidc miia<br /> thoat nUdc ra hai ve diidng. Hai ben dUdng lut chay xoi, lau ngdy thdnh trdng sdu, thi<br /> CO ranh thoat nUdc vd trong cay..." (14). dd lap ddy, hodc xdy thdnh bac, cho di/Oc<br /> Tren con dUdng thien ly cd nhiing cay bdng phdng, roi uy cho phd huyen thue ddn<br /> ciu ben chic md ten gpi cdn ton tai den ldm, trd cong liu hau bdng tien vd gg.o, rong<br /> ngdy nay nhU ciu Lim (Ninh Binh). Nam cho thdi hgn, coi dugc thdnh cong de Icfi ich<br /> 1826, mdt so' ciu go dUdc cham trd', trang Idu ddi" (17).<br /> tri, ldp ngoi, cd hang quan nho ban ben TU 4/9 den 3/10/1804, dUdng thien ly<br /> hanh lang ciu nhu d Sdn Tay, Bie Ninh, tren dia ban tinh Thifa Thien, trieu<br /> Ninh Binh. Dac sic la cac ciu cd mai: ciu Nguyen cho dat 6 tram, nha tram ldp ngdi,<br /> Tay Ding (Quang Oai, Ha Tay), Gia Hda xung quanh xdy tudng bing da. Moi tram<br /> (Thach Tha't, Ha Tay), Yen Ldi (Vinh dat 1 cai dpi, 1 phd dpi. Phu tram tU ThUa<br /> Phii)... Dai Nam nhat thong chi cd ghi chdp Thien den Quang Binh moi tram 80 ngudi,<br /> ve sd lUdng cac ciu gaeh da d mpt so' tinh: tu Quang Nam den Gia Dinh moi tram 50<br /> Quang Ngai 59 ciu (trong dd ed 3 ciu gom ngudi, tu Nghe An den Bic thanh deu 100<br /> 2 nhip, 56 ciu 1 nhip), Phii Yen 29 ciu, ngUdi; mien eho thue than va tap dich. Thdi<br /> Binh Dinh 20 ciu... (15). Minh Mang ddi dat chUc dich thUa va dich<br /> TrUde nam 1831, d 11 t r i n thupc Bic mue, Mdi tram dUdc ca'p 3 ngUa tram (18),<br /> thanh chi cd mdt dudng cai quan tU kinh dd Vipc di chuyen bing di bp tren dUdng<br /> ra den ai Nam Quan. Trieu dinh Hue da thir'n ly ngay xUa het sUe v i t va, hanh<br /> cho d i p them nhieu dudng to:"DUcfng lay trinn di tii Hue vao den Phu Yen da mat<br /> mat ddt ldm miic. Mat rpng mot trUcfng, den hdn 14 ngay dUdng: "Diidng sd tii trdn<br /> thdn rong 5 tri/cfng 5 thiidc, giiia cao 2 Thudn Hda vdo den Qudng Nam, nhat<br /> tritOng, hai ben dUdng deu cao 1 thiidc", do trinh di bg tii qudn (19) Lon Voi den qudn<br /> dd cac t r i n ed the nd'i lien nhau va tU cac Trd niia ngdy. Qudn Trd di toi den qudn<br /> tra'n ed the chay ngUa tram den t h i n g kinh Tudn Ai. Tudn Ai di den qudn Sang niia<br /> dd. Nam 1811, trieu dinh cip cho tram d ngdy; qudn Sdng di toi den qudn Thanh<br /> kinh va 6 tram d Quang DUc, moi tram 2 Khe. Qudn Thanh Khe di den qudn Cdm Sa<br /> ngUa cdng. Nam 1825 trd di, cae tram niia ngdy; qudn Cdm Sa di toi den dinh<br /> Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Nam...deu Qudng Nam. Dinh Qudng Nam di den Hd<br /> dUdc cip ngUa. Nam 1828, trieu dirh cip Lam niia ngdy, lgi di tdi den qudn Bd Ddu.<br /> 20 Rghien cuu Lich sii. sg 9+10,2008<br /> <br /> Qudn Bd Ddu den qudn Thg Khang niia Dudng thien ly xUa di dpc tinh Khanh<br /> ngdy, lgi di toi den qudn Ong Bg, qudn Ong Hoa g i n triing vdi Qudc Id lA ngay nay.<br /> Bg den qudn Ben Vdn niia ngdy, lgi di toi B i t d i u vUdt sdng Cai (28) g i n ciu Phii Loc<br /> den Tri Binh... Lgi di den qud chdn deo (29) (Dien Khanh), roi di theo hUdng hUdng<br /> truong Ninh giap dia gidi phu Phu Yen, 16 1, qua 2 xa Dien Phii (30), Vinh PhUdng<br /> cong 14 ngdy riidi" (20), (31) va deo Tam Danh n i m d phia tay nam<br /> thdn LUdng Sdn (xa Vinh LUdng. Thanh<br /> TU Kinh dd Hue, di ve phia Nam con phd'Nha Trang). Con dudng nay liic biy gid<br /> dudng thien ly di qua cac tram ThUa Ndng, ehUa di qua deo Ca ma di dUdng Gia Long,<br /> ThUa Hoa, Thiia Luu, ThUa Hai thupc dia qua trai Que, phia tay deo Ca (32), nd'i vdi<br /> phan kinh sU, den deo Hai Van, ranh gidi dudng Gia Long phia Phii Yen. Nghia quan<br /> giUa Kinh do Hue va tinh Quang Nam, B i t Tay Sdn sau khi gianh dUdc vung d i t nay<br /> d i u tu Hai Van quan, ud'n cong hinh canh da bd dinh cii Ninh Hoa va lap dinh mdi b<br /> cung ^ e hudng tay nam den tram Nam hdn Trai Thuy ben bd sdng Kim Bong (Nha<br /> Chinti - quan tram ciic bic ciia tinh. Vudt Trang) va md dUdng ngUa di tU hdn Trai<br /> song Cu De (21), con dudng lai tiep tuc di Tliuy, ven bd hUu ngan sdng Cai (nay la<br /> qua tram Nam O (22) de den ly sd huypn huong lp 45) len phia tay de nd'i vdi dudng<br /> Hoa Vang n i m sat thanh Dien Hai, an ngU thien ly qua Dien Khanh (33).<br /> tan Da Ning, Sau khi men theo chan nui<br /> Cim Le (23), vUdt sdng Cim Le (24), con Dudng thien ly tU Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh ra<br /> dUdng di de'n tram Nam Giang (25), DUdng Hue b i t d i u tU phia bic ciu Sdn (quan<br /> thien ly chay ngang mat tay ciia tinh thanh Binh Thanh, Thanh phd' Ho Chi Minh) den<br /> Quang Nam, qua ly sd huyen Duy Xuyen, Binh Giang (34) (ben Binh Ddng, Thanh<br /> den tram Nam Phuc, sang huypn Le phd' Ho Chi Minh), rudng chim bun Iiy,<br /> DUdng. Tiep tuc hanh trinh ve phia Nam, dudng bd chUa md, hanh khach mudn di<br /> con dudng thien ly di qua tram Nam Ngpc, Bien Hda hay len Bang Bdt (35) deu phai di<br /> den huyen ly Ha Ddng, g i n sat tram Nam dd. Nam 1748, nhan ed vipe di Cao Mien,<br /> Ky, TU day, vUdt nhanh sdng Ke Xuyen den quan dieu khien Nguyen HUu Doan (36)<br /> tram Nam Van, roi tram Ngai Binh- quan mdi chang day md t h i n g dudng nay (dUdng<br /> tram ciic bic ciia tinh Quang Ngai, Dudng Xd Viet Nghe Tinh nay), gap ngdi sudi thi<br /> thien ly di qua Quang Nam ddi khoang 170 bic ciu, cho bun Iiy thi xep, xay dip dit.<br /> dam, 7 tram, vUdt g i n 22 sdng va nhanh TU cua Ca'n Chi (37) thanh Bat Quai (38)<br /> sdng. Ve dai the nd dUde thiet lap tron vung den ben dd Binh Dong (39) dai 17 dam. Bd<br /> dong bing, d nhUng ndi dia hinh thudn ldi phia bic la dia gidi Bien Hda, dat tram<br /> va g i n bd bien (26). Binh Dong (40), di ve phia bie qua niii<br /> Chau Thdi den ben dd Binh Tien, roi qua<br /> Tinh Binh Dinh, tU phia Bie vao Nam cd ben Sa Giang (41) (Rach Cat) theo dUdng sU<br /> cac tram: Binh De, An Trung (Hoai Nhdn), den Ddng Mdn (42) la den Md Xoai (Ba<br /> Binh DUdng, Quan Chua (Phu My), An Ria). Tren dudng ndy, cho nao gap sdng ldn<br /> Hanh (Phu Cat), Hung Dinh (An Nhdn), thi dat dd, ngUdi cheo dd cUng dUdc mien<br /> Binh Thanh, Phu Thinh (Quy Nhdn). Ngoai sUu dieh.<br /> ra, ve phia tay cd 2 tram: Phu Phong, Dong<br /> Thien ly cu (43) chay t h i n g tU Bat Quai<br /> Phd (Tay Sdn) (27).<br /> ngupe ra phia Bic qua ven nui Chau Thdi<br /> Con dutog thi&n 1^ 21<br /> <br /> (44), tdi ben dd NgUa (ehd Ddn), xudng Long Nam Trung Bd vao Ba Ria theo dUdng<br /> Thanh, Ba Ria... Nam 1808, Le Van Cha't thien ly trUdc khi cd dudng d td, tau hoa<br /> dUdc trieu dinh giao siia sang dudng thien (51),<br /> ly tu Quang Nam den Bien Hda, dudi sii chi<br /> Tdng hdp cac tu lieu tren va qua khao<br /> huy cua Nguyen Huynh DUc. Doan qua<br /> sat, ta cd the "phuc diing" lai eon dUdng<br /> t r i n Bien Hda cd cac tram: Thuan Bien<br /> thien ly tU Gia Dinh ra phia Bic, Khdi diu<br /> (ranh gidi hai tran Bien Hda va Binh<br /> tu ciu Thi Nghe (52) qua Hang Xanh (53),<br /> Thuan), Xich Lam, Md Xodi va Nha B6.<br /> ciu Sdn (54), qua ben dd cho ciu Binh<br /> Den nam 1822, dd'i thanh 5 tram: Thuan<br /> Tripu 1 (quan Binh Thanh), den nga tU<br /> Bien, Bien Thuan, Bien Long, Bien Phudc,<br /> Qudc lp 13 va dUdng Kha Van Can d dia<br /> Bien Le. Nam 1841, dat them tram phu<br /> phan phudng Hiep Binh Chanh, quEln Thii<br /> Bien Ldc (45). Moi tram cd tU 20-30 phu<br /> DUc (tren nen eu la dUdng Thudc dia sd 1<br /> tram chiu trach nhipm chuyen tiep sic chi,<br /> thdi Phap), song song vdi dd la dUdng sit<br /> cdng van cua trieu dinh, Lue ba'y gid, ngUa<br /> xuyen Vipt (55). Bang qua ehd Thii DUc, len<br /> tram hoa td'e tU Hue vao Gia Dinh mat 4-5<br /> nga tu Linh Xuan (56) (ranh gidi giUa tinh<br /> ngay dem (46), Binh Dudng - Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh),<br /> Con dudng thien ly ngay trUdc cung chi ngang qua nui Chau Thdi, dUdng thien ly<br /> la eon dudng da't, chay qua cac lang mac len tdi ehd Ddn (57), rdi qua sdng Ddng Nai<br /> hoang vu, dan cu cor. rA't thUa thdt, qua vdo ehd Bien Hda, VUdn Mit, thanh Bien<br /> nhiing deo ddc va rUng hoang, Nguyen Hda, rdi bang qua khu cdng nghipp Long<br /> Thdng luc ba'y gid giU chUe Han lam vipn tu Binh 2, theo dUdng qud'e lp 51 ra den Phudc<br /> soan d Npi cac dUdi trieu Tu DUc, trong mpt Lpe (58) (huypn Long Thanh, tinh Ddng<br /> chuyen di tU Long Thanh den PhUdc Tuy Nai), huypn Tan Thanh (59), Thj xa Ba Ria<br /> (Ba Ria), theo dUdng thien ly de ra Binh (60) (tinh Ba Ria - Vung Tau), den /\n Dien<br /> Thuan da sang tac bai Long Thdnh- Phiidc (61). DUdng thien ly di tiep xudng huypn<br /> Tuy do trung hodi cdm, trong dd cd doan: Long Dien (61), huypn D i t Do (62) thj t r i n<br /> Phudc B i u (Tiuypn Xuyen Mdc) (63), Binh<br /> Ve keu tii chon ndo? Chau, rdi sang dia phan ciia huypn Ham<br /> Ve toi gigng them sdu. Tan (tinh Binh Thuan)- TU day, dUdng<br /> thien ly chay theo qudc lp 55 nay den thi<br /> Khach di met muo'n nghi<br /> tra'n La Gi, ra den Phan Thiet, va di tiep<br /> Vdng vi chdn riing sdu! den Kinh diS Hue.<br /> Ben dudng hd doi thet,<br /> DUdng thien ly tU Sai Gdn di ve phia tay<br /> Manh do gigt siicfng thdu... (64) do To'ng t r i n Le Van Duypt thUc hipn<br /> DCi cdn kha hoang ving, hiem trd, thu theo Ipnh ciia vua Gia Long vao thang 10<br /> du va eUdp bde rinh rap, nhUng nhieu nam At Hdi (1815). B i t diu tU eiia Doai<br /> thUdng nhan d mien Trung vin thudng Duypt (65) i^ phia tay thanh Bat Quai, qua<br /> xuyen dUa hang hda vao buon ban, trao ddi ciu Tham LUdng (66) (dUdng TrUdng Chinh<br /> d Long Dien (47), ehd Ben (40) hav Ba Ria. nay), qua ben dd Thi SUu, qua dim Lao<br /> Mpt sd'bd lao d vung Long Dien (4^^), Phude Ddng (67), giap nga ba dudng SU tdi Khe<br /> Le (50) cho hav dng cd, ong npi cua ho da I>ang den d i t Kha Pha (68) (Cao Mien), eho<br /> tiifng di buon ngUa, buon bd tii cac tinh den sdng ldn (69) dai 439 dam. Cho gap<br /> 22 Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> sdng ngdi thi bic cau, dam Iiy thi d i p dit, chep ve con dUdng nay; "Diidng edi quan tii<br /> gap riing thi dd'n cay. Mat dUdng rpng 6 ciia Chdn Hanh (dil) qua cdu Hda My (88)<br /> t i m (70), dUdng thdng sud't cho ngUdi va den sdng Binh Ddng tdi trdn Bien Hda.<br /> ngUa. TU Kha Pha dpc sdng xudng phia Diidng edi quan ben phdi gap chd ndo cong<br /> nam 194 dam den ddn Ld Yem (71), tU Kha thi gidng ddy de ud'n thdng lgi, ddu tii ciia<br /> Pha len phia bic 49 dam den trai Che Lang Ton Thudn (89) qua chiia Kim Chiicfng (90),<br /> (72) dung vao viec phdng binh (73). tii phd Sdi Gon (91) den cdu Binh An (92)<br /> qua gd Chiia Tuyen (93) dte'n sdng Thuan<br /> Dudi trieu Nguyin, con dUdng SU (74) la<br /> An (94). Ben do Thu Dodn diia qua song<br /> huyet mach giUa Gia Dinh vd Nam Vang<br /> Hiing Hoa (95), trdi qua go Trdn Dinh rdi<br /> (75) (Cao Mien). Cac doan sU t h i n , cac<br /> den go Trieu (96). Diidng rong 6 tdm, hai<br /> doan thUdng nhan qua lai bing xe trau, xe<br /> ben trdng cay mil u vd cay mit la nhiing thii<br /> bd hoac ngiia thd, van chuyen hang hda<br /> cay thich hgp vdi ddt ndy. Cdu cong thuyen<br /> giQa hai vUdng qud'e. Con dUdng nay da<br /> ben deu ludn diidc gia tdng tu bd, diidng<br /> tUng chiing kien nhiing doan quan ciia<br /> rong sud't phdng nhii dd mdi, ggi la diidng<br /> trieu Nguyen den tiep cUu theo yeu cau cua<br /> thien ly phia nam" (97).<br /> trieu dinh Cao Mien de chd'ng lai quan xam<br /> lUdc Xiem.<br /> Nam 1792, Nguyen Anh cho dip dUdng<br /> Khi ngUdi Phap danh chiem Nam Bp, tu My Tho qua gidng Kien Dinh (98) va bic<br /> tren ban dd cdn ghi rd ten con dUdng nay. eau Qui Tdng (99). Trong nam nay, dng da<br /> Nd di qua Trang Bang (76), Suo'i Cao (77), huy dpng dan binh d i p dudng thien ly phia<br /> Bmh Vinh (Ben Vinh?), Bau Ddn (78), nam tU Gia Dinh dpc theo gidng cat xudng<br /> Trudng Mit (79). Mpt p h i n tuyen dUdng T r i n Dinh (100), qua Thii Doan (101),<br /> trung khdp vdi dUdng tinh 782 (tinh 16 19 gidng Cai Yen (102), gidng Tha La (103),<br /> cu) vk dudng tinh 784 (tinh Id 26 cu). Ngoai gidng Ky Lan (104), gidng Cai LU (105),<br /> ra, cdn nhieu dUdng nhanh ngang ndi vdo gidng Tra Lupe (106), gidng Cai Le (107)<br /> dudng thien ly va mang giao thdng dia (Cai Lay)... gidng Thu Trieu (108) (Cai Be),<br /> phUdng tu vung nay sang vung khae. Mpt Cai Thia (109). Mai den n i m 1804 mdi lap<br /> so' true dudng cit ngang theo chieu ddng 2 tram mue dUdng bp tai T r i n Dinh, mdi<br /> tay, ngang qua thi xa Tay Ninh, true dudng tram dat mdt cai dpi, mpt phd cai dpi va 50<br /> tinh 781 (tinh Id 13 cu) qua ciia khau Phudc tram phu. Hai ben dudng thien ly dat nhieu<br /> Tan (80), tU thi xa xudng Ben Keo (81). quan tram (110).<br /> <br /> vao the ky 19, mpt eon dUdng quan Nam 1835, Minh Mang cho dip cae<br /> trpng tu tinh Chd Ldn di Tay Ninh la con dUdng bp d cac tinh Nam Ky diing vao vipe<br /> dudng di Hda Thanh (82), qua ehd Bau Trai<br /> quan bao, k h i c phuc vipe di lai chii yeu<br /> (83) len Ddng Voi (84), Tan My den xa An<br /> bing dUdng thiiy trUdc day. Tut thanh Dinh<br /> Ninh, Lpc Giang (85) giap sdng Vam Cd<br /> Tudng cdn cd them 3 tuyen dUdng quan<br /> Ddng. Sach Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi ghi la<br /> trpng khae; dUdng tU bic thanh Gia Dinh<br /> dip vao nam Gia Long thU 14 (1815) (86).<br /> den Dinh TUdng, dai 10.800 trUdng (tU Sai<br /> Dudng thien ly tU Sai Gdn- Gia Dinh di Gdn di C i n Giupe, C i n Dudc (111), Gd<br /> phia nam thi dUdc lam vad d i u Trung hUng Cdng, Chd Gao den My Tho); dudng tii eiia<br /> nam Canh T u i t (1790). Trinh Hoai DUc tay thanh Dinh TUdng den dia gidi tinh<br /> Con dudmg thien ly 23<br /> <br /> <br /> Vinh Long, dai 6.600 trUdng (tU My Tho ciia Tdn T h u a n d gdc dUdng Ly TU Trpng-<br /> cap sdng Tien den Cai Thia); dUdng tU ddng N a m Ky Khdi Nghia.<br /> n a m t h a n h Vinh Long den dia gidi Dinh TU k h i con dUdng t h i e n ly tU Ben Ngh6<br /> Tudng (tU Vinh Long den ben dd s a n g Cai dupe md ve p h i a ddng b i n g sdng Ciiu Long<br /> Thia) (112). (1790) thi cac chd n h u P h u Thp, T a n Kieng,<br /> Dieu Khien dUdc nd'i lien vdi Binh Dien, chd<br /> Dudng t h i e n ly tU ciia tay t h a n h Dinh<br /> Phude Tu (123) (Ben LUc), ehd Cai Tai<br /> Tudng den dia gidi t i n h Gia Dinh, ddi 5.600 (124), ehd T h u ThUa (125), ehd Vung Gu<br /> trUdng (khoang 95 km) (113). Nay tUdng (126) b i n g t u y e n dUdng bp, tao t h e m cho<br /> Ung vdi eon dUdng tU T h d n h p h d My Tho nhUng ndi n a y t h e m a n h thU h a i ve m a t<br /> cap theo k i n h Bao D i n h (114), qua T a n giao thdng sau dudng thiiy. Con dUdng<br /> HUdng (115), gidng Cai Yen ( K h a n h Hau), t h i e n ly chay qua cae t u diem kinh te, cae ly<br /> thi xa T a n An (Long An), thi t r i n Thu sd h a n h chinh: chd PhUdc Tu ddng thdi la ly<br /> ThUa (116), t h i t r i n Ben LUc (117) (dpc sd p h u T a n Binh va huypn T h u a n An, chd<br /> theo sdng Ben LUc ve Sdi Gdn), Gd Den Cai Tai la ly sd p h u T a n An, chd Ky Son<br /> (118), Chd Dem, B i n h Dien (119), An Lac (127) la huypn ly huypn Binh PhUde, chd<br /> (120), ehd P h u L a m (121), dUdng Hung Vung Gu ve sau la p h u ly phii T a n An,<br /> Vudng, d u d n g N g u y e n T r a i (122) va ve den trUdc khi t h a n h thi xa (128).<br /> (Cbn nUa)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> CHU THICH<br /> <br /> (*). Bfii viet cd si^ chi dSn cua cac nhfi nghien (5), Mpt trong 2 huy$n cua phu Ha Hoa, tra'n<br /> cifu Nguyin Dinh Diu (Tp. Ho Chi Minh), Nguyin Ngh$ An thdi Le vfi dfiu Nguyin, Nfim 1841, vi<br /> Yen Tri (Dong Nai) Trifdng Ngoc Tirdng (Tien kieng buy nen dd'i Ky Hoa thfinh Ky Anh, Nay Ky<br /> Giang), Nhan day tdi xin chan thfinh cam dn, Anh la mpt trong 11 huy?n, thj xa cua tinh Ha<br /> Tinh (Bill Thi§'t, TU dien Hd Tinh, Sd Vfin hda<br /> (1), Gom 4 huy?n: Ciiu Diic, Phd' Difdng, Vi?t<br /> Thdng tin Hfi Tinh, 2000, tr, 354, 359),<br /> Thifdng, Hofii Hoan, Nay thuoc dja phfin Nghf An<br /> (theo Nguyin Dinh Diu: Vi^t Nam qudc hieu & (6), Ddo cao 256 m, cftt ngang dfiy Hoanh Sdn,<br /> cUang vUc qua cdc thiti dgi, tai ban cd bd sung, nim tren difdng Qud'e 1$ lA giiJa 2 tinh Ha Tinh va<br /> Nxb. Tre, Tp, Ho Chi Minh, 2005, tr, 42, Quang Binh, nay thupc xa Quang Ddng (huy?n<br /> Quang Tr^ch, tinh Quang Binh), Vfio thS' ky XVII,<br /> (2), Dao thira tuyen Quang Nam gom cac phu<br /> dfiy la ndi ddng don liiy trong cupc phan tranh<br /> Thfing Hoa, TU Nghia vfi Hofii Nhdn (cac tinh<br /> Nam - Bfic giiia chiia Trjnh vfi chiia Nguyin, Tren<br /> Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh ngfiy nay),<br /> dinh ddo hi$n cdn di tich "cifa quan Hofinh Sdn",<br /> (3), Nguyin Vfin Khanh, Giang Nam chii bien,<br /> Dia chi Khanh Hoa. Nxb, Chinh tii Q"oc gia, Hfi (7). Ten cha la Linh Giang, gpi tat Ifi Thp Linh,<br /> Npi, 2003, tr,293, ten Ndm la Rfio Nfiy, ciing gpi Ifi Thanh Hfi, con<br /> sdng ldn cua tinh Quang Binh, Tit nfim 1672, day<br /> (4), Nay thupc xa Ky Hfi, huy?n Ky Anh, tinh<br /> Ifi ranh gidi giiia Bfic Hfi vfi Nam Hfi,<br /> Hfi Tinh,<br /> 24 Rghien cuu Lich siSr. s6 9+10.2008<br /> <br /> (8), Cho nay tac gia nhfim, tren thilc te khoang Minh M a n g dd'i t h a n h "hka Cu De". Ben phia ta<br /> each giiJa Nghe An va Tam Di^p (Ninh Binh) chi ngan sdng Cu De v i n cdn luu lai mpt so di tfch cua<br /> khoang 200km. luy Cu De vfi hfinh dinh Ben Gia difdc xay dUng tif<br /> thdi chiia Nguyen ben c a n h niii Hai Van ve phia<br /> (9), Bp Giao thdng van tai; Lich sH giao thdng<br /> lay.<br /> v&n tdi Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao thdng vfin tai. Ha<br /> Ndi, 1999, tr. 87, 89. (22). 6 xa Cu De, huy$n Hoa Vang, nay thupc<br /> phudng Hoa Hi^p, qufin Lien Chieu, Tp. Dfi N i n g .<br /> (10). Khudng Viet, Con dUdng thien ly, t a p chi<br /> Noi tieng vdi nifdc nfim N a m 6 . Tnfdc day, ndi nfiy<br /> Tri tdn, sd 171, ngay 21-12-1944, tr. 6.<br /> cung la lang lam phao cd tieng.<br /> (11). Nguyen Dinh D i u , Buac chdn md lot, bao<br /> (23). Lfing cd' tif t h e ky XVI, cd chdp trong 6<br /> Tudi tre Xuan 2006, tr,6.<br /> ch&u can luc. nd'i tieng vdi s a n p h a m thudc la, nay<br /> (12). N g u y i n Vfin Khoan, Giao thdng lien Igc<br /> thupc qufin Cfim Lp, Tp. Dfi N i n g .<br /> nUdc ta trong lich sii, Nxb. Thdng tin ly lufin, Ha<br /> Ndi, 1992, tr.lB. (24). Sdng thupc doan cuoi cila sdng Yen hpp<br /> vdi sdng Thiiy Loan dd nifdc vfio sdng Hfin d Con<br /> (13). Khudng Viet, sdd, tr. 7.<br /> Dfiu (xa Hda Xuan. huypn Hda Vang, Tp. Dfi<br /> (14), Bp Giao thdng vfin tai, sdd, tr, 63-64, Nfing), dai khoang 15km. Nfim 1925, P h a p bfic c i u<br /> qua sdng Cfim L^, n i m tren dUdng Thupc dia sd^ 1.<br /> (15). Bp Giao thong van tai, sdd, tr. 64-65,<br /> <br /> (16), Vii Tuyen chu bien: Lich sU ngdnh BUu (25). Diing ra la Nam Gian, cdn gpi Ifi Nam<br /> <br /> dien Viet Nam, tfip 1, Buu di?n Vipt Nam xufi't Gian hay Giang Nam thupc lang Mieu Bdng,<br /> <br /> ban, 1990, tr, 34, huypn Hda Vang, Tp. Da N i n g .<br /> <br /> (17), Qudc Sif quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam (26). Nguyen Hiiu Thdng, N g u y i n PhUdc Bao<br /> <br /> thiic luc chinh bien, tap 9, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Dfin, Ddt Qudng Nam & con dUdng thien ly. Tap<br /> <br /> Hfi Npi, 1964, tr, 191, (MXua & Nay, 8d'98, 8-2001, tr.10-11.<br /> <br /> (18), Do Bang chu bien, TU dien lich sd ThUa (27). Vipt T h a n h , Buu trgm Binh Duong xUa vd<br /> nay, Nxb. Tre, 2002, tr.12-13.<br /> Thien Hue, Nxb. T h u a n Hda, Hu6', 2000, tr, 360,<br /> (19), Cd nghia Ifi "cai xif, cai xdm chd nho nho", (28), Sdng NTia T r a n g do^n chay qua thj trfi'n<br /> Dien K h a n h (thfinh Dien K h a n h cii) nay v i n cdn<br /> (20), Le Quy Don, Le Quy D6n todn tap (Phii<br /> cfiy c i u go bfic t a m qua sdng vfio miia lii Ivit c i u<br /> bien tgp luc), Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, Hfi Npi, 1977,<br /> thiTdng bi cuon trdi, dan dia phiidng gpi Ifi c i u<br /> tr, 117, Nfim 1865, dudng thien ly Sai Gdn- Hfi Ndi<br /> Thfinh, Cdn c i u Sdng Cai (ciu Mdi) tren Quo'c lp<br /> di b i n g kipu mfi't 2 t h a n g .<br /> IH dupe xay di,tng nfim 1967, dfii 330m, Ifi c i u dfii<br /> (21). Ciing gpi Ifi Cfiu De, ten mpt cifa bien nirdc<br /> nhfi't K h a n h Hda liic dd.<br /> sau vira thudc dia phfin huypn Hda Vang, tinh<br /> Quang N a m (nay thudc huyen Kofi Vang, Tp. Dfi (29), Nay thupc khdm Phii Lpc Tfiy, thj trfi'n<br /> N i n g ) . Sdng Cu De dai 40km, xu^'t phat tif hai Dien K h a n h , huypn Dien K h a n h .<br /> nguon, phia Bfic tir niii Giao Lao (ciing gpi Ifi (30). Thupc huypn Dien Khanh, tinh K h i n h Hda.<br /> nguon Lo Ddng) va phia N a m tif niii M a n g (cdn gpi<br /> (31). Thupc Tp. N h a T r a n g .<br /> la niii Trfi Ngan). Thuyen bd c6 th^ di lai thufin Ipi<br /> tif phia cifa Nam 6 len den ngfi ba phia thUdng (32). Ranh gidi giCta 2 tinh Khanh Hoa vfi Phii YSn.<br /> nguon. Ta'n Cu De dUdc dfit ndi cifa song dd' ra (33). Nguyen Vfin K h a n h , Giang N a m chil bi6n,<br /> vung Dfi N i n g , thiet Ifip tif thdi Gia Long, thdi sdd, tr,293.<br /> Con dudng t h i ^ iy 25<br /> <br /> <br /> (34), Tiic sdng Sfii Gdn, (43). Nfim 1902, Quo'c Id 15 (nay la Qudc Id 51)<br /> md rpng doan til ViTdn Mft di Viing Tfiu tren cd sd<br /> (35), Theo p h a n doan cua Ly Vipt Diing trong<br /> ban djch Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi cila Trinh Hofii difdng thien ly thdi Nguyin,<br /> <br /> Ditc (Nxb Tong hpp Dong Nai, 2005, chii thich (44). Niii cao 65m, thupc huy$n Di An, tinh<br /> tr,35) thi sdng Bfing Bpt hay Thuy Vpt chinh Ifi Binh Difdng, tren cd chiia Hdi Sdn dapc t n i n g tu<br /> p h i n ngpn sdng Sfii Gdn, chay qua g i n Thu D i u vfio d i u t h e k y XIX.<br /> Mpt (tinh Binh DUdng hipn nay- NTL) gpi Ifi sdng<br /> (45). Qudc sif quan trieu Nguyin, Dgi Nam<br /> Th; Tin, chay ngang tofi bo' Thu Dau Mpt, xudrig<br /> nhdt thdng chi, Pham Trpng Dilm dich, tap 5,<br /> tdi d i u sdng Sfii Gdn thfinh sdng Tan Binh.<br /> Nxb, Thufin Hda, Hue, 1992, tr, 68.<br /> (36). Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi Luc tinh Nam<br /> (46), Lam Hieu T r u n g (chu bien), Bien Hba-<br /> Viit (tfip thupng, Nha Vfin hda P h u Qudc v\i k h a n h<br /> Dong Nai 300 nam hinh thdnh vd phdt trien, Nxb.<br /> d$c trach vfin hda, Sfii Gdn, 1973, tr. 87) ghi Ifi<br /> Ddng Nai, 1999, tr, 155-156,<br /> N g u y i n Doan.<br /> (47), Chd Long Dien cdn co ten Ifi chp Thfinh<br /> (37). Mel ra san banh Hfio Thfinh, khoang nga (nim canh bfiu T h a n h , mdt thfinh cii xay bfing da<br /> tu Dinh Tien Hofing va Nguyen Thi Minh Kliai nay. ong tir thdi Bo Tfim cua Chan Lap), mdt thdi Ifi chp<br /> (38). T h a n h xay nfim 1790 tai lfing Tan Khai, huyen cua Phudc An, ve sau Ifi chp to'ng cua An<br /> nay thu^c qufin 1, cd 8 cifa nen gpi Ifi t h a n h Bat Phii Thupng.<br /> Qufii. Cdn gpi Ifi thfinh Quy vi gid'ng hinh con riia. (48), Chfnh Ifi chd Bfi Rja hay chp Long Th^nh,<br /> Nfim 1808, dd'i l^i Ifi thfinh Phien An. Nfim 1835, dupe Trjnh Hofii DUc chdp trong Gia Dinh thdnh<br /> sau khi dpp xong cupc khdi binh cua Le Vfin Khdi, thdng chi: "... nhfi cila lien nhau, dUdng thuy vfi<br /> thfinh b} phfi nen gpi Ifi phg' thfinh Gia Dinh. Ban dUdng bp d i u giao nhau, Ifi mpt chp ldn ndi mien<br /> do Ville de Saigon (Thfinh pho Sfii Gdn) do LeBrun bien chim", Chp Ben n i m d d i u con r^ch thdng ra<br /> vg nfim 1795 cd ghi rd thfinh Bat Quai. sdng Cd May, chay ra cifa Lfi'p, c^inh dUdng thien<br /> (39). Theo phdng doan cua chiing tdi, bd'n dd ly, n i m giUa tram Thufin Bien vfi tram Bien Ll, Bj<br /> Binh Dong xUa nay d vi tri c i u Binh Tripu 1, vl qufin Phfip dot phfi vfio cac nfim 1946, 1952.<br /> khoang each 17 d$m (7,2 km) Ifi phii hpp vdi thi,